Digital communication has several advantages over analog communication. Digital signals can be regenerated to eliminate noise accumulation over long distances. Digital transmission also allows for lower signal levels, multiplexing of different data types, and exploitation of digital computing technologies like error correction. The basic blocks of a digital communication system include information sources, source encoders/decoders, channel encoders/decoders, modulators, demodulators, and a communication channel. Characterization of channels considers factors like attenuation, which varies based on the type of medium and distance. Wireless channels are subject to interference while wired channels allow high bandwidth transmission with exponential attenuation dependence on distance.
Digital communication has several advantages over analog communication. Digital signals can be regenerated to eliminate noise accumulation over long distances. Digital transmission also allows for lower signal levels, multiplexing of different data types, and exploitation of digital computing technologies like error correction. The basic blocks of a digital communication system include information sources, source encoders/decoders, channel encoders/decoders, modulators, demodulators, and a communication channel. Characterization of channels considers factors like attenuation, which varies based on the type of medium and distance. Wireless channels are subject to interference while wired channels allow high bandwidth transmission with exponential attenuation dependence on distance.
Digital communication has several advantages over analog communication. Digital signals can be regenerated to eliminate noise accumulation over long distances. Digital transmission also allows for lower signal levels, multiplexing of different data types, and exploitation of digital computing technologies like error correction. The basic blocks of a digital communication system include information sources, source encoders/decoders, channel encoders/decoders, modulators, demodulators, and a communication channel. Characterization of channels considers factors like attenuation, which varies based on the type of medium and distance. Wireless channels are subject to interference while wired channels allow high bandwidth transmission with exponential attenuation dependence on distance.
Digital communication has several advantages over analog communication. Digital signals can be regenerated to eliminate noise accumulation over long distances. Digital transmission also allows for lower signal levels, multiplexing of different data types, and exploitation of digital computing technologies like error correction. The basic blocks of a digital communication system include information sources, source encoders/decoders, channel encoders/decoders, modulators, demodulators, and a communication channel. Characterization of channels considers factors like attenuation, which varies based on the type of medium and distance. Wireless channels are subject to interference while wired channels allow high bandwidth transmission with exponential attenuation dependence on distance.
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COM02 – MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES
LESSON 2 Digital Communication Fundamentals
Analog vs. Digital Transmission
Analog transmission: all details must be reproduced accurately
Sent Received Distortion Attenuation
Digital transmission: only discrete levels need to be reproduced
Sent Received Simple Receiver:
Was original pulse Distortion positive or negative? Attenuation Advantages of Digital over Analog • Digital regenerators eliminate the accumulation of noise that takes place in analog systems • It is thus possible to provide long-distance transmission that is nearly independent of distance • Digital transmission systems can operate with lower signal levels or with greater distances between regenerators • This translates into lower overall system cost • Digital transmission facilitates the monitoring of the quality of a transmission channel in service • Nonintrusive monitoring is much more difficult in analog transmission systems • Digital transmission systems can multiplex and switch any type of information represented in a digital form • Digital transmission also allows networks to exploit the advances in digital computer technology • Error correction, data encryption, various types of network protocols
Digital Representation of Information
Data Representation • Text: • Sequence of bits (0’s or 1’s) • Different sets of patterns to represent text symbols (each set is called: code) • ASCII: 7 bits (128 symbols) • common coding system today is: • Unicode uses: 32 bits to represent a symbol or character in any language Data Representation Numbers: • Represented by bit patterns • The number is directly converted to a binary number
Images: • Represented by bit patterns • A matrix of • Resolution: size of the pixels • High resolution: more memory is needed • Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern • 1-bit pattern (black and white dots image) • 2-bit pattern (4 levels of gray) • RGB (color images) Audio: • Continuous not discrete • Change to digital signal Video: • Recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie • Change to digital signal
What is Digital Communication?
Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals between two or more points in a communications system. Can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and used in wireless communication system - digital radio. Basic Block Diagram of Digital Communication Systems
Description of Each Block
SOURCE OF INFORMATION: 1. Analog Information Sources 2. Digital Information Sources Analog Information Sources → Microphone actuated by a speech, TV Camera scanning a scene, continuous amplitude signals. Digital Information Sources → These are teletype or the numerical output of computer which consists of a sequence of discrete symbols or letters. SOURCE ENCODER / DECODER: The Source encoder ( or Source coder) converts the input i.e. symbol sequence into a binary sequence of 0’s and 1’s by assigning code words to the symbols in the input sequence. The source decoder converts the binary output of the channel decoder into a symbol sequence. CHANNEL ENCODER / DECODER: Error control is accomplished by the channel coding operation that consists of systematically adding extra bits to the output of the source coder. These extra bits do not convey any information but helps the receiver to detect and / or correct some of the errors in the information bearing bits. The Channel decoder recovers the information bearing bits from the coded binary stream. Error detection and possible correction is also performed by the channel decoder. MODULATOR: The Modulator converts the input bit stream into an electrical waveform suitable for transmission over the communication channel. DEMODULATOR: The extraction of the message from the information bearing waveform produced by the modulation is accomplished by the demodulator. CHANNEL: The Channel provides the electrical connection between the source and destination. What distinguishes digital communication from analog communication? • Nature of the modulating signal (or information signal) • Both uses analog carriers to transport the information • In digital communication, the information signal is digital or digitally encoded analog signal. Characterization of Communication Channels How Good is a Channel? Wireless & Wired Media Wireless Media • Signal energy propagates in space, limited directionality • Interference possible, so spectrum regulated • Limited bandwidth • Simple infrastructure: antennas & transmitters • No physical connection between network & user • Users can move
Wired Media • Signal energy contained & guided within medium • Spectrum can be re-used in separate media (wires or cables), more scalable • Extremely high bandwidth • Complex infrastructure: ducts, conduits, poles, right-of-way
Attenuation • Attenuation varies with media • Dependence on distance • Wired media has exponential dependence • Received power at d meters proportional to 10-kd • Attenuation in dB = k d, where k is dB/meter • Wireless media has logarithmic dependence • Received power at d meters proportional to d-n • Attenuation in dB = n log d, where n is path loss exponent; n=2 in free space • Signal level maintained for much longer distances • Space communications possible
