TML Pam E-1007F

Precise & Flexible

STRAIN GAUGES 2020

 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

This catalog presents the full range of Our standard strain gauges and associated products
including bonding adhesives and coating materials
manufactured by Tokyo Measuring Instruments Laboratory Co., Ltd.
It also describes how to find specific strain gauges, introduces typical applications,
and defines the most commonly used technical terms.

Prior to using the catalog, please check the information listed below.

CHANGES IN SPECIFICATIONS 3. Insulation resistance should be checked at a voltage of 50V

In the interest of product improvement, the specifications in or less.
4. Do not apply an excessive force to the gauge leads.
this catalog are subject to change without prior notice.
5. Apply adhesive to the back of the strain gauge and attach
the gauge to the specimen.
DIMENSIONS 6. The back of each strain gauge has been washed and
Dimensions are mainly given in milimeter. Strain gauge degreased. Do not contaminate it by touching it directly.
patterns are in actual size, with enlargements of some 7. For maintaining quality, store products in a dry place.
miniature patterns.
HANDLING BONDING ADHESIVES AND COATING
PRICES MATERIALS
Prices are not listed in this catalog. For price information or 1. Read the operation manual carefully before using bonding
orders, please contact us or your local representative. adhesives and coating materials.
2. After using an adhesive, wipe all remaining adhesive off the
HANDLING STRAIN GAUGES container and nozzle with a cloth, and replace the cap.
3. After using an adhesive, put the container back in the
1. The technical data supplied herein do not reflect the package and store it in a cool, dark place away from fire.
influence of the leadwire. The data must be corrected in 4. If an adhesive contacts skin or clothing, wash well with soap
accordance with the effect caused by the leadwire. and water.
2. The service temperature of a strain gauge depends on the
operating temperature of the adhesive, etc.

If you have any questions about this catalog, please contact us or your local representative.

Approval Certificate ISO9001

Design and manufacture of
strain gauges, strain measuring
equipment and transducers

1
STRAIN GAUGES
Stress measurement technologies are
indispensable for ensuring the safety and
efficiency of all kinds of structures. Since its
founding in 1954, Tokyo Measuring Instruments
Laboratory Co., Ltd. has been a specialized
manufacturer of stress measuring instruments
including strain gauges and related products.
Throughout the history of more than 60 years,
the company has striven to meet the needs of the
times and to provide trustworthy products that can
be used with full reliability.
Strain Gauges are our main products,and we
unveiled the world's first polyester strain gauge
in 1956. This new gauge brought about a great
improvement in the humidity resistance of gauge
backings compared to the strain gauges with
paper backings which were popular at that time.
Since then, our various technologies represented
by the development of foil strain gauges and high
temperature strain gauges have enabled reliable
measurements under diverse conditions.

2
 STRAIN GAUGE TESTING AND INSPECTION STANDARDS

Our strain gauges are manufactured under a fully integrated system that covers all stages from
development to tests and inspections, and the utmost attention is paid to quality management in all
processes. Our strain gauges, which we manufacture in the cleanest environment using the best
materials available, are tested and inspected according to international standards, most notably NAS942,
the National Aerospace Standard.

Strain gauges Testing and Inspection Standards

Testing and Inspection Standards
¶ Visual and Microscopic Inspections
TML Inspection Procedures and Standards
¶ Gauge Resistance
TML Procedures and Inspection Standards
¶ Gauge Factor
ASTM E251, NAS942 and BS6888
¶ Transverse Sensitivity
ASTM E251 and NAS942
¶ Temperature Coefficient of Gauge Factor
ASTM E251 and NAS942
¶ Thermal Output
ASTM E251 and NAS942
¶ Strain Limits
NAS942
¶ Fatigue Life
NAS 942
¶ Creep
NAS942
¶ Drift
NAS942

Principal standards used for strain gauge calibration and standard test methods

¶ ASTM E251-74
"Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges"
Designation: E251-92, ASTM
¶ BSI BS6888
"Methods for Calibration of Bonded Electric Resistance Strain Gauges"
Draft for development 6:1972. BSI
¶ NAS942
"Strain Gauges, Bonded Resistance"
Classification Specification NAS 942, 1963
¶ VDE/VDI Richtlinen NR 2635
"Bonded Electric Resistance Strain Gauges with Metallic Measurement Grids - Characteristics and Testing Conditions"
VDE/VDI-Richtlinen NR 2635 August, 1974
¶ Other standards
JIS Z2300-91 - "Glossary of Terms Used in Nondestructive Testing", Japan Industrial Standard
NDIS 4001:2008 - "Glossary of Terms Relating to Electric Resistance Strain Gauges", NDI, Japan

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents
Strain Gauge Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
General Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Technical Terms………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Strain Gauge Measurement………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Strain Gauge Bridge Circuit ………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Strain Gauge Coding System……………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Strain Gauge Selection……………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Package Designation………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Primary Installation Bonding / Overcoating ………………………………………………………………………… 29
Strain Gauge Installation……………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Strain Gauge Extension Leadwires ………………………………………………………………………………… 32
How are integral leadwires jointed………………………………………………………………………………… 35
Combination use of strain gauges and dedicated leadwires …………………………………………………… 39
CE compliant strain gauge…………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
General use strain gauges F series GOBLET compliant to CE marking……………………………………… 42
General use strain gauges F series ………………………………………………………………………………… 45
Waterproof strain gauges WF series ……………………………………………………………………………… 47
High temperature strain gauges QF series GOBLET compliant to CE marking……………………………… 48
High temperature strain gauges QF series ………………………………………………………………………… 49
High temperature strain gauges ZF series ………………………………………………………………………… 50
High temperature strain gauges EF series………………………………………………………………………… 51
High and Low temperature strain gauges CEF series…………………………………………………………… 52
Cryogenic temperature strain gauges CF series………………………………………………………………… 53
Weldable strain gauges AW series………………………………………………………………………………… 54
Spot Welder W-50RC ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
Concrete material use
Bondable type P series…………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
Bondable type PF series………………………………………………………………………………………… 60
Bondable type FLM / WFLM series……………………………………………………………………………… 61
　 Embedment type PMF series…………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Asphalt Pavement use
Embedment type PMFLS series………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Concrete material use / Asphalt pavement use / Civil Engineering
Strain Transducer KM / KM-HAS series………………………………………………………………………… 63
Composite materials use UBF……………………………………………………………………………………… 65
Composite materials use BF series GOBLET compliant to CE marking……………………………………… 66
Low elastic modulus materials use GF series GOBLET compliant to CE marking…………………………… 67
Wood materials LF series GOBLET compliant to CE marking………………………………………………… 68
Wood materials PFLW / PLW series………………………………………………………………………………… 69
Magnetic field strain gauges MF series…………………………………………………………………………… 70
Post-Yield Strain gauges YEF series GOBLET compliant to CE marking…………………………………… 71
Post-Yield Strain gauges YF series, YHF series…………………………………………………………………… 72
High endurance Strain Gauges DSF series, One-side Strain Gauges DD series …………………………… 74
Crack Detection Gauges FAC series, Stress Gauges SF series ……………………………………………… 75
Temperature Gauges TF series, Platinum RTD / Thermocouple ……………………………………………… 76
Bolt Strain Gauges BTM series, BTMC series…………………………………………………………………… 77
Transducer-specific Strain Gauges………………………………………………………………………………… 80
Frictional strain gauges
Frictional Strain Checker FGMH series………………………………………………………………………… 81
Frictional Axial Strain Transducer FGAH-1B…………………………………………………………………… 83
Frictional Torque Sensor System FGDH-3A…………………………………………………………………… 84
Residual stress measurement……………………………………………………………………………………… 85
Strain Gauge Adhesives……………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
Coating Materials……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
Gauge Protector, Coating Tape……………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Connecting Terminals / Strain Gauge Clamp Gauge Mate / Pressee…………………………………………… 92
Strain measuring instruments……………………………………………………………………………………… 93

4
 STRAIN GAUGE APPLICATIONS

Miniature strain gauges Magnetic field use

Strain Gauge

Printed circuit boards and surface mounting parts of Strain Gauge single element and twisted leadwire
automobile, computers and industrial machinery are getting
smaller. Miniature strain gauges can be installed in a very
Strain Gauge 0°/45°/90° 3-element and FEP twisted leadwire
limited gauge installation space.

Strain gauges in the valley

of gear
Strain measurement less
influenced by EM noise
Strain gauges on printed between pantograph and
circuit board trolley wire of electrified
railway system
APPLICATIONS

Railway axle load

measurement

Concrete/Mortar measurements
Surface strain measurement of concrete and mortar
10-element chain type strain Strain Gauge with longer gauge length for concrete surface
gauges on bolt head

Shearing strain and torque measurements

Shearing strains in 45-degree direction generated by shearing
stress. Strain Gauges with longer gauge length and metal backing
for concrete surface

Internal strain measurement of concrete and mortar

Mold strain gauges

PMF series available

with temperature
sensor integrated

Internal strain measurement of concrete for long term

Full bridge
Strain Transducer
Residual stress measurement KM series

3-element residual
stress measurement
by center-hole
drilling method Before placement of
concrete, 3 KM trans-
ducers are installed to
reinforcing bars.

5
Bolt tensile force by emebedment type gauges Weldable strain gauges

Strain Gauge
For measurement of tensile strain in a
bolt. Simply inserted into a pre-drilled hole
in the bolt head together with bonding
adhesive. BTM and BTMC gauge series are
recommendable if an ordinary strain gauge
cannot be mounted on the bolt surface.
Accurate tensile force measurement is
possible by calibrating the bolt after installing
the bolt gauges.

APPLICATIONS
Frictional Strain Checker, Axial Strain Transducer, Torque Sensor System
Strain Checker FGMH series for single and Torque Sensor System FGDH series applicable to driving
3-directional measurement. Re-usable with shaft with split and cover-up system. With built-in telemetry
installation by magnet. transmitter, no wiring is required.

High Endurance Strain Gauge bonded on

composite materials

Axial Strain Transducer

FGAH series applicable
to steerling shaft with
cover-up system
Different from the above
FGDH, wire connection
is required.

Composite materials on which High Endurance Strain

Gauge DSF is bonded are demonstrated for fatigue test
over 107 cycles at strain level of ±3,000 microstrain. Long term measurement
For construction measurement and maintenance.
FBG Fiber-optic Strainmeter
Designed for Fiber Bragg Grating based strain gauges
with optic fiber
• Temperature-compensation available with our FBG sensor
• No effect by EM noise
• Long distance measurement
• Fiber branching due to WDM
techniques

6
 STRAIN GAUGES GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Strain Gauge

Cover film
Strain gauges are generally used for one of three reasons: Gauge backing
・To ascertain the amount of deformation caused by strain
・To ascertain the stress caused by strain and the degree of safety of a material or Specimen
of a structural element that uses that material.
・To indirectly ascertain various physical quantities by converting them to strain.
There are a number of ways of measuring strain mechanically and
Etched metallic
electrically, but the vast majority of stress measurement is carried out resistance foil Gauge Lead
using strain gauges due to their superior measurement characteristics. Adhesive
What is Strain?

What is Strain? Strain Gauge Principles

External force applied to an elastic material generates stress, which When strain is generated in a measurement object, the strain is
subsequently generates deformation in the material. At this time, the transferred to the resistance wire or foil of the strain gauge via the
length of the material L extends to L+ΔL if the applied force is a gauge base (backing). As a result, the wire or foil experiences a
tensile force. The ratio of ΔL to L, that is ΔL/L, is called strain. On resistance change. This change is exactly proportional to the strain
the other hand, if a compressive force is applied, the length L is as in the equation below.
reduced to L−ΔL. Strain at this time is (−ΔL/L).

where
ε : Strain measured
L : Original length of material
P P ⊿Ｌ ⊿Ｒ/Ｒ ΔL : Change in length due to force P
ε＝ ―― ＝ ――――
Ｌ Ｋ R : Gauge resistance
ΔR : Resistance change due to strain
ΔL ΔL K : Gauge Factor as shown on
2 L 2 package

Normally, this resistance change R1

is very small and requires a
⊿Ｌ where ε : Strain R2
ε＝ ―― L : Original length of material Wheatstone bridge circuit to
Ｌ

Voltage
ΔL : Change in length due to force P convert the small resistance

output
change to a more easily
Example) when a material of 100mm long deforms by
measured voltage change.
0.1mm in its length, the resulting strain is as follows.
R4 R3
⊿Ｌ 0.1 The voltage output of the circuit
ε＝ ―― ＝ ―― ＝0.001＝1000×10−6
Ｌ 100 is given as follows.
Exciting
Voltage

What is a Strain Gauge?

where
The electric resistance of a metal changes propor tionally to the Ｒ1Ｒ3−Ｒ2Ｒ4
　　　　　　　　　 e : Voltage output
ｅ＝ Ｅ E : Exciting voltage
mechanical deformation caused by an external force applied to the （Ｒ1＋Ｒ2（Ｒ
） 3＋Ｒ4）
R1 : Gauge resistance
metal. By bonding a thin metal to a measurement object through a R2~R4 : Fixed resistance
thin electrical insulator, the metal deforms depending on deformation
of the measurement object and its electric resistance changes. The
strain gauge (electric resistance strain gauge) is a sensor to measure Here, if R=R1=R2=R3=R4 the resistance of the strain gauge changes
the strain by means of measuring the resistance change. to R+ΔR due to strain. Thus, the output voltage Δe (variation) due to
the strain is given as follows.

Strain Gauge Configuration ⊿Ｒ

　　　　　　
⊿ｅ＝ Ｅ
4Ｒ＋2⊿Ｒ
A strain gauge is constructed by forming a grid made of fine electric
resistance wire or photographically etched metallic resistance foil on When ⊿Ｒ〈
〈Ｒ
an electrical insulation base (backing), and attaching gauge leads. 　　　
⊿Ｒ Ｅ
　
⊿ｅ＝ Ｅ＝ Ｋε
4Ｒ 4

End loops Gauge Length End loops

When measuring with a strain gauge, it is connected to an instrument
Gauge called a strainmeter. The strainmeter configures a Wheatstone bridge
Width circuit and supplies exciting voltage. Measured strain is indicated on
a digital display and/or output as analog signals.

