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Intro To Linear Algebra

Here are the solutions to the pop quiz questions: Q1. A matrix is in echelon form if it satisfies the following properties: 1) All nonzero rows are above any rows of all zeros. 2) The leading coefficient of a nonzero row is always to the right of the leading coefficient of the row above it. Q2. x1 = 2, x2 = -1, x3 = 0 Q3. System 1: x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3 System 2: No solution

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70 views67 pages

Intro To Linear Algebra

Here are the solutions to the pop quiz questions: Q1. A matrix is in echelon form if it satisfies the following properties: 1) All nonzero rows are above any rows of all zeros. 2) The leading coefficient of a nonzero row is always to the right of the leading coefficient of the row above it. Q2. x1 = 2, x2 = -1, x3 = 0 Q3. System 1: x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3 System 2: No solution

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MATH 2056

LINEAR ALGEBRA
Mechanical Engineering Department
Marmara University

Assist. Prof. Dr. Aybala USTA YILDIRIM

Spring 2023
Instructor: Dr. Aybala Usta Yildirim
Office: M5-252
e-mail: [email protected]

Grading:
• Homework: 20%
• Pop-quizzes: 15%
• Midterm: 25%
• Final: 40%
MATH 2056
LINEAR ALGEBRA
Systems of Linear Equations
Row Reduction and Echelon Forms

Assist. Prof. Dr. Aybala USTA YILDIRIM

Spring 2023
Linear Algebra
• What is Linear Algebra?
Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies systems of linear equations
and the properties of matrices.
• What is the significance of linear algebra?
Linear algebra is vital in multiple areas of science in general. Because linear
equations are so easy to solve, practically every area of modern science contains
models where equations are approximated by linear equations.
A firm knowledge of linear algebra is extremely important because of its numerous
applications in different areas of mathematics, computer science, engineering,
physical and biological sciences, and other disciplines that uses quantitative or
computational methods.
The concepts of linear algebra are extremely useful in physics, economics
and social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering, etc.
• Load and displacements in structures
• Compatibility in structures
• Finite element analysis (has Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermodynamic applications)
• Stress and strain in more than 1-D
• Mechanical vibrations
• Current and voltage in LCR circuits
• Small signals in nonlinear circuits = amplifiers
• Flow in a network of pipes
• Control theory (governs how state space systems evolve over time, discrete and continuous)
• Control theory (Optimal controller can be found using simple linear algebra)
• Control theory (Model Predictive control is heavily reliant on linear algebra)
• Computer vision (Used to calibrate camera, stitch together stereo images)
• Machine learning (Support Vector Machine)
• Machine learning (Principal component analysis)
• ETC.
Systems of Linear Equations
• Linear Equation: A linear equation is an equation that has the
standard form a1x1+a2x2+...+anxn. It is the fundamental component of
linear algebra.

• Linear System: Collection of one or more linear equation involving the


same variable x1, . . . , xn.

(5, 6.5, 3) is a solution of the system.


A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has
either one solution or infinitely many solutions; a system is
inconsistent if it has no solution.
MATRIX NOTATION

What is a Matrix?
MATRIX NOTATION
• The essential information of a linear system can be recorded
compactly in a rectangular array called a matrix.
SOLVING A LINEAR SYSTEM
This section and the next describe an algorithm, or a systematic procedure,
for solving linear systems. The basic strategy is to replace one system with
an equivalent system (that is one with the same solution set) that is easier
to solve.

Roughly speaking, use the x1 term in the first equation of a system to


eliminate the x1 terms in the other equations. Then use the x2 term in the
second equation to eliminate the x2 terms in the other equations, and so
on, until you finally obtain a very simple equivalent system of equations.

Three basic operations are used to simplify a linear system: Replace one
equation by the sum of itself and a multiple of another equation,
interchange two equations, and multiply all the terms in an equation by a
nonzero constant. After the first example, you will see why these three
operations do not change the solution set of the system.
ROW OPERATIONS
ROW OPERATIONS

Row operations can be applied to any matrix, not merely to one that arises as the augmented
matrix of a linear system. Two matrices are called row equivalent if there is a sequence of
elementary row operations that transforms one matrix into the other
Example

Solve the system below


Existence and Uniqueness Question
EXAMPLE
• Determine if the following system is consistent:
ROW REDUCTION and ECHELON FORMS
Row Reduction and Echelon Forms
CONDITIONS
A leading entry of a row refers to the leftmost nonzero entry.
Echelon and Reduced Echelon Form
• An echelon matrix (respectively, reduced echelon matrix) is one that
is in echelon form (respectively, reduced echelon form). Property 2
says that the leading entries form an echelon (“steplike”) pattern that
moves down and to the right through the matrix. Property 3 is a
simple consequence of property 2, but we include it for emphasis.
Pivot Position
• When row operations on a matrix produce an echelon form, further
row operations to obtain the reduced echelon form do not change
the positions of the leading entries. Since the reduced echelon form is
unique, the leading entries are always in the same positions in any
echelon form obtained from a given matrix. These leading entries
correspond to leading 1’s in the reduced echelon form.
Example
• Row reduce the matrix A below to echelon form, and locate the pivot
columns of A.
• A pivot, as illustrated in Example is a nonzero number in a pivot
position that is used as needed to create zeros via row operations.
The pivots in Example 2 were 1, 2, and 5. Notice that these numbers
are not the same as the actual elements of A in the highlighted pivot
Row Reduction Algorithm

• The algorithm that follows consists of four steps, and it produces a


matrix in echelon form. A fifth step produces a matrix in reduced
echelon form.
Example
• Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix
first into echelon form and then into reduced echelon form.
Solutions of Linear Systems
• The row reduction algorithm leads directly to an explicit description
of the solution set of a linear system when the algorithm is applied to
the augmented matrix of the system. Suppose, for example, that the
augmented matrix of a linear system has been changed into the
equivalent reduced echelon form

The variables x1 and x2 corresponding to pivot columns in the matrix are called basic variables. The other
variable, x3, is called a free variable.
Find the general solution of the linear system whose augmented matrix has been reduced to

The matrix is in echelon form, but we want the reduced echelon form before solving for the basic variables

There are five variables because the augmented matrix has six columns. The associated system now is
POP QUIZ 1
Q1.

Q2.

Solve the systems


Q3.

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