Grid Gauge Lead

7
 Plane Stress and Strain Measurement of principal strain and stress
using 3-element rectangular rosette gauge

Strain Gauge
The stress in a material balanced with an applied external force can
be considered a combination of more than one simple stress. In When strain is generated in the surface of material and the principal
other words, these stresses can be divided into simple stress in the direction of the strain and its extent are unknown, the principal strain,
respective axial directions; however, measurement with ordinary stress and their directions and shearing strain and stress can be
strain gauges is restricted to the plane strain. In case that the stress obtained by measuring the strains in three directions over the surface.
exists in uniaxial direction like tension of a bar illustrated below, the In order to simplif y c alculation, the relative angle in the three
following equation are applicable. directions are determined as follows.

σ x
εx = σ
E P ε1 –θ
νσ

What is Strain?
ε y = ̵ νεx = ̵ E
ε θ 1st axis : ε1
2nd axis : ε2 at 90º position
where y
ε3 3rd axis : ε3 at 45º position
σ : Stress
E : Elastic modulus ε2
εx : Strain in x direction P
εy : Strain in y direction Maximum principal strain
ν : Poisson's ratio 1
εmax＝　［ε1＋ε2＋　2｛（ε1−ε3）
2
＋（ε2−ε3）
2
｝］
Stress and strain under uni-stress 2
condition
Minimum principal strain
The biaxial stresses generated by pulling the bar in both normal and 1
εmin＝　［ε1＋ε2−　2｛（ε1−ε3）
2
＋
（ε2−ε3）
2
］
｝
transversal directions are: 2

ε x = ε x ' ̵ νεy' Maximum shearing strain

x
σx νσ y P σ
γmax＝　2｛（ε1−ε3）
2
＋
（ε2−ε3）
2
｝
E ̵
=
E
1 ε
Angle from ε1 gauge to direction of principal strain
= ( σx
E ̵ νσ y ) P' P'
y 　1 2ε3−（ε1＋ε2）
　　　　　　　　　
θ＝ tan−1｛ ε1−ε2 ｝
2
ε y = ε y ' ̵ νεx'
σy νσ x If ɛ1>ɛ2, the angle to the maximum principal strain is rotated by θ
E ̵
= P
E clockwise from the 1st axis, and the minimum principal
strain is located at θ+90º. If ɛ1<ɛ2, the angle to the maximum principal
1
= ( σy ̵
E νσ x ) Stress and strain under bi-stress strain is rotated by θ+90º clockwise from the 1st axis, and the
condition minimum principal strain is located at θ.

εx' : strain in the x direction E (ε + ν ε ) Maximum principal stress

due to σ x σx = x y
1– ν2 σmax＝

　Ε　 ε ＋νε
（ max　　　　）
min
1−ν2
εy' : strain in the y direction σy = E (ε + ν ε )
ε1＋ε2 　　　
Ε 　　　　 1
y x ＝　
2［ 1−ν
1– ν2 ＋ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2｛（ε1−ε3）
2
＋
（ε2−ε3）
2
｝］
due to σ y 1＋ν

For the stress in other than the crossed biaxial directions, it is shown Minimum principal stress
according to its angle as follows. 　Ε　 ε ＋νε
σmin＝ （ min　　　　）
max
1−ν2
Ε 　　　　
＝　 1 　　　　　　　　　　　　　
ε1＋ε2 − 　　　
2［ 1−ν ］
σn 2｛（ε1−ε3）
2
＋
（ε2−ε3）
2
｝
σx σn = σx cos2θ + σy sin2θ +τxy sin2θ 1＋ν

1
= –(σ 1
x + σy )+ –(σx – σy )cos2θ+τxy sin2θ
Maximum shearing stress
τ 2 2
τxy Ε
　　　　
τmax＝ γ 　　
2（1＋ν） max
θ 1 x – σy ) sin2θ – τxy cos2θ Ε
　　　　
τ = –(σ 2｛（ε1−ε3） ＋
（ε2−ε3） ｝
2 2
　　＝ 　　　　　　　　　　　
2（1＋ν）
2
τyx
σy
As noted from the above equations, in a cer tain direction, the note
maximum value of the resultant stress appears in the uniaxial
diretion. The axial direction is called a principal direction of stress The above rosette analysis equations are based on the
and the stress in that direction a principal stress. In this direction, 3-element strain gauge shown in the diagram. When the
the shearing stress is zero. The maximum value of shearing stress order of the axis numbers is different or when the gauge
is generated in the direction of 45° against the principal direction of is not a 90º rosette gauge, different equations must be
stress. It can also be applied to the strain. The strain in such a used. Check the axis numbers of applicable strain gauge
direction is called a principal strain. before performing rosette analysis.

8
 TECHNICAL TERMS
Strain Gauge

●Gauge Length ●Self Temperature Compensated Gauge

This dimension represents the actual grid length in the sensitive A change in the ambient temperature may cause a variation of strain
direction. gauge resistanc e. The var iation is ascr ibable to the ther mal
expansion of both strain gauge material and specimen, together
●Gauge Resistance with the thermal coefficient of resistance of the gauge material.
The gauge resistance is the electrical resistance of an unbonded Self-temperature compensated gauges are commonly used to
gauge at room temperature and subject to no external stress. The minimize the gauge thermal output when bonded to test specimens
gauge resistance generally used is 120Ω but gauges are also having a spec if ic linear ther mal expansion c oef f ic ient in the
produced with gauge resistance of 60Ω, 350Ω and 1000Ω. High- spec if ied temperature range. The following graph shows an
resistance gauges yield a high bridge output when high voltages are example of thermal output.
applied but they are also susceptible to noise. The majority of the

Indicated strain (µm/m)

300
TECHNICAL TERMS

strain gauges used in the production of transducers have a gauge

C
strain/°
resistance of 350Ω. 200 -6
0
100 +1.8×1
●Gauge Factor 0
The amount shown in the following equation is called the gauge 20°
C
-100 -1.8×1
factor. In this equation, ε indicates the strain generated due to 0 -6 strain/°
uniaxial stress in the direction of the strain gauge axis. ΔR /R -200 C
shows the ratio of resistance change due to strain ε. -300
0 50 100 150
where K : Gauge Factor Temperature °C
⊿Ｒ/Ｒ ε : Mechanical strain
Ｋ＝
ε R : Gauge Resistance ●Temperature Compensation Range
ΔR : Resistance change This refers to a temperature range in which the thermal output of a
self-temperature compensated gauge should be within the given
range. Compensation is accurate within approximately ±1.8×10 -6
●Longitudinal Sensitivity
strain/°C. For greater accuracy, corrections can be made using the
Longitudinal sensitivity is very similar to the gauge factor and refers
curves for apparent strain vs. temperature which is supplied with
to the sensitivity of the gauge when no strain is applied in the
each package of gauge.
direction perpendicular to the gauge axis.
●Operating Temperature Range
●Transverse Sensitivity
This range is the temperature range within which a strain gauge can
The gauge also exhibits sensitivity in the direction perpendicular to
be used continuously under appropriate conditions. The figure
the axial direction. The amount shown in the following equation due
below shows thermal output characteristics for Cu-Ni and Ni-Cr
to the uniaxial strain (ε t ) in the direction perpendicular to the gauge
alloys used for the sensing elements in TML strain gauges. Most
axis, and the resistance variation generated thereby, is called
strain gauges use Cu-Ni alloy, while Ni-Cr alloy is used in strain
transverse sensitivity (Kt ).
gauge series that have a wider operating temperature range.

where Kt : Transverse Sensitivity Cu-Ni

⊿Ｒ/Ｒ CF
Ｋｔ＝　　　　×100 εt : Uniaxial strain perpendicular
εｔ
to the gauge axis -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Thermal output

Ni-Cr
●Transverse Sensitivity Ratio
This refers to the ratio of transverse sensitivity to longitudinal F
-196 150
sensitivity. This is usually 1% or less and does not usually pose a QF Ni-Cr
problem except in high-precision measurement or in locations with
biaxial strain. ZF

●Gauge Hysteresis Cu-Ni

When a strain gauge is bonded to a test specimen and strain is
applied, resistance change for identical strain in increase and Temperature °C
decrease processes may differ. This difference is referred to as
hysteresis. Gauge hysteresis varies depending on factors such as ●Gauge Length Selection
grid configuration, base material, adhesive and temperature. Dif ferent gauge lengths should be selected depending on
specimens. Gauges with short gauge lengths are used to measure
●Thermal Hysteresis local strain, while gauges with long lengths can be used to measure
Thermal hysteresis refers to hysteresis that occurs in the heating or averaged strain over a larger area. For a heterogenous material, a
cooling cycle such that the respective cycles do not pass through gauge length is required that can average out irregular strain in the
the same point. Thermal hysteresis poses an ongoing problem in material. For example, as concrete is composed of cement and
strain measurement where temperature change occurs. This aggregate (gravel or sand, etc.) the length of a gauge used is more
hysteresis must be removed by applying heat treatment to stabilize than three times the diameter of the aggregate so as to give an
the characteristic of the strain gauge and the adhesive. averaged evaluation of the concrete.

●Gauge Zero Drift with Temperature Gauge length (mm) Gauge Applications
At high temperature, ef fects such as thermal oxidation of the
0.2 ~ 1 For stress concentration measurement
sensing elements in a strain gauge cause the zero point of the
gauge in a no -load state to gradually drif t. This is one of the
2~6 For metal and general use
characteristics that determine a strain gauge's resistance to heat. 10 ~ 20 For mortar, wood, FRP, etc.
Above 200°C, Ni-Cr alloy performs far better than Cu-Ni alloy, and 30 ~ 120 For concrete
alloys such as Pt-W are used in 500°C to 800°C environments.

9
 Strain Gauge
●Strain Limit ●Strain Gauge Frequency Response
The strain limit is the maximum amount of strain under which a The frequency response of a strain gauge is determined by the
strain gauge can operate under a given condition without suffering gauge length and the longitudinal elastic wave speed of the test
damage. At TML, the strain limit is the smallest value of mechanical specimen. Frequency response limits are typically only a concern
strain at which the indicated strain exceeds the mechanical strain by under impact conditions.
10%.
Gauge length (mm) 0.2 1 3 5 10 30 60
General use strain gauge
Steel [kHz] 660 530 360 270 170 - -
F series : FLA-5-11 20
Concrete [kHz] - - - - 120 50 20
Indicated strain (%)

Post-Yield strain gauge

●Gauge Creep

TECHNICAL TERMS
YF series : YFLA-5
A bonded strain gauge subjected to a constant strain will give a
10 decreasing indicated value as time progresses. This phenomenon
is referred to as creep. In general, the shorter the gauge length, the
greater the gauge creep becomes. Also, this tendency exhibits
well if the strain gauge or adhesive absorbs moisture.

0 10 20
Standard (Mechanical) strain (%)
Gauge creep
●Fatigue Life

Indicated strain
When strain is applied repeatedly to a strain gauge, as the amount
of strain bec omes large, the gauge resistanc e increases and
disconnection or peeling-off of the gauge occurs to make the gauge
useless. In general, the fatigue life is determined by the amount of
applied strain and speed of cyclic loading and expressed by the
number of repetitions. At our company, a constant mechanical
strain is applied repeatedly to the bonded strain gauge and the Time
fatigue life is indicated by the number of repetitions at which the
Gauge creep
indicated strain value without load exceeds 100×10 -6 strain. A ●Strain Gauge Shape
typical calibration result is shown below. Even if the number of
TML also supplies strain gauge in different patterns for a range of
r e p e t i t i o n s ex c e e d s t h e s p e c i f i e d l i f e , t h e g a u g e s w i l l n o t
applic ations. Selec t the appropr iate gauge pat ter ns for your
necessarily fail. The fatigue life of most of our strain gauges under
application.
a cyclic strain of ±1,500×10 -6 strain is between 10 6 and 107 cycles.
Under cyclic strain of less than 500, the fatigue life of most gauges
is infinite. Post-yield strain gauges should not be subjected to cycle Qty. of axis 1 2 2
loading in elastic range as well as in large strain range.

Gauge
Indicated strain (µm/m)

Pattern

Nomenclature Single axis 0°/90° 2-axis 0°/90° 2-axis

Grid layout ― Stacked type Plane type
Qty. of axis 3 3 5

Gauge
Pattern

Nomenclature 0°/45°/90° 3-axis 0°/45°/90° 3-axis 5-element Single-axis

Number of cycles
Grid layout Stacked type Plane type ―

●Permissible Current (Permissible Voltage)

The current flowing in a strain gauge is related to the output voltage
of the gauge bridge, and the larger the current, the larger the
voltage is obtained. However, depending upon the material of a
specimen and the area of the gauge, Joule's heat is generated by
the current to raise the temperature of gauge and as a result
apparent strains are produced. In general, a current less than
30mA is recommended for metallic specimens and less than 10mA
for wooden and plastic spec imens whic h dis sipate heat les s
efficiently.

10
 Temperature compensation for leadwires in Quarter bridge
Strain Gauge

For strain gauge measurement, the Wheatstone bridge circuit is ●Gauge Factor (Gauge sensitivity) correction for leadwire connection
used to convert resistance change of the strain gauge into voltage
output. The simplest bridge method is a quarter bridge, where one The leadwire resistance between the strain gauge and strainmeter
arm is composed of the strain gauge while the other three arms are noticeably lowers the gauge factor. Calculation for the correction is
composed of fixed resistors in the instrument. A 2-wire leadwire required depending on the measurement method and on the
may be used for connecting the strain gauge to the instrument. leadwire type and length.
However, if the temperature of the leadwire changes, thermal output
of the bridge is caused even if there is no change in actual strain. Quarter Bridge with 2-wire Quarter Bridge with 3-wire
For this reason, the quarter bridge 2-wire method should be used
o n l y w h e n t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e i s n o t ex p e c t e d d u r i n g t h e R R
measurement or for a dynamic measurement in which the thermal r L/2
output can be disregarded. A quar ter bridge 3-wire method is
available as a mean to eliminate the thermal output of the leadwire, r L/2 r L/2
MEASUREMENT

when a 3-wire leadwire is used for connection of the strain gauge. r L/2 r L/2

Output
Output
In this method, the influence of resistance change of the leadwire
caused by temperature change is cancelled. In addition, the effect
of the leadwire on gauge factor is half as large as that of the quarter
b r i dg e 2- w ire m et h o d. T he quar te r b r i dg e 3- w ire m et h o d i s
recommended over the 2-wire method, especially when temperature Input
Input
change is expected during the measurement and/or comparatively
long leadwires are used. Correction coefficient of lead- Correction coefficient of lead-
Other bridge methods including half bridge and full bridge are also wire : A wire : A
available. Refer to p.17~18 for details.
R R
A= A=
Strain Gauge and leadwire connection R+rL rL
R+
2
Bridge Circuit Connection Corrected Gauge Factor : K0
Corrected Gauge Factor : K0
Quarter bridge R
K0 = K = A·K R
with 2-wire R+rL K0 = K = A·K
rL
R+
Paralleled 2-wire 2
leadwire
where
B-C: Short circuit R : Nominal gauge resistance in Ω
r : Total resistance per meter of leadwire (Ω/m)
K : Gauge Factor shown on package
Temperature compensation for leadwires in Quarter bridge

L : Length of leadwire in meter

Quarter bridge Common

with 3-wire
●Total resistance per meter of our typical pre-attached leadwire
Independent
In strain gauge, the leadwire resistance produces a deterioration of
Paralleled 3-wire gauge sensitivity and thermal drift. The leadwire should be as thick
leadwire
and as short as possible.

Twisted leadwire

Number of cores
7/0.12 10/0.12 7/0.16 7/0.18 12/0.18 20/0.18
/Diameter (mm)
●Thermal output caused by temperature change
Cross section
In a quarter bridge 2-wire method, changes in leadwire temperature
area of lead 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.3 0.5
cause changes in the leadwire resistance, which result in thermal wire (mm2)
output. Use the equation below to compensate for this thermal
Total resistance
output. of leadwire per 0.44 0.32 0.24 0.20 0.12 0.07
meter (Ω)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 r・L・α・ΔT
Leadwire thermal output ε L ＝ Single-core leadwire
K・(R + r・L)
　where
　 ε L : Leadwire thermal output
　　　K : Gauge factor indicated on the strain gauge package Polyimide wire Polyimide wire
　　　α : Thermal coefficient of resistance of leadwire Construction
(0.14mm-dia.) (0.18mm-dia.)
(3.9×10-3/°C for copper)
Cross section area
　　　r : Total resistance of leadwire per 1 meter (Ω/m) 0.015 mm2 0.025 mm2
of leadwire
　　　L : Leadwire length (m)
　 　ΔT : Temperature change of leadwire (°C) Total resistance of
2.5 Ω 1.5 Ω
leadwire per meter
Note)
• Compensation is possible on condition that the temperature change is ¶ Setting the Gauge Factor to Data Loggers*
uniform for whole length of the leadwire.
• In a quarter bridge 3-wire method, compensation is not necessary
because the influence of change in leadwire resistance caused by 2.00 Cs : Coefficient set
Cs= K0 : Gauge Factor corrected with leadwire
temperature change is cancelled. K0
• Also our 1-Gauge 4-Wire Strain measuremet method does not require attached
above correction because it is not influenced at all by the leadwire
resistance. Refer to following page for details. For the detail of Data Loggers, refer to page 93.

11
Complete Compensation Method of Strain with Wheatstone Bridge - COMET

Strain Gauge
COMET: Abbreviation of Complete Compensation Method of Strain
When measuring strain using a strain gauge, quarter bridge method is Descent of sensitivity caused by the leadwire resistance is
commonly used. Quarter bridge 2-wire method is the easiest for
corrected
strain measurement, while quar ter bridge 3-wire method has an
The strain gauge sensitivity is influenced by the resistance of the
advantage of eliminating thermal output caused by the temperature
leadwire. In quarter bridge 3-wire method, the lead- wire resistance
change of the lead wire. It is known that there may be some small
is measured and the sensitivity is corrected automatically by using a
errors in measured values obtained by these methods, which are
data logger having the Complete Compensation Method of Strain.
caused by initial unbalance and non-linearity of the bridge circuit.
When measuring multiple points of strain gauges, it is not necessary
Most of our strainmeters already have a function of correcting non-
to use lead wires of the same length for the purpose of simplifying the
linearity of quarter bridge circuit. However, if we look into the matter
correction calculation.

MEASUREMENT
more closely, this function is not enough to completely correct the
measured values, for example when the initial unbalance of the bridge
is signif ic ant. Our unique technique “Complete Compensation Complete Correction of thermal output of strain gauge
Method of Strain” is a method which is capable of fully correcting the Thermal output of strain gauge is given as data under no strain, and it
errors in measured values obtained by quarter bridge method without may somewhat dif fer under strained c ondition. The C omplete
being influenced by initial unbalance and non-linearity of the bridge Compensation Method of Strain compensates thermal output by
circuit. This method is available in our instruments listed below. taking the applied strain into c onsideration. This is especially
effective when the thermal output is large.
Data loggers
(This compensation is available in TDS-630.)
TS-560, TDS-630, TDS-540, TDS-530*, TDS-602*, TDS-303*,
TDS-150, TDS-102*, TC-31K*, TC-32K　 Correction of error caused by replacement of strain gauge
* : No longer in production
When measuring a large strain, it is a common practice to replace the
Measurement error is not caused by initial unbalance of bridge strain gauge with a new one when the strain comes close to strain
limit of the strain gauge. In this case, accurate strain af ter the
If the resistance of strain gauge and bridge completion resistors is not
replac ement c an be known by c or recting the measured values
exactly the same when the strain is zero, an output voltage is yielded.
referring to the strain value at the time of replacement. The Complete
This should more or less occur in actual bridge circuits. The output
Compensation Method of Strain makes this correction automatically.
voltage is treated as an initial unbalance and deducted from the
output voltage when strain is applied. However, it causes some error
Setting of true strain measurement (COMET)
in measured strain values. This error becomes zero by using the
Complete Compensation Method of Strain.It is especially effective in This is the setting for performing a measurement correcting the error
of strain value using the function called "COMET".

Complete Compensation Method of Strain with Wheatstone Bridge - COMET

cases as follows, in which a large initial unbalance is expected.
W h e n t h e s e n s o r m o d e i s q u a r t e r b r i d g e 3 - w i r e m et h o d, t h e
• The leadwire is extended during the measurement. measurement value is displayed
• The strain gauge is mounted on a curved surface.
by implementing non - linear
• Strain gauges having uneven resistance are used.
correction even if [Not use] is
• Temperature change is large during the measurement.
selected. By selecting Comet, it
Non-linearity error of bridge circuit is completely corrected is possible to obtain more
correct strain value.
The relation between the output voltage of bridge circuit and the
Half bridge common dummy can
strain is not exactly linear. Non-linearity error becomes larger with
be used only for Comet A.
increase of strain. Conventional method for correcting the non-
linearity is based on condition that the initial unbalance of bridge is
zero. The Complete Compensation Method of Strain works to correct COMET A
the non-linearity error even when the initial unbalance of bridge is This is the correction method to correct the non-linearity error by
large. It is also effective in the following cases in addition to the initial unbalance of the bridge, and this is effective when the initial
cases mentioned in former clause. unbalance value is large. The bridge output voltage eo is measured at
initial in and memorized internally. The bridge output voltage e when
Bridge output voltage e[mV]
the strain is generated is c alculated when the measurement is
120 performed, and the correction calculation below is implemented.
100
e ‒ e0
Output voltage 80 Ԑm =
(1‒e) x (1+e 0)
Reference 60
40 COMET B (Quarter bridge 3-wire method only)
20 Strain Ԑ This is used when correcting the descent of sensitivity by leadwire at
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 the same time as the correction method of Comet A.
-20
The bridge output voltage eo at initial unbalance and both- ends
-40
-60 [x103με] voltage of lead wire resistance er are measured at initial in, and
-80 memorized internally. The bridge output voltage e when the strain is
-100 generated is measured at the measurement, and the calculation
-120 below is implemented.
-140 e ‒ e0
Ԑm =
(1‒e) x (1+e 0 ‒er)
Leadwire resistance is supposed to be 0 Ω.
When Comet B calculation is implemented, the correction calculation
• Strain gauge is replaced with a new one when measuring large strain. that includes initial unbalance value that is recorded at initial in and
• Initial unbalance is readjusted during the measurement. both-ends voltage of leadwire resistance is implemented from the
formula above, so only the measure measurement is available. Be
sure to perform the measurement after implementing the initial in at
the initial unbalanced status for starting measurement.

12
 Application example of Complete Compensation Method of Strain
Strain Gauge

Measurements using our data loggers equipped with Complete Application example 2:
Compensation Method of Strain have the advantages of the followings. Measurement of stress concentration gauge CCFXX, CCFYX
• Complete compensation of non-linearity
• No influence of strain gauge resistance The CCFXX and CCFYX are newly developed strain gauges having
• No influence of dummy resistance 10 grids aligned continuously without interval between each adjoining
• No need of using leadwires of the same length saving costs and grids. Different from the conventional stress concentration gauge
space for unnecessary leadwires having individual grids aligned with small intervals, it can measure strain
• No need of correcting sensitivity change caused by leadwire
distribution of the specimen more precisely. This strain gauge should be
resistance
measured using our data logger with Complete Compensation Method of
Accurate strain measurement is possible owing to the features above.
Strain. The number of leadwires is reduced to 11.
MEASUREMENT

Furthermore, measurements as in the following examples become

possible by the use of Complete Compensation Method of Strain.

Application example 1: CCFXX

Compensation of thermal output when using a temperature-
integrated strain gauge

Thermal output of strain gauge is automatically compensated when

measuring a temperature-integrated strain gauge with data logger TDS- Measurement example
630. A polynomial representing the thermal output is attached to each Strain caused by depression of bolt head (M10)
strain gauge, and coefficients of the polynomial are input to TDS-630 Measuring range （mm） -6 0 +6
before starting the measurement. Thermal output of the strain gauge
caused by the change of environmental temperature is calculated and
corrected by the TDS-630 with better accuracy than conventional method.

Real temperature and apparent strain measurement

100 80
80
Temperature
Application example of Complete Compensation Method of Strain

60 60
Temperature (°C)
Thermal output (µm/m)

40

20 40 0
Depression strain (µm/m)

-50
0
-100
-20 Strain 20 -150
-40 -200
-250
-60 0 -300
-80 -350
-400
-100 -20 -450
Time -7.5 -6 -4.5 -3 -1.5 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5
Position of strain gauge (mm)
True strain after thermal output correction Axial strain (µm/m)
100 80 0

80
1000
Temperature
60 60
Temperature (°C)

The number of leadwires is 30 which is

Thermal output (µm/m)

40
required for measuring a conventional
20 40 10-element strain gauge with quarter
0 bridge 3-wire method. The number is
Strain reduced to 11 in CCFXX/CCFYX strain
-20 20 gauge. This is achieved by using one
-40 leadwire for measurement of two or three
grids. The adjacent grid is connected
-60 0
in series with one leadwire of 3-wire
-80 connection. The resistance of this
-100 -20 adjacent grid can be ignored by using our
Time data logger with Complete Compensation
Method of Strain.

13
1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method

Strain Gauge
Abstract
When measuring strain gauges, various connection methods are available according to the number of strain gauges used and the purpose of
measurement. In quarter bridge method, 3-wire connection is widely used to remove the effect of temperature change in the resistance of the strain
gauge leadwire. However in the method, gauge factor correction is required depending on the leadwire resistance. In addition, some measurement error
may be caused by the contact resistance in the connection part such as between the strain gauge leadwire and the instrument terminal. The 1-gauge
4-wire strain measurement is our unique method which eliminates the need of gauge factor correction depending on the leadwire resistance and the
measurement error caused by the contact resistance.
Since a new leadwire and a simple connector (modular plug) can be used, it helps to streamline the wiring works and to prevent wiring mistakes, and also
to reduce the cost of strain measurement by reusing the leadwires. Furthermore, since soldering works are not necessary, it can save wiring materials
and realize lead-free connections.

MEASUREMENT
Advantage over quarter bridge 3-wire method
●Leadwire resistance ●Contact resistance
In the conventional method, leadwires as thick and short as possible Conventionally, leadwire extension and connection to a measuring
are recommended to keep the resistance of the leadwire as small as instrument are done by soldering or by the use of specially designed
possible. However, since there is no inf luence of the leadwire connectors in order to eliminate the influence of contact resistance.
resistance in 1-gauge 4-wire method, it is possible to use thin and/or Since the 1-gauge 4-wire method is not affected at all by contact
long leadwires for connecting strain gauges. resistance, a modular plug which is installed by crimping can be used.
Sensitivity loss caused by extension of leadwire The modular plug makes easy connection of the leadwire to an
1
instrument or to an extension leadwire, and efficient connection works
1-gauge 4-wire without wir ing mistakes bec ome possible. Fur ther more, sinc e
0
soldering is not necessary, lead-free connection is actualized.
Decrease rate of sensitivity (%)

-1
(0.32Ω/m)
-2 (0.44Ω/m)
Comparison of strain measurement method between Quarter bridge 3-wire and 1-gauge 4-wire
-3
Advantage of not being affected by the variation of contact resistance at the connection point
-4
-5 Quarter bridge 3-wire 1-gauge 4-wire
Quarter bridge 3-wire (Wheatstone bridge circuit) strain measurement method
-6
(1.80Ω/m) Connection using easy Not possible Possible
-7 connector
-8 Necessary (for long-term
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
measurement)
Leadwire length (m) Soldering Not necessary
For short-term measurement,

1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method

screwing is possible
Comparison of strain measurement method between Quarter bridge 3-wire and 1-gauge 4-wire
Time required for Long
Advantage of not being affected by leadwire resistance wiring works Short

Quarter bridge 3-wire 1-gauge 4-wire Wiring mistakes Care must be taken Largely decreased
(Wheatstone bridge circuit) strain measurement method
Thickness of leadwire Thick Thin
Weight of leadwire Heavy
The same material must be
Light
No need of using the same
Strain gauge with leadwire and modular plug
Material of leadwire
used material
This is a strain gauge applicable to our newly developed 1-gauge
Sheath color of Must be the same color No need of using the same
4-wire strain measurement method. Most of our strain gauges can be
leadwire depending on the measurement color
supplied with the exclusive leadwire and the modular plug (RJ12) pre-
Load on the specimen Heavy Light attached. Because the modular plug is attached to the end of the
Transportation cost High Low leadwire, neither soldering nor screwing is necessar y when
connecting the strain gauge to a measuring instrument. The strain
●Not influenced by thermal output of leadwire
gauge is connected by simply inserting the modular plug into the
When a 10 meter long leadwire having cross sectional area of modular connector receptacle which is equipped in data logger TDS-
0.11mm 2 is used for measurement of 120 Ω strain gauge in quarter 630, TDS-540 (with option), TDS-150 and TC-32K, and switching box
bridge (2-wire) method, thermal output of about 50×10 -6 strain/°C will IHW-50H, IHW-50G, ISW-50G, SSW-50D and FSW-10. The sheath
be resulted if there is a temperature change during the measurement. of the 4-wire leadwire is made of polypropylene, which does not
Therefore, compensation is necessary. Even if the quarter bridge generate noxious gas even if exposed to fire. A vinyl sheathed
3-wire method is used, compensation is necessary when the type, leadwire is also available at a lower cost.
length, cross sectional area, or temperature environment of the three
wires is not the same. In 1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method,
compensation is not necessary even under such conditions. Easy leadwire extension using modular connectors

Apparent strain caused by temperature change of leadwire (Thermal output)

Lead wire length: 10 meters Gauge resistance 120 Ω
600

500
Apparent strain (μm/m)

400

300
Quarter bridge 2-wire Parallel
vinyl leadwire (0.11mm2)
200

1-gauge 4-wire 4-wire parallel

100
leadwire (0.08mm2)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature change (°C)

14
 1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method
Strain Gauge

Measurement principle
The 1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method uses a simple series
circuit which is composed of a resistance of strain gauge (R) and a
reference resistance (Rs) to measure strain. The voltage (E) is applied
to the both ends of the series circuit to flow the current (i). The strain is
obtained from the voltage (V) generated by the strain gauge resistance
r1
and the voltage (Vs) generated by the reference resistance. As the path R
where the current flows and the path where the voltage is measured are r2
V
dif ferent, measurement is possible without being af fected by the r3 E
leadwire resistance or the contact resistance (r).
MEASUREMENT

where r4
R : Gauge resistance i
Rs : Reference resistance
r1〜r4 : Leadwire resistance and contact resistance Rs Vs
i : Current flowing in strain gauge resistance and reference resistance
E : Excitation voltage
V : Voltage generated by gauge resistance
Vs : Voltage generated by reference resistance

Connection / Applicable instruments

The 1-gauge 4-wire method is a new strain measurement method that does not need gauge factor correction for the leadwire resistance and does
not cause measurement error by the contact resistance. In addition, the method can remove the initial unbalance caused by the leadwire resistance
and also can remove the influence of leadwire resistance change caused by the temperature change. While the use of a leadwire as thick and short
as possible is recommended for quarter bridge 3-wire method, a thin leadwire and/or connectors for connection and extension of the leadwire can be
used for 1-gauge 4-wire method. Correction of the measured values is not necessary even if leadwires of various types and/or of different length for
each strain gauge are used.
The 1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method is available only by the data loggers and switching boxes made by our company.

1-gauge 4-wire strain gauge with modular plug 4-core shielded cable is connected directly if a
modular plug is not used
1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement method

Built-in switching box of data logger TDS-540 is not

Fast connection using 4-wire parallel applicable
wire with modular plug (RJ12)

The exclusive laedwire with modular plug (RJ12) can be attached to most of our strain gauges. It enables efficient wiring works without mistakes.
The leadwires can be used repeatedly to reduce the cost of the measurement.
Applicable sensor mode
1G4W 120Ω Gauge resistance 120 Ω
1G4W 240Ω Gauge resistance 240 Ω
1G4W 350Ω Gauge resistance 350 Ω
Applicable instruments
Data logger TDS-540(with option)/TS-560 /TDS-630/TDS-150/TC-32K
1-gauge 4-wire strain measurement is possible by fast connection to the modular jack of
the switching box
Switching box IHW-50H/IHW-50G/ISW-50G/SSW-50D/FSW-10

Fast connection to the modular jack provided to the

built-in switching box of data logger or the switching
box

●3-element rosette strain gauge (shrinkable tube type)

This is a 3-element rosette strain gauge having a 4-wire parallel leadwire with modular plug attached to each element in 1-gauge 4-wire
connection. Fast connection of the leadwires are possible to each channel of a data logger or switching box for static strain measurement.
Note: This strain gauge is not applicable to dynamic strain meters.

・3-element 0° /45° /90° stacked type

Used leadwire
0.08mm2 vinyl sheathed leadwire with modular plug
Applicable temperature -20 ~ +80° C
FRA-2-11-○LQM (modular plug 4-wire RJ12 6-4)
○ shows the lead wire length in meter

15
Measuring Method of Strain and Temperature

Strain Gauge
Temperature measurement is necessary for strain measurement involving temperature change. In addition to the thermocouples and platinum RTDs
which are generally used for measuring temperature, our product line includes temperature gauges which may be used in a same way as strain
gauges, and temperature integrated strain gauges which are capable of measuring strain and temperature simultaneously. We will provide you with the
introduction of their features and applications.
Temperature measurement applications to our strain measuring instruments
Temperature Application to static strain Application to dynamic strain Temperature measurement
Features
measurement means measuring instruments measuring instruments range (°C)
Thermocouple (T, K, etc.) Applicable Applicable -269 ~ +1760 Wide temperature range

Platinum RTD Pt100 Applicable Not applicable -40 ~ +400 High accuracy. Can be used only with data loggers

Temperature integrated strain gauges Applicable Not applicable -20 ~ +200 Applicable to most of the foil strain gauges

MEASUREMENT
Temperature gauges TF Series Applicable Applicable -20 ~ +200 A dedicated adapter necessary

Temperature gauge KT-110A Applicable Applicable -30 ~ +80 Robust structure, mainly for civil engineering

THERMOCOUPLE
Wide range of temperature can be measured by selecting the types of By using static strain measuring instruments such as data logger
thermocouple wire and sheath material. In this catalog, the following TDS series and TC-32K, temperature measurement using various
sheath material for thermocouples are introduced (the temperatures thermocouples can be carried out. As for DC dynamic strain measuring
indicated are upper temperature limits): instrument DC-96A/DC-97A, DC-204R, DC-004P, DH-14A, TMR-300 and
Vinyl: 80 °C DS-50A, temperature measurement can be carried out by thermocouples
Fluorinated resin: 200 °C K and T through Dedicated unit or thermocouple adapter TA-01KT.
Glass fiber : 350 °C
See page 76 for the details of thermocouples.

PLATINUM RTD
Temperature measurement can be carried out by bonding the platinum is connected to static strain measuring instruments such as data logger
RTD to the surface of an object to be measured, just like when using TDS series or TC-32K when measuring. Platinum RTD is not applicable
strain gauges. The measurement accuracy is high, and the measurement to dynamic strain measuring instruments.
can be done by connecting to lead wires for strain gauges. Platinum RTD

TEMPERATURE-INTEGRATED STRAIN GAUGES

Measuring Method of Strain and Temperature

Temperature measurement function can be mounted to almost any foil If you wish to mount the temperature measuring function on the strain
strain gauge. (See the chart in pages 39 and 40 for combination of strain gauge of your choice, insert a “T” after the number indicating the length
gauges and dedicated lead wires.) The temperature measurement point of the gauge, and then designate the length and type of the lead wire.
is the tab of a strain gauge, so the temperature shown is as same as the For example, if you want to add temperature measuring function and a 3
temperature of the strain gauge. The temperature can be measured using meters vinyl lead wire to FLA-2-11, the type name should be written as:
our data logger.
The applicable lead wires with temperature measuring function are as FL A-2 T -11 -3 TL J BT
follows:
■ Single core 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) lead wire 6FB_TLT 3-wire paralleled vinyl lead wire TLJBT
Applicable temperature: -269 °C ~ +200 °C Desired length of the lead wire: 3m
■ 3-wire paralleled vinyl lead wire -TLJBT/-TLJBT-F With temperature measuring function
Applicable temperature: -20 °C ~ +80 °C
■ 4-wire paralleled vinyl lead wire TLQ Temperature integrated strain gauges are not applicable to measurements
Applicable temperature: -20 °C ~ +80 °C by dynamic strain measuring instruments.
(See page 34 for details of lead wires.)

Wire connection methods

1. For TDS-630/-540/-530 CH.1 2. For other applicable measuring instruments: TDS-302/-303/-601/-601A/-602/
-101R/-150/-102/-300 CH.1 CH.2
RED A
WHITE RED
BLUE WHITE B(H)
BLUE
C
One channel: Channel 1: Strain measurement
Simultaneous strain and Quarter bridge 3 wire connection D(L)
temperature measurements method E
Channel 2: Temperature measurement
T thermocouple (Use two adjacent channels)

TEMPERATURE GAUGES TF SERIES

Temperature gauge TF series is used for measuring surface temperature in combination, the measurement will be performed and represented in
by bonding it to the surface of structural object just like strain gauges. By the unit of 100×10-6/°C. See page 76 for details of TF series and adapter
using adapter TGA for temperature gauge and strain measuring instrument TGA.

TEMPERATURE GAUGES KT-110A

KT-110A is a temperature sensor using full bridge method. It is used in (also used by transducers) by using strain measuring instruments.
civil engineering and construction sites for its robustness. KT-110A can Consult us for details of KT-110A.
carry out measurement as temperature sensor using full bridge method

16
 STRAIN GAUGE BRIDGE CIRCUIT
Strain Gauge

STRAIN GAUGE BRIDGE CIRCUIT Connection diagram varies according to strainmeter type.
Wiring connection to
Measuring mode Bridge circuit Bridge Output
Switching Box Bridge Box
Quarter bridge (with 2-wire) E : Excitation voltage
e : Output voltage
⊿e : Output voltage due
to strain
e0 : Output voltage before
strain generation
R0 : Resistance change
due to generation
BRIDGE CIRCUIT

Terminal code short-circuited ⊿R : Resistance change

due to strain
ε : strain
Quarter bridge with 3-wire
Thermal output of leadwire is K : Gauge Factor
of strain gauge
cancelled.
e = e0 ＋⊿e

R1 = R0 ＋⊿R

R = R0

E
Terminal code short-circuited ⊿e = ―― Kε
4
Quarter bridge 3-wire with two
gauges connected in series in one strain gauge R1 = R0 ＋⊿R
arm, eliminating bending strain 60Ω each
R2 = R0 ＋⊿R

R = 2R0

E
⊿e = ―― Kε
4
Terminal code short-circuited

Quarter bridge with four gauges

connected in series and
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 =
paralleled in one arm
R0 ＋⊿R

R = R0

E
⊿e = ―― Kε
4
Terminal code short-circuited

Half bridge with 1-active and

1-dummy gauge
R1 = R0 ＋⊿R

R2 = R0 = R

E
⊿e = ―― Kε
4

Half bridge with two active

gauges
R1 ＝R0 ＋⊿R

R2 ＝R0 －ν⊿R

E(1+ν)
⊿e = ――――・Kε
4
ν : Poisson's ratio

Terminal code short-circuited

Half bridge with 2 active
gauges : Bending strain R1 = R0 ＋⊿R

R2 = R0 ー⊿R

R = R0

E
⊿e = ―― Kε
2

Output voltage due to strain is based on the condition that output voltage before strain generation（e0）is zero.

17
 Strain Gauge
STRAIN GAUGE BRIDGE CIRCUIT Connection diagram varies according to strainmeter type.
Wiring connection to
Measuring mode Bridge circuit Bridge Output
Switching Box Bridge Box
Half bridge common dummy
R2 is used for two or more
channels as a common dummy
active R1 = R0 ＋⊿R
Available only by R2 = R0 = R
switching box
E
⊿e = ―― Kε

BRIDGE CIRCUIT
dummy 4

Opposite arm Half bridge

with 2 active gauges Available only by bridge box R1 = R0 ＋⊿R
Applicable type
SB-120B R2 = R0 ＋⊿R
SB-350B
R = R0
SB-128A
SB-123A E
⊿e = ―― Kε
SB-353A 2
short-circuited

Opposite arm Half bridge

with 3-wire 2 active gauges Available only by bridge box R1 = R0 ＋⊿R
Applicable type
SB-120B R2 = R0 ＋⊿R
SB-350B
R = R0
SB-128A
SB-123A E
⊿e = ―― Kε
SB-353A 2

Full bridge with 4 active

gauges : Uniaxial strain R1 = R3 ＝R0 ＋⊿R

R2 = R4 ＝R0 －ν・⊿R

E(1+ν)
⊿e = ――――・Kε
2
ν : Poisson's ratio

Full bridge with 4 active

gauges : Bending strain
R1 = R3 ＝R0 ＋⊿R

R2 = R4 ＝R0 ー⊿R

⊿e = EKε

Full bridge with 4 active

gauges : Torque
R1 = R3 ＝R0 ＋⊿R

R2 = R4 ＝R0 ー⊿R

⊿e = EKε

Full bridge with 2 active gauges

and 2 dummy gauges R1 = R3 ＝R0 ＋⊿R
2 active
R2 = R4 ＝ R

R = R0
2 dummy E
⊿e = ―― Kε
2

Output voltage due to strain is based on the condition that output voltage before strain generation（e0）is zero.

18
 STRAIN GAUGE CODING SYSTEM
Strain Gauge

Gauge resistance in Ω
Gauge length (standard 120Ω not
in mm presented)

F LA - 3 T - 350 - 11
CODING SYSTEM

Gauge series Applications Pattern configuration (*1) Functions (*2) Applicable gauge
F General purpose L/LA/LK/LX/LG/BX/BY Integrated with Applicable to most of strain
Single-axis T
Residal stress, Stress concentration, Chain LAB/LKB/LGB GOBLET thermocouple gauges
gauge C/CA/LC/CS/CB A Left 45° QFLT
WF Waterproof construction 2-axis Rosette (0°/90°)
CAB GOBLET B Right 45° QFLT
PF Concrete use, Polyester foil gauge FLAB, QFLAB, Some of
R/LR/RA/RAS/RS 3-axis Rosette W Large width
P Concrete use, Polyester wire gauge 350Ω strain gauges
RAB GOBLET (0°/45°/90°)
FLM / WFLM Contrete use, Metal backing strain gauge (*2) Not indicated for
XV/YV/BXV/BYV 5-element Single
MF Magnetic field use 5-element Rosette general strain gauges
PMF Concrete use, Embedment type strain gauge CV
(0°/90°)
YEF / YF / YHF Post-yield strain (Large strain) measurement CT Torque
PMFLS Asphalt use, Embedment type strain gauge LT 45° Single-axis
LF Low elastic material use, Wood, Gypsum (*1) Not always coded
PFLW / PLW Low elastic material use, Wood, Gypsum 　　0°/90° 2-axis
GF Low elastic material use, Plastics 　　0°/45°/90° 3-axis
BF / UBF Composite material use
DSF High endurance use, Fatigue test
CF  Cryogenic temperature use Compensation material ppm/° C (*3)
CEF Wide range temperature use 3 Composite material 17 Stainless steel/Copper alloy
QF / ZF / EF  High temperature use Ceramic (Si3N4) 2.6~3.3 SUS 304 16.2
SFA Stress measurement CFRP 3 ~5 SUS 310 15.8
AW Weldable strain gauge 5 Composite material SUS 316 16
BTM Bolt axial strain measurement Ceramic (SiC) 4.6 SUS 321 16.7
DD One-side gauge CFRP 3 ~5 Copper 16.7
FAC Crack detection gauge 8 Composite material Beryllium copper 16.6
TF Strain gauge type temperature measurement Glass 7.9 Brass 16.7
KM Concrete/Asphalt embedment use, strain Titanium 8.9 Bronze 17
transducer
FGMH Frictional Strain Checker Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 8.8 Constantan 14.9
FGAH Frictional Axial strain transducer 11 Mild steel 23 Aluminium
FGDH Frictional Torque Sensor System Mild steel (0.1~0.2C) 11.8 Aluminium 23.4
Hard steel (0.4~0.5C) 11.2 Aluminium 2024-T4 23
The following strain gauges are CE marked.
Cast iron 10.5 Lead and its alloy 29
Hastelloy-276 11.2 Gypsum 25
For strain gauge without integral lead wire
Inconel 600 13.3 Polyimide 20~30
- Strain gauge with “-F” appended to the type
Inconel 750 12.1 28 Magnesium
number
Monel 13.5 Magnesium alloy 27
- Strain gauge indicated with “CE” mark in this
SUS 630（17-4PH） 10.8 50 Plastics
catalog
SUS 631（17-7PH） 10.6 Epoxy (Cast) 45~65
Concrete 7~13 70 Plastics
Acrylics 70
ABS 74
Polyacetal (POM) 80
Polycarbonate (PC) 66~70
Polystyrene (PS) 60~80

(*3) Indicated only for self-temperature-compensated strain gauges For

other materials, contact TML or your local representative.

19
 Strain Gauge
Length of leadwire pre-attached (*4)
(*4) These strain gauges Option –F
with 2-wire Standard length 1 , 3 , 5 m are available with integral
with 3-wire Standard length 3 , 5 m leadwires attached. (made to The leadwire pre-attachment is available
order) using lead-free solder. For the leadwire
pre-attached strain gauges using lead-free
solder, the option code “-F” is appended to
the type number to discriminate them from
conventional leadwire pre-attached strain
gauges using leaded solder.

(-F) - 3 LJB (-F)

CODING SYSTEM
Option –F Suffix codes of pre-attached leadwires Option -F for CE marking

Strain gauges using leaded solder as standard LJB / LJB-F 0.08mm2 paralleled vinyl leadwire
specifications are optionally available with lead-free LJBT / LJBT-F 0.08mm2 3-wire parallel vinyl leadwire
solder used. The option code “-F” is appended to the LJC / LJC-F 0.11mm2 paralleled vinyl leadwire
type number of lead-free solder used gauges to
LJCT / LJCT-F 0.11mm2 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire
discriminate them from conventional strain gauges using
leaded solder. The option code “-F” is omitted for strain LJD 0.3mm2 paralleled vinyl leadwire
gauges with CE marking such as GOBLET series. LJDT 0.3mm2 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire
LH 0.02mm2 twisted vinyl leadwire
LHT 0.02mm2 3-wire twisted vinyl leadwire
LS 3.2mm-dia. shielded vinyl leadwire
LTSA / LTSA-F 3mm-dia. shielded 3-wire vinyl leadwire
LTSB / LTSB-F 5mm-dia. shielded 3-wire vinyl leadwire
0.08mm2 polypropylene 4-wire paralleled leadwire with
LQM / LQM-F
modular plug
LXT / LXT-F 3-wire parallel special vinyl leadwire
LJRA 2-wire twisted cross-linked vinyl leadwire

Color coding for test specimen LJRTA

LJQTA
3-wire twisted cross-linked vinyl leadwire
3-wire twisted cross-linked polyethylene leadwire
TLJBT / TLJBT-F Temperature-integrated 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire
Most of our strain gauges are self-temperature-compensated. The TLQ Temperature-integrated 4-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire
backings of F, WF and CF series strain gauges are classified into Temperature-integrated 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin
6FB □ TLT / 6FB □ TLT-F
three colors according to the objective material for measurement. (FEP) single-core leadwire
LP / LP-F 0.14mm / 0.18mm polyurethane leadwire
LU / LU-F 0.14mm / 0.18mm polyester leadwire
Objective material for Coefficient of linear Type number LE / LE-F 0.14mm / 0.18mm polyeimide leadwire
Backing color
measurement thermal expansion (example)
6FA □ LT / 6FA □ LT-F 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire
Mild steel 11×10−6/°C Red FLA-3-11 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire (Surface
6FAS □ LT / 6FAS □ LT-F
treatment (tetra-etching) is not required)
Stainless steel −6 6FB □ LT / 6FB □ LT-F 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) single-core leadwire
17×10 /°C Brown FLA-3-17
Copper alloy
6FC □ LT / 6FC □ LT-F 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire
Aluminium 23×10−6/°C Green FLA-3-23 1.5mm-dia. 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP)
6FD □ LTS
leadwire with shield
4FA □ LT / 4FA □ LT-F 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) single-core
4FB □ LT / 4FB □ LT-F
leadwire
For further information on combination use with strain gauges,
refer to pages 39~40.

Name of each part of strain gauge

Gauge backing length

Leadwires
Gauge length
Gauge
backing Gauge
width width

Gauge lead
Gauge backing

20
 STRAIN GAUGE SELECTION
Strain Gauge

Strain Gauge Characteristics

Applicable coefficient of Operating Temperature Material
Strain gauge Objective material Main applicable
Shape linear thermal expansion temperature range compensation range RoHS2 Directive compliance
series (usage) for measurement adhesive
(×10-6/°C) (°C) (°C) Backing Grid
Strain gauge for general use
Metal
CN,P-2 Special
F GOBLET Single/Multi-axis Glass 8,11,17,23 -196~+150ºC +10~+100ºC Cu-Ni CE marked
EB-2 plastics
Ceramic
Single/Multi-axis Metal
CN,P-2 Special Partly compliant with Option -F
F Stress concentration Glass 8,11,17,23 -196~+150ºC +10~+100ºC Cu-Ni
EB-2 plastics (except general strain gauges)
Shearing/Torque Ceramic
Strain gauge with waterproof construction
SELECTION

Metal
WF Single/Multi-axis Glass 11,17,23 0~+80ºC +10~+80ºC CN,P-2 Epoxy Cu-Ni CE marked
Ceramic
Strain gauge for high temperature use
Metal CN,C-1
QF GOBLET Single/Multi-axis 11,17,23,28 -30~+200ºC +10~+100ºC Polyimide Cu-Ni CE marked
Ceramic NP-50

Single/Multi-axis
Metal CN,C-1 Partly compliant with Option -F
QF Stress concentration 11,17,23,28 -20~+200ºC +10~+100ºC Polyimide Cu-Ni
Ceramic NP-50 (except general strain gauges)
Shearing/Torque

Metal CN,C-1 Not applicable (high melting

ZF Single/Multi-axis 11,17,23 -20~+300ºC +10~+100ºC Polyimide Ni-Cr
Ceramic NP-50 point solder) CE marked

Single -196~+300ºC +10~+150ºC CN,C-1

Not applicable (high melting
EF Metal 11 EB-2 Polyimide Ni-Cr
Multi-axis -196~+200ºC 0~+150ºC point solder) CE marked
NP-50
Strain gauge for high and low temperature use
Metal -196~+80ºC CN,C-1 Not applicable (high melting
CEF Single 11,17,23 -269~+200ºC Polyimide Special alloy
Ceramic *1 EA-2A point solder) CE marked

Strain gauge for cryogenic temperature use

Metal -196~+80ºC CN,C-1 Special Not applicable (high melting
CF Single/Multi-axis 11,17,23 -269~+80ºC Special alloy
Ceramic *1 EA-2A plastics point solder) CE marked
Strain Gauge Characteristics

Weldable strain gauge

SUS304
AWM Single Metal 11,17 -196~+300ºC RT~+300ºC Spot welding Special alloy CE marked
Inconel 600

AWMD Single Metal 12 -196~+800ºC ＊＊＊＊ Spot welding Inconel 600 Special alloy CE marked

-196~+650ºC SUS304
AWH Single Metal 11,17 RT~+600ºC Spot welding Special alloy CE marked
*2 Inconel 600

AWHU Single Metal 11 -196~+800ºC RT~+800ºC Spot welding Inconel 600 Special alloy CE marked

AW-6 Single Metal 11 -196~+300ºC +10~+100ºC Spot welding SUS304 Special alloy Not compliant

AWC-8B Single Metal 11 -20~+100ºC +10~+100ºC Spot welding SUS304 Special alloy Not compliant

Strain gauge for concrete and mortar

Concrete CN-E
P Single/Multi-axis 11 -20~+80ºC +10~+80ºC Polyester Cu-Ni wire CE marked
Mortar RP-2,PS

Metal CN-E
PF Single/Multi-axis 11 -20~+80ºC +10~+80ºC Polyester Cu-Ni CE marked
Mortar RP-2,PS

Concrete
FLM/WFLM Single 11 -20~+80ºC +10~+80ºC PS SUS304 Ni-Cr Not compliant
Mortar

Mold strain gauge

Concrete Special
PMF Single ＊＊＊＊ -20~+60ºC ＊＊＊＊ Embedment Cu-Ni Compliant with Option -F
Mortar plastics

Special
PMFLS Single Asphalt ＊＊＊＊ -20~+60ºC ＊＊＊＊ Embedment Cu-Ni Compliant with Option -F
plastics

*1: Approximately temperature compensated range

*2: Up to +600° C for static measurement, Up to +650° C for dynamic measurement

21
 Strain Gauge
Fatigue life
Strain limit in room See
Strain level Description
temperature (με) page
Number of cycles

5% ±1,500μɛ These are CE marked strain gauges (compliant to RoHS2 Directive) for general use having a new series name "GOBLET". They have joined
42
F

(50,000) 1x106 to our well proven F-series general-use strain gauges. CE marked leadwires are also available in combination with the strain gauges.

±1,500μɛ These are foil strain gauges for general use having expanded operating temperature range of -196 to +150°C by the employment of special
5%
plastics backings. The backing is color coded to identify the objective material for self temperature compensation. Strain gauges using lead- 45
F

(50,000) 1x106 free solder are available with option code -F. Various leadwires are also available for this series to meet diverse measurement conditions.

SELECTION
±1,500μɛ These are F-series strain gauges with integral vinyl leadwires. Whole area of the strain gauge and the leadwire junction are coated with epoxy
3%
resin for water proofing. The coating is transparent and flexible, so the positioning and bonding works are very easy. By merely bonding the 47
WF

(30,000) 3x104 gauge with an adhesive, outdoor or underwater measurement for a short-term becomes possible.

3% ±1,500μɛ These are CE marked strain gauges (compliant to RoHS2 Directive) with backings made of polyimide resin. They are suited to strain
48
QF

(30,000) 1x106 measurement in high temperature up to 200°C. They are also used for strain gauge type transducers such as load cells.

3% ±1,500μɛ These are strain gauges utilizing polyimide resin as the backing material . They are suited to strain measurement in high temperature up to
49
QF

(30,000) 1x106 200°C. They are also used as the strain sensing element in strain gauge type transducers such as load cells.

1% ±1,500μɛ These strain gauges utilize specially designed Ni-Cr alloy foil for the grid and polyimide resin for the gauge backing. Owing to the construction,
50
ZF

(10,000) 1x106 these strain gauges are successfully used for measurement in high temperature up to 300°C.

±1,500μɛ These are extremely small strain gauges enabling strain measurement in narrow space. Single element gauge is applicable to measurement
1%
in high temperature up to 300°C. Two or three element gauge is applicable to measurement up to 200°C. In cryogenic temperature range, all 51
EF

(10,000) 1x106 gauges are applicable down to -196°C.

1% ±1,500μɛ These strain gauges feature a wide range of operating temperature from cryogenic temperature to +200°C. They utilize polyimide resin for the
52
CEF

(10,000) 1x106 gauge backing. This series is available only in single axis configuration with gauge length of 1,3 and 6mm.

1% ±1,500μɛ These are strain gauges designed for measurement in cryogenic temperature. They are available in single element, 2-element and 3-element
53
CF

(10,000) 1x106 configurations with 350Ω resistance. The thermal output is stable even under cryogenic conditions.

Strain Gauge Characteristics

1% ±1,000μɛ This strain gauge has a strain sensing element fully encapsulated in a metal tube. The connection method is quarter bridge 3-wire. It is suited
AWM

55
(10,000) 1x106 to measurement in high temperature up to 300°C and/or in harsh environment. This strain gauge is installed using our spot welder W-50RC.
This strain gauge has a sensing element of quarter bridge 3-wire connection which is fully encapsulated in a metal tube. It is measured in full
1% ±1,000μɛ bridge method using the attached high pass filter. It is suited to measurement in high temperature up to 800°C and/or in harsh environment.
AWMD

55
(10,000) 1x106 This strain gauge is applicable only for dynamic strain measurement using DC exciting dynamic strain meter. It is installed using our spot welder
W-50RC.
The sensing element is made of special alloy and is fully encapsulated in a corrosion-resistant metal tube such as Inconel 600. The sensing part
0.6% ±1,000μɛ has half bridge configuration with active element and dummy element, and it is measured in full bridge method using the attached temperature
AWH

56
(6,000) 1x106 compensation circuit board. This gauge is suited to static measurement in high temperature up to 600°C (650°C for dynamic measurement). It
is applicable to use in various environment including gas or liquid. Installation is made using our spot welder W-50RC.
The sensing element is made of special alloy and is fully encapsulated in a corrosion-resistant metal tube such as Inconel 600. The sensing part
1% ±1,000μɛ has half bridge configuration with active element and dummy element, and it is measured in full bridge method using the attached temperature
AWHU

56
(10,000) 1x106 compensation circuit board. This gauge is available for use in high temperature up to 800°C for both of static and dynamic measurement. It is
applicable to use in various environment including gas or liquid. Installation is made using our spot welder W-50RC.
±1,000μɛ The construction of this strain gauge is that a high temperature strain gauge is bonded on a thin stainless steel sheet (0.08mm thick) with heat-
0.5%
AW-6

curing adhesive. Strain measurement in temperature up to 300°C is possible by this strain gauge. It is suited to measurement of a specimen 57
(5,000) 1x106 on which strain gauge bonding is not possible, and/or to a long term measurement. Installation is made using our spot welder W-50RC.
±1,000μɛ The sensing element of this strain gauge is encapsulated in a stainless steel tube with adhesive. Owing to the sealed construction, this strain
0.5%
AWC

gauge is suited to measurement under water and/or for a long term. It is installed by spot welding the stainless steel backing using our spot 57
(5,000) 1x106 welder W-50RC.

±1,000μɛ These strain gauges utilize a thin wire as the sensing element and have comparatively long gauge lengths. They are mainly used for
2%
measurement on concrete. Since the backing is transparent, the bonding position can easily be checked in the installation works. Strain 59
P

(20,000) 1x105 gauges with integral leadwires are available with CE marking.
±1,500μɛ These strain gauges have polyester resin backings which are the same as P series, while they have sensing elements made of foil. They can
2%
be handled as easily as P series gauges. They are applicable to various materials including concrete, mortar and metals. Strain gauges with 60
PF

(20,000) 1x106 integral leadwires are available with CE marking.

These strain gauges have resin backings lined with metal foil for the purpose of preventing the penetration of moisture from the reverse side.
FLM/WFLM

0.5% ±1,000μɛ
They are exclusively used for the measurement of strain on concrete surface. The WFLM gauges have moisture proofing over-coating and 61
(5,000) 1x105 integral leadwire in addition to the metal backing. It is suited to long term measurement or measurement on underwater-curing concrete.

These gauges are designed for measurement of internal strain of concrete or mortar. They are embedded into the measurement position
＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ 62
PMF

when the concrete or mortar is placed. These gauges are exclusively used for short term measurement such as a loading test. For long term
measurement, the use of strain transducer [KM] is recommended. (see page 63~64)

This strain gauge utilizes super engineering plastics for the backing material, whice exhibit excellent water and heat resistance. It withstands
PMFLS

＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ 62
the high temperature of 200°C when the asphalt is placed. This strain gauge is manufactured using lead-free solder with option code -F.

22
 STRAIN GAUGE SELECTION
Strain Gauge

Strain Gauge Characteristics

Applicable coefficient of Operating Temperature Material
Strain gauge Objective material Main applicable
Shape linear thermal expansion temperature range compensation range RoHS2 Directive compliance
series (usage) for measurement adhesive
(×10-6/°C) (°C) (°C) Backing Grid
Strain gauge for composite material
Static
Composite -30~+120ºC CN,EB-2 Polyimide
UBF Single ＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ Cu-Ni CE marked
material Dynamic NP-50 amide
-30~+150ºC
Composite CN,EB-2
BF GOBLET Single/Multi-axis 3, 5, 8 -30~+200ºC +10~+80ºC Polyimide Cu-Ni CE marked
material NP-50
SELECTION

Strain gauge for low elastic modulus material

Special
GF GOBLET Single/Multi-axis Plastics 50, 70 -30~+80ºC +10~+80ºC CN Cu-Ni CE marked
plastics

Wood Special
LF GOBLET Single 11 -30~+80ºC +10~+80ºC CN-E Cu-Ni CE marked
Gypsum plastics

Strain gauge for long-term measurement on wood

PFLW Cu-Ni foil
Single Wood 11 -20~+80ºC +10~+80ºC PS Polyester CE marked
PLW Cu-Ni wire
Strain gauge for magnetic field use
Metal CN,CN-E Special
MF Single ＊＊＊＊ -20~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ Ni-Cr Not compliant
Concrete RP-2 plastics

CN
ＭＦ Multi-axis Metal 11, 17, 23 -20~+200ºC ＊＊＊＊ Polyimide Ni-Cr Not compliant
NP-50

Strain gauge for post-yield (large strain) measurement

ＣＮ Special
YEF Single/Multi-axis Metal ＊＊＊＊ -30~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ Cu-Ni CE marked
ＣＮ-Ｙ plastics

ＣＮ Special
Strain Gauge Characteristics

YF Single Metal ＊＊＊＊ -20~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ Cu-Ni CE marked

ＣＮ-Ｙ plastics

ＣＮ Special
YHF Single Metal ＊＊＊＊ -30~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ Special alloy CE marked
ＣＮ-Ｙ plastics

High endurance strain gauge

Metal
ＣＮ,EB-2
DSF Single Composite ＊＊＊＊ -60~+200ºC ＊＊＊＊ Polyimide Special alloy Not compliant
C-1
material
One-side strain gauges

Single axis ＣＮ
DD Metal ＊＊＊＊ -10~+70ºC ＊＊＊＊ Acrylic Cu-Ni Compliant with Option -F
(2-element) P-2

Crack detection gauges

Metal CN Special
FAC ＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ -30~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ Cu-Ni CE marked
Concrete RP-2 plastics

Stress gauges

CN,NP-50
ＳＦ ＊＊＊＊ Metal 11, 17, 23 -20~+200ºC +10~+100ºC Polyimide Cu-Ni Not compliant
Ｃ-1

Temperature gauge
General CN,NP-50
ＴＦ Single ＊＊＊＊ -20~+200ºC ＊＊＊＊ Polyimide Ni Compliant with Option -F
materials Ｃ-1
Bolt strain gauges
Not applicable (high melting
Bolt Special
ＢＴＭ Single ＊＊＊＊ -10~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ A-2 Cu-Ni point solder)
M10 or larger plastics
CE marked
Not applicable (high melting
Special
BTMC Single Bolt ＊＊＊＊ -10~+80ºC ＊＊＊＊ CN Cu-Ni point solder)
plastics
CE marked
Frictional strain gauges

Single/Multi-axis Metal
ＣＢＦ 11 0~+60ºC 0~+60ºC Not required Special resin Cu-Ni Partly compliant
Torque Steel

23
 Strain Gauge
Fatigue life
Strain limit in room See
Strain level Description
temperature (με) page
Number of cycles

±1,500μɛ These are strain gauges developed for measurement on composite materials. Owing to the development of gauge backing with better
3%
65
UBF

compliance, the number of repetition in thermal cycling test and the creep characteristics have been significantly improved compared to
(30,000) 1x106 conventional strain gauges.

3% ±1,500μɛ These are strain gauges designed for measurement on composite materials. They have a specially designed grid pattern to reduce the
66
BF

(30,000) 1x106 stiffening effect to the measurement object.

SELECTION
±1,500μɛ These strain gauges are suited to the measurement on materials such as plastics, which have low elastic modulus compared to metal. The
3%
specially designed grid reduces the stiffening effect of strain gauge to the specimen material, and also reduces the effect of Joule heat in the 67
GF

(30,000) 1x106 strain gauge.

3% ±1,500μɛ This strain gauge is designed for measurement on materials having low elastic modulus such as wood or gypsum. Its specially designed grid
68
LF

(30,000) 1x106 reduces the stiffening effect of the strain gauge to the specimen material.

2% ±1,000μɛ These are polyester strain gauges whose backings lined with metal foil. The metal foil prevents the penetration of moisture to the strain gauge
PFLW

69
(20,000) 1x105 and makes it suited to the use for long term measurement.

±1,500μɛ These gauges are designed for strain measurement in magnetic field. The sensing element of the gauge is made of a material which exhibits
1%
low magnetoresistance effect. In addition, the sensing element is constructed to make the strain gauge less sensitive to the influence of 70
MF

(10,000) 1x106 electromagnetic induction.

±1,500μɛ These are multi-axis strain gauges designed for strain measurement in magnetic field. They are applicable to the measurement in high
1%
temperature up to 200°C. The sensing element of the gauge is made of a material which exhibits low magnetoresistance effect. In addition, the 70
MF

(10,000) 1x106 sensing element is constructed to make the strain gauge less sensitive to the influence of electromagnetic induction.

10~15% ±1,500μɛ These strain gauges are applicable to the measurement of large strain up to 10~15%. Also they withstand the repeated strain in elastic range
(100,000~ 71
YEF

5x105 (strain level of about ±1500×10-6) like ordinary strain gauges. Strain gauges using lead-free solder are newly introduced with option code -F.
150,000)
15~20%
These strain gauges are applicable to the measurement of large strain up to 15~20%. They are not applicable to the measurement of repeated

Strain Gauge Characteristics

(150,000~ ＊＊＊＊ 72
YF

strain in elastic range as well as in large strain range.

200,000)
30~40% ±1,500μɛ These strain gauges are developed for the measurement of very large strain up to 30~40%. They are not applicable to the measurement of
72
YHF

(300,000~
400,000) 2x104 repeated strain in elastic range as well as in large strain range.

1% ±3,000μɛ These strain gauges are developed for measurement in fatigue test. They satisfy the fatigue life over 10 million times at a strain level of
74
DSF

(10,000) 1x107 ±3000×10-6 strain. It can save the labour and cost for replacing strain gauges during the fatigue test.

These strain gauges are intended for measuring the bending and tensile strains separately by simply bonding the gauge on one side of a plate
0.15% ±1,000μɛ or beam. They are effectively used for the measurement of a box construction in structures such as bridges or pressure vessels, where the
74
DD

(1,500) 1x105 reverse side of the measurement object is not accessible for strain gauge installation. Strain gauges using lead-free solder are newly introduced
with option code -F.

These gauges are designed to measure the propagation speed of fatigue crack in a metal specimen. The gauge is bonded with an adhesive on
＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ 75
FAC

the position where the crack is initiated or the crack initiation is expected. The gauge is used together with the crack gauge adapter CGA-120B
for the measurement.

These gauges are intended to measure the stress in an optional direction of the specimen in plane stress field. The gauge is sensitive not only
±1,500μɛ in its axial direction but also in its transverse direction, and the sensitivity ratio of the transverse direction to the axial direction is equal to the
＊＊＊＊ 75
SF

1x106 Poisson’s ratio of the specimen material. In addition, the gauge is not sensitive to the shearing strain. Therefore, the output of the gauge is
proportional to the stress in the direction of the gauge axis.

These gauges are bonded on the specimen surface like ordinary strain gauges, and measure the surface temperature. By combining with the
＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ dedicated temperature gauge adapter (TGA-1A or TGA-1B), actual temperature can be measured easily using a strain meter. Gauges using 76
TF

lead-free solder are newly introduced with option code -F.

These gauges are used for measurement of tensile strain of bolt. The gauge is simply inserted into a pre-drilled hole in the bolt shank
＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ 79
BTM

together with A-2 bonding adhesive and cured. Installation service of bolt strain gauge from drilling till bonding and calibration service after the
installation are also available.

These gauges are used for measurement of tensile strain of bolt. The BTMC gauges have a tube shape sensing element, and they are installed
BTMC

＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ 80
with fast-curing CN adhesive. The installation is easily made at room temperature.

The frictional strain gauge measures strain using frictional force working on the contact surface between the strain gauge and the measurement
object by pressing the gauge to the object with a constant force. It is utilized in the Strain Checker FGMH series which is mounted on a steel
＊＊＊＊ ＊＊＊＊ 81
CBF

structure using magnet, and in the Torque Sensor System FGDH series and Axial Strain Transducer FGAH series which enable measurement of
torque or axial force by merely being mounted on a drive shaft or tie rod.

24
 Measuring purpose
Strain Gauge

Gauge series selection chart

Bonding adhesive Coating materials Lead wire insulator
Material - Purpose Gauges series & Operating temperature (° C)
recommended
Metal
General use Mid-high temperature －196　　F/　GOBLET ＋150 CN/P-2/EB-2 W-1/N-1/SB tape Vinyl, FEP(6F)
－20 PF ＋80 CN/P-2/EB-2 W-1/N-1/SB tape Vinyl, Enamel
Underwater 0 WF ＋80 CN/P-2/EB-2 W-1/N-1/SB tape -LDBB, -LDBTB
General use High temperature ー30 QF/　GOBLET ＋200 CN/C-1/NP-50B KE-348 FEP(6F), PTFE(4F)
High temperature －20 ZF ＋300 CN/C-1/NP-50B TSE-3976-B PTFE(4F)
SELECTION

　　　　　Miniature, High －196　　　　EF(Single) ＋300

CN/EB-2/C-1/NP-50B KE-348/TSE-3976-B FEP(6F), PTFE(4F)
Miniature, High －196　　　　EF(2-/3-axis) ＋ 200
Wide range temp. －269　　　　　CEF ＋ 200
EA-2A/CN/C-1 K-1 FEP(6F), PTFE(4F)
　　　Cryogenic temp. －269　　　　　CF ＋80
Spot welding －196　　　AWM (Quarter with 3-wire) ＋ 300
－196　　　AWMD (Full bridge) for dynamic ＋800
for static　＋600
－196　　　AWH (Full bridge) for dynamic　＋650 Spot welding
Consult TML MI cable
－196　　　AWHU (Full bridge) ＋800 (Welder W-50RC)
－196　　　AW-6 (Quarter with 3-wire) ＋300
ー20 AWC ＋100
Long-term －20 ZF ＋300 C-1/NP-50B Vinyl/Cross-linked vinyl /
W-1/SB tape
－196　　　AW-6 (Quarter with 3-wire) ＋300 Spot welding PTFE(4F)
Stress concentration －196　 　F ＋150 CN/P-2/EB-2 W-1/SB tape Vinyl
ー20 QF ＋200 CN/C-1/NP-50B KE-348 FEP(6F)
Residual stress －196　 　F ＋150 CN KE-348/N-1 Vinyl
Torque －196　 　F ＋150 CN/P-2/EB-2 W-1/SB tape Vinyl
ー20 QF ＋200 CN/C-1/NP-50B KE-348 FEP(6F)
Shear strain ー20 QF ＋200 CN/C-1/NP-50B KE-348 Vinyl, FEP(6F)
Bending/Tensile strain ー10 DD ＋70 CN/P-2 --- Vinyl
Gauge series selection chart

Bolt axial strain ー10 BTM ＋80 A-2 --- Vinyl

Large strain ー20 YF ＋80
CN/CN-Y SB tape Vinyl
ー30 YEF/YHF ＋80

Metal or Concrete
Magnetic field use ー20 MF(Single) ＋80 CN/CN-E/RP-2 W-1/SB tape Twisted vinyl with shield
ー20 MF(2-/3-axis) ＋200 CN/NP-50B/EB- 2/C-1 KE-348 Twisted FEP with shield
Concrete or Mortar
Surface strain ー20 P/PF ＋80 CN-E/RP-2/PS Vinyl, Cross-linked
W-1/SB tape
ー20 ＋80　FLM/WFLM PS polyethylene
Internal strain ー20 ＋60　PMF Embedment ー Cross-linked vinyl
Asphalt
Internal strain ー20 ＋60　PMFLS Embedment ー Chloroprene
Plastics
General purpose ー30 GF ＋80　GOBLET CN W-1/N-1/SB tape Vinyl
Composite
General purpose ー30 BF　GOBLET ＋200 CN/NP-50B/EB-2
for static ＋120 W-1//SB tape Vinyl, FEP(6F)
ー30 UBF CN/EB-2
for dynamic ＋150
Fatigue test ー60 DSF ＋200 CN/C-1/EB-2 ー Vinyl, FEP(6F)
Printed circuit board
General purpose －196　　　　EF(Single) ＋300
CN/NP-50B/EB-2 ー Vinyl, FEP(6F), PTFE(4F)
－196　　　　EF(2-/3-axis) ＋ 200

Wood long-term/Gypsum
General purpose ー30 LF ＋80　GOBLET CN-E
W-1/N-1/SB tape Vinyl
ー20 ＋80　PFLW/PLW PS/CN-E
General use
Temperature ー20 TF ＋200 CN/C-1/NP-50B W-1/SB tape Vinyl, FEP(6F)

25
Operating temperature range

Strain Gauge
Strain gauges Coating materials

(°C) -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 (°C)

AWHU/AWMD －196 800 －50 250 TSE3976-B

SELECTION
AWH －196 650 KE-348W/
－50 200
KE-348T
AWM/AW-6 －196 300
－40 150 UE-1
ZF －20 300
－30 80 N-1 (A-862-B)
QF/BF GOBLET －30 200

－20 200 －20 80 SB tape

QF

F/ GOBLET －196 150 －20 80 VM tape

120 static measurement
UBF －30
150 dynamic measurement －269 60 K-1
GF/LF －30 80
0 50 W-1
DSF －60 200

AWC －20 100

MF (Single axis) －20 80

MF (2-/3-axis) －20 200

Operating temperature range

CF －269 80

CEF －269 200

-196 to +200ºC for 2- /

EF －196 300
3-axis (EFCA/EFRA)

YEF/YHF －30 80

YF －20 80

P/PF －20 80
Extension lead insulated materials
BTM/BTMC －10 80
－269 300 Polyimide
PLW/PFLW －20 80
－269 260 PTFE(4F)*

－269 200 FEP(6F)

Bonding adhesives
－196 200 Polyester
NP-50B －30 300
－20 150 Special Vinyl
C-1 －269 200
－60 125 Cross-linked
P-2, RP-2 －30 180 Polyethylene

EB-2 －60 200 －20 100 Cross-linked

vinyl
CN －196 120 －20 100 Polypropylene
CN-E, CN-R －30 120
－20 80 Vinyl
PS, A-2 －30 100

CN-Y －30 80

EA-2A －269 50
　　　　　 　
Important point
N.B.: PTFE(4F)
Short term use of 300ºC available

26
 PACKAGE DESIGNATION
Strain Gauge

TML strain gauges are delivered together with TML Strain Gauge Test Data (example shown below). The evaluation methods conform to the
National Aerospace Standard NAS942 (modified). For installation, handling and bonding procedures, please see the data sheet.

GAUGE PACKAGE
PACKAGE DESIGNATION

CE compliance
Affixing the CE marking and Batch No.
our logo mark of strain gauge Environment
GOBLET series to a Production code for
procedure and history. Temperature in degrees centigrade and
container package
relative humidirty in % at which the test
data are obtained.
TEST DATA

Gauge type
Lot No.

Quantity Ratio of transverse sensitivity

Number of gauges contained in a package. The sensitivity in the direction perpendicular to the axial
direction in percent.

Gauge resistance
Applicable temperature compensation
Electrical resistance of the strain gauge under
free conditions at room temperature, unbonded Various temperature compensation values are available (3,
as supplied. Various range (60, 120, 350 or 5, 8, 11, 17, 23, 28, 50, 70ppm/° C)
1000Ω) are available. (Blank indicates temperature compensation not available.)

Gauge length Gauge factor with tolerance

This represents the actual grid length in the This factor is a ratio of the resistance variation to the
axial direction. Within this length, the strain generated due to the uniaxial stress in the direction
measured strain is averaged. of the gauge axis.

COLOR CODING FOR TEST SPECIMEN

Colors of package label differ depending on the test specimen
material for temperature compensation.

Linear thermal Gauge type

Test specimen expansion coefficient Coloring exampled

Mild steel 11×10-6/° C Red FLAB-5-11

Blue Stainless steel
Copper alloy 17×10-6/° C Brown FLAB-5-17
Green
Aluminium 23×10-6/° C Green FLAB-5-23
Brown
Others - Blue YEFLAB-5
Red

27
 Strain Gauge
LEADWIRE-INTEGRATED STRAIN GAUGE PACKAGE
LJCT : 3-wire system
LJB : 2-wire system

PACKAGE DESIGNATION
LEADWIRES GAUGE RESISTANCE
Core number/diameter Wiring system Length of leadwire For pre-attached strain gauge, the gauge resistance value
FLAB-5-11-3LJCT-F (Left) does not include the lead wire resistance. For correction of
10/0.12 3W 3m : 10-core 0.12mm diameter, 3-wire, 3-meter long. gauge factor due to the prolonged leadwire resistance, refer to
FLAB-5-11-5LJB-F (Right) the resistance per meter (r value) given in LEAD WIRES.
7/0.12 2W 5m r=0.44Ω/m : 7-core 0.12mm diameter, 2-wire, 5-meter
long, leadwire resistance per meter 0.44Ω above

STRAIN GAUGE TEST DATA

Test specimen used in thermal output test

Gauge type

Lot Number
A linear thermal expansion
coefficient of specimen
Gauge Factor material in thermal test

Bonding adhesive Temperature coefficient of

used in tests Gauge Factor with tolerance
per 10°C
Allowable tol-erance
of temperature com-
pensation

Gauge Factor set on

strainmeter Quartic equation of thermal
output (apparent strain with
temperature)

Example of curved data on thermal output

GAUGE FACTOR OF LEADWIRE PRE-ATTACHED STRAIN GAUGES

The gauge factor of a leadwire pre-attached strain gauge given in its STRAIN GAUGE TEST DATA and package label is a value of the strain gauge
itself. Since the given gauge factor does not include the influence of the leadwire resistance, it should be corrected referring to the description of
“Gauge factor correction due to leadwire” in “Handling of strain gauge” which is found in the attached test data. The correction should be made
considering the influence of all leadwires that are actually connected.

28
 PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS - Bonding strain gauges
Strain Gauge

When bonding the strain gauges, the most suitable adhesive should 6. Curing and pressing
be selected for each application. A typical installation procedure is Place the gauge on the position, place a polyethylene sheet onto it and
described below using the fast-curing adhesive CN. press down on the gauge constantly using your thumb or a gauge
clamp. This should be done quickly as the curing process is
completed very fast. The curing time varies depending on the gauge,
test specimen, temperature, humidity and pressing force. The curing
1. Preparation time under normal conditions is 20-60 seconds.
The following items are required for bonding and leadwire connection:
Strain gauges, bonding adhesive, connecting terminals, test specimen,
solvent, cleaning tissue for industrial use, soldering iron, solder,
abrasive paper (120 ‐320 grit), marking pencil, scale, tweezers,
PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS

extension leadwire, polyethylene sheet, nippers.

Polyethylene sheet
2. Positioning
Roughly determine a location on the test specimen where the strain
gauge is to be bonded.
7. Raising gauge leads
After the adhesive beneath the polyethylene sheet has been perfectly
cured, raise the gauge leads. Raise the leads up to a bit inside the
3. Surface preparation gauge base while pressing down the foot of the leads by tweezers not
Before bonding, remove all grease, rust, paint, etc., from the bonding to damage the leads..
area to provide a shinny metallic surface. Use abrasive paper to
abrade an area somewhat larger than the bonding area uniformly and
Gauge leads
finely with abrasive paper. Finish the surface with #120 to 180 hold down
abrasive paper for steel, or #240 to 320 for aluminium.

Gauge lead
ends lift up

8. Bonding connecting terminals

Bond the terminal close to the gauge base.

4. Fine cleaning
Clean the abraded surface with industrial tissue or cloth soaked in a Foil type connecting
small quantity of chemical solvent such as acetone. Continue cleaning terminals
until a new tissue or cloth comes away completely free of
contamination. Following the suface preparation, be sure to attach the
gauge before the surface becomes covered with an oxidizing
membrane or becomes newly contaminated.
9. Soldering the gauge leads
Place the gauge leads on the gauge terminal with a little slack and
apply solder so that the metal foil of terminal is covered with the
Solvent
solder. An excess gauge leads should be twisted off by tweezers.

5. Applying bonding adhesive

Drop a proper amount of adhesive onto the back of the gauge base.
Usually one drop of adhesive will suffice, but you may increase the
number of drops according to the size of the gauge. Use the
adhesive nozzle to spread the adhesive over the back surface thinly
10. Soldering leadwires
and uniformly.
It is recommended to plate the exposed core wires of the extension
leadwires with solder preliminarily.
Solder the end of leadwire to
ADHESIVE
the terminals. Take care not to
excessively heat the terminal to
CYA NET 2g

peel off the metal foil.

Leadwires

29
PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS - Overcoating strain gauges

Strain Gauge
Water- and Moisture-proofing with SB tape and VM tape

Requirement in strain gauge coatings SB tape VM tape

•Excellent resistance to moisture and water and good electrical Butyl rubber Butyl rubber
insulation Temperature : -20 to +80°C
Temperature : -30 to +80°C
•Good adhesion to the strain gauge, leadwires and test specimen Contents : 38mm×1mm
Contents : 10mm×3mm
surface
5m long/roll 6m long/roll
•No constriction of the test specimen

Both of the SB and VM tapes are butyl rubber tape generally referred

PRIMARY INSTALLATIONS
to as pressure-sensitive adhesive. These coating tapes are applied by
being pressed onto the test specimen, and they provide excellent
resistance to moisture and water.

Example for leadwire integrated strain gauge

First coating with SB tape Finish coating with VM tape

Trimming the SB tape Cut a piece of VM tape slightly larger than the layer of SB tape
With scissors, cut off one piece of tape coating and press it down onto the place so that the first coating is
large enough to cover the coating area fully covered by the VM tape.
and another piece 5mm to 10mm in
length to fit under the leadwires.

Under-laying
Lift up the leadwires and press the smaller piece of tape onto the test
specimen surface under the leadwires.

Overall coating
Press the leadwires back down onto the piece of SB tape and then
press the larger piece of coating tape down onto the strain gauge.

30
 STRAIN GAUGE INSTALLATION
Strain Gauge

TML strain gauge series are roughly classified into 4 3. Frictional gauge type (Re-usable type)
This gauge consists of a soft rubber layer on its contact surface and a
types depending on the method of installation.
magnet which presses the strain gauge against the specimen surface
by magnetic force. It measures strain by friction which is caused
1. Adhesive bonding type
between the contact surface of strain gauge and the measurement
In general, most of strain gauges are installed on the surface of test
surface of the metal specimen. It has the advantage of being usable
specimen with adhesive. Measurement is possible as far as the
repeatedly because it is attached by magnetic force without using
specimen material is bondable with adhesive. This method can be
adhesive. Since the measurement point can be moved easily, it is
applied to various materials including metal, concrete, wood and
useful for preparatory or supplemental measurement. The maximum
composite material. After installation, coatings should be applied to
operating temperature is 60°C because of adopting magnetic force.
protect the strain gauges and leadwires from various environmental
conditions. The availability of this bonding type depends on the
INSTALLATION

operating temperature of adhesive. The maximum operating Frictional

gauge
temperature is 300°C. Frictional pressing
force

Epoxy resin Leadwire

or VM tape
Strain generated
Leadwire
SB tape bed

Connecting Strain Checker

terminals
FGMH Series
Strain gauge

Fixing leadwire

Bonding adhesive
Metal specimen

SB tape (white) and VM tape (black)

Leadwire applied on concrete specimen
Strain gauge
Axial Strain Transducer Torque Sensor System
VM tape FGAH Series FGDH Series
SB tape PS adhesive pre-coating
layer for long time use

Concrete specimen

4. Internal strain measurement using embedment type

2. Electrical Spot weldable type Above strain gauges of three types measure surface strains of test
The strain gauge of this type is fully encapsulated in a corrosion- specimen. This strain gauge measures internal strain of concrete,
resisting metal tube for use in various conditions, such as gas-filled mortar or asphalt by being embedded into the material before its
and underwater environments. It is constructed heat resistive, and hardening. It makes possible with measurement in the early stage of
the installation is made by electrical spot welding which maintains hardening of the material. Some series of this type are applicable to
excellent fixation even in high temperature. The operating temperature measurement in asphalt in high temperature of 200°C. We also have
range is from -196°C to +800°C. The spot welder W- 50RC is a method to measure axial force of bolt by embedding a bolt strain
developed exclusively for installation of strain gauges of this type, and gauge which is specially prepared for this purpose.
it can be used without any qualifications or special skill. Naturally,
the specimen material must be a metal which allows electrical spot
welding. Mold strain gauges PMF
series for use in concrete
Strain Gauge AW series Leadwire and mortar

Spot welded

Fixing leadwire

Rust-proofing layer

Strain Transducers KM for use in concrete

and KM-HAS for use in asphalt pavement

Bolt gauge BTM series installed

into bolt with bonding adhesive
Metal specimen

31
STRAIN GAUGE EXTENSION LEADWIRES

Strain Gauge
Strain gauges are connected to strain measuring instruments using extension leadwires. We offer various types of leadwires to be selected depending on the usage conditions. In
addition, most of strain gauges are available with extension leadwires preattached at our factory. Those leadwire-integrated strain gauges greatly save the leadwire connection
works during the strain gauge installation. Please feel free to contact our company or local representative for the extension leadwires and the leadwire-integrated strain gauges.

Standard leadwire length for leadwire-integrated strain gauges

Standard length of our integral leadwires is 1m, 3m and 5m except enamel leadwires. The standard length of enamel leadwires are 0.3m, 0.5m and 1m. Other lengths than the
standard length may be available on request. The enamel leadwires are not available in a length more than 1m.

·OPTION -F Leadwire with CE marking

Leadwire with CE marking (compliant to RoHS2 Directive)
Identification code “-F” is appended to the type number of the leadwire.

EXTENSION LEADWIRES
Leadwire selection
¶ Vinyl leadwires
Vinyl leadwires are widely used as strain gauge leadwires, and are available in a variety of types. Because the vinyl insulation can be colored,
these wires allow color-coding for rosette gauges. Stranded core wires are flexible and easy to handle, and allow easy wire connection and
terminal attachment.

·Small diameter vinyl wires (Code to order -LH, -LHT)

These leadwires feature a thin vinyl insulated materials and small diameter core wires to achieve an outside diameter of 0.4mm. They are used
for wiring in tight spaces. The stranded wires are flexible and minimize breakage due to repeated bending.

·Shielded vinyl wires (Code to order -LTSA, -LTSB)

These are 3-core wires with shield made of aluminium foil or braided copper wire. The outer insulation is made of vinyl. These leadwires offer a
noise shielding function.

Core/Diameter Total resist- Outer insulated

Type number of leadwires Applicable Length
(cross section) ance of lead dimensions Colors
(Option code -F for CE marking) temperature per roll
(mm) wire (mm)
0.08mm2 paralleled vinyl lead wire LJB/LJB-F
7/0.12 Red, White, Green, Black, Yellow
1.1×2.2
(0.08mm2) Blue, Red-White

0.08mm2 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire LJBT/LJBT-F -20~+80°C 0.44Ω/m 200m

White wire and whichever color
7/0.12
1.1×3.3 Blue, Orange, Red, Green, Black or
(0.08mm2 )
Yellow stripe is selectable.(*)

0.11mm2 paralleled vinyl lead wire LJC/LJC-F 10/0.12

1.4×2.8 200m Grey
(0.11mm2 )
2 -20~+80°C 0.32Ω/m
0.11mm 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire LJCT/LJCT-F 10/0.12
1.4×4.2 100m Grey, One wire with Blue stripe (*)
(0.11mm2 )
0.3mm2 paralleled vinyl leadwire LJD 12/0.18
1.9×3.8 200m Grey
(0.3mm2 )
-20~+80°C 0.12Ω/m
0.3mm2 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire LJDT 12/0.18
1.9×5.7 100m White, One wire with Red stripe (*)
(0.3mm2 )
0.02mm2 twisted vinyl leadwire LH 5/0.07
Ф 0.8 Red, Green, White
(0.02mm2 )
-20~+100°C 1.8Ω/m ー
0.02mm2 3-wire twisted vinyl leadwire LHT
5/0.07
Ф 1.0 Red-Green-White
(0.02mm2 )
3.2mm-dia. 2-core shielded vinyl leadwire LS 7/0.12
Ф 3.2 Outer : White
-20~+80°C 0.44Ω/m 200m
(0.08mm2 ) Core wire : Green-Green

3mm-dia. 3-core shielded vinyl leadwire LTSA

7/0.12 Outer : Red, White or Green
-20~+80°C 0.44Ω/m Ф3 200m
(0.08mm2 ) Core wire : Red-Black-White

5mm-dia. 3-core shielded vinyl leadwire LTSB

7/0.26 Outer : Black
-20~+80°C 0.1Ω/m Ф5 200m
(0.3mm2 ) Core wire : Red-Black-White

0.08mm2 polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled leadwire LQM/

7/0.12 White, One wire with Red, Black, or
LQM-F -20~+100°C 0.44Ω/m 0.9×4.0 200m
(0.08mm2 ) Blue stripe

3-wire paralleled special vinyl leadwire LXT/ LXT-F

7/0.12
-20~+150°C 0.44Ω/m 0.9×2.7 200m Red-Black-White
(0.08mm2 )

N.B.: * Stripe is for distinction of independent wire in quarter bridge 3-wire connection.

32
 Commentary

STRAIN GAUGE EXTENSION LEADWIRES

Strain Gauge

¶ Enamel leadwires
Enamel leadwires have a single core insulated with a resin. Heat resistance and handling methods vary depending on resin. Because the wire
mass and diameter are small, enamel leadwires are used for strain measurement of rotating specimens and/or measurement of multiple points
located in close proximity. Since the enamel leadwire contains one core covered with a thin resin, it must be handled with care.

·Polyurethane leadwires
Polyurethane leadwires allow easy post-processing because the resin can be removed with a soldering iron. The resin is not strong, therefore,
polyurethane wires must be handled with special care.

·Polyester leadwires
Polyester leadwires are harder than polyurethane wires. It cannot be removed with a soldering iron.
EXTENSION LEADWIRES

·Polyimide leadwires
Polyimide leadwires are harder than the polyester wire. A soldering iron cannot be used for post-processing.

Applicable Total resistance of Outer insulated

Leadwire type Core/Diameter(*1) Colors
temperature leadwire dimensions

Polyurethane leadwire(*2) LP/LP-F Ф 0.16mm

1/0.14 2.5Ω/m
-10〜+120°C Red, Brown, Green
1/0.18 1.5Ω/m Ф 0.20mm

Polyester leadwire(*2) LU/LU-F Ф 0.16mm

1/0.14 2.5Ω/m
-196〜+200°C Brown
1/0.18 1.5Ω/m Ф 0.20mm

Polyimide leadwire LE/LE-F Ф 0.16mm

1/0.14 2.5Ω/m
-269〜+300°C Brown
1/0.18 1.5Ω/m Ф 0.20mm

N.B.: *1: Two types with different core diameters, which are 0.14 mm and 0.18 mm, are available for each enamel wire.
*2: Attachment of lead wire cannot be performed on stacked-type two-element or three-element gauges.

¶ Cross-linked Vinyl leadwires

The cross-linked vinyl insulation provides improved resistance against environmental elements. It is often used for underwater measurement in
ordinary temperature.
¶ Cross-linked Polyethylene leadwires
The cross-linked polyethylene leadwire offers higher durability than the cross-linked vinyl leadwire. Cross-linked polyethylene leadwires can be
used in steam, warm water and concrete with virtually no insulation degradation.

Core/Diameter Applicable Total resistance of Outer insulated Length

Leadwire type Colors
(Cross section) temperature leadwire dimensions per roll
2-wire twisted cross-linked vinyl leadwire LJRA
7/0.16
-20~+100°C 0.24Ω/m Ф 3.0mm ー White
(0.14mm2 )

3-wire twisted cross-linked vinyl leadwire LJRTA 7/0.127

-20~+100°C 0.4Ω/m Ф 2.0mm 200m Red-Green-Black
(0.09mm2 )
3-wire twisted cross-linked polyethylene leadwire LJQTA Red-Yellow-Black
7/0.127
2
-65~+125°C 0.4Ω/m Ф 2.0mm ー Red-Yellow-White
(0.09mm )
Red-Yellow-Blue

33
 Strain Gauge
¶ Special leadwire for temperature-integrated gauge
Special leadwire for temperature-integrated gauge consists of 2-core copper and 1-core constantan. To extend this wire, the exclusive leadwire
should be applied propely.

Core/Diameter Applicable Total resistance of Outer insulated Length

Leadwire type Colors
(Cross section) temperature leadwire dimensions per roll

Temperature-integrated 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadiwre

TLJBT/TLJBT-F 7/0.12
-20~+80°C 0.44Ω/m(*1) 1.2×3.6mm ー Red-White-Blue
(0.08mm2 )

EXTENSION LEADWIRES
Temperature-integrated 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin
(FEP) leadwire 6FB□TLT(*2)
1/0.2 -269~+200°C 1.2Ω/m(*1) Ф 1.1mm ー Red-White-Blue

N.B.: *1: Total resistance of copper wire per meter

*2: □ is filled with the lead wire length in meter
*: For the method of connection to a strainmeter, refer to the operation manual of the strainmeter.

¶ Fluorinated resin leadwire

With a fluorinated resin leadwires, these leadwires can be used in a wide range of temperature from extremely low to high temperatures.
Fluorinated resin resists most chemicals. A surface treatment (tetra-etching) is not required by 6FAS_LT(-F).

Core/Diameter Applicable Total resistance Outer insulated Length Suffix code

Leadwire type Colors
(Cross section) temperature of leadwire dimensions per roll of leadwire
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire
6FA □ LT/6FA □ LT-F (*1)(*3) 7/0.18
-269~+200°C 0.2Ω/m Ф 2.0mm 100m -6FA_LT Red-Green-Blue
(0.18mm2 )

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire

6FAS□LT/6FAS□LT-F (*1)(*3)(*4) 7/0.18
-269~+200°C 0.2Ω/m Ф 2.0mm 100m -6FAS_LT Red-Green-Blue
(0.18mm2 )

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) single-core leadwire

6FB□LT/6FB□LT-F (*1)(*3)
1/0.2 -269~+200°C 1.2Ω/m Ф 1.1mm ー -6FB_LT Red-Green-Blue

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire

6FC□LT/6FC□LT-F (*1)(*3) 7/0.08
-269~+200°C 1.1Ω/m Ф 1.0mm ー -6FC_LT Red-Black-White
(0.04mm2 )

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire

6FD□LTS/6FD□LTS-F (*1)(*3) 7/0.08 Outer : Red
-269~+200°C 1.1Ω/m Ф 1.5mm ー -6FD_LTS
Core wire : Red-Black-White
(0.04mm2 )

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire

4FA□LT/4FA□LT-F (*1)(*3) 7/0.16
-269~+260°C(*2) 0.24Ω/m Ф 1.9mm 100m -4FA_LT Red-Grey-White
(0.14mm2 )

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) single-core

leadwire 4FB□LT/4FB□LT-F (*1)(*3)
1/0.2 -269~+260°C(*2) 1.05Ω/m Ф 1.1mm ー -4FB_LT Red-Black-White

N.B.: *1: □ is filled with the lead wire length in meter

*2: PTFE leadwire is available for use in 300°C for a short term
*3: Suffix code LT(CT) means connecting terminal joint, while LT(TA) means insulation with film
*4: for easy application of coating: Surface treatment (tetra-etching) is not required when applying coating

34
 Commentary

HOW ARE INTEGRAL LEADWIRES JOINTED

Strain Gauge

Most TML strain gauges are available with extension leadwires pre-attached for customer convenience. We have several methods for connecting
leadwires to be chosen depending on conditions such as the type of strain gauge and leadwire, measurement environments and so on.

Different joints
·Integral type
A vinyl leadwire is jointed to polyimide insulated gauge leads of a strain gauge. The solder joints are covered with the vinyl insulation of the leadwire. This is our
standard method of integral leadwire attachment.
·Heat-shrinkable tubing
A soldered joint between gauge leads and leadwire is protected with a heat shrinkable tube. The heat shrinkable tubes are available in three ratings of
EXTENSION LEADWIRES

temperature among 80°C, 200°C and 260°C.

·Connecting terminals joint type
Gauge leads and leadwires are jointed using foil shape connecting terminals. Measurement in high temperature is possible by using a high temperature solder
with melting point of 300°C or more for the joint.
·Insulation film type
A soldered joint between gauge leads and leadwires is covered with an insulation film of glass cloth base. The film is resistive to heat up to 300°C, so this
method is suited to measurement in high temperature.
·Direct type
A vinyl leadwire is jointed directly to gauge leads, which are made of nickel plated copper. The solder joints are covered with vinyl insulation of a leadwire up to
the end of the gauge base.

Integral type b
Leadwire
Dimension Code to
Cross section a Construction
ａ ｂ order
Polyimide insulation 7/0.12 1.1 2.2 -LJB/-LJB-F
Vinyl leadwire 2-wire
2-wire paralleled 10/0.12 1.4 2.8 -LJC/-LJC-F
Gauge lead length
approx. 15mm 2-wire
5/0.07 0.4 − -LH
twisted

7/0.12 1.1 3.3 -LJBT/-LJBT-F

Vinyl leadwire 3-wire
3-wire paralleled
10/0.12 1.4 4.2 -LJCT/-LJCT-F

The option code “-F” appended to the leadwire code indicates that lead-free solder is used for the leadwire.

Heat-shrinkable tubing Leadwire Heat-shrinkable tube

W b Dimension Dimension Code to
Construction order
Cross section H a ａ ｂ L H W

L
Vinyl leadwire
2-wire paralleled 12/0.18 1.9 3.8 11 3 6 -LJD
2-wire
Gauge lead length
approx. 15mm

Vinyl leadwire
3-wire paralleled 12/0.18 1.9 5.7 11 3 7 -LJDT
3-wire
-LHT
3-wire twisted 5/0.07 0.4 − 5 0.8 1.6
-LHT-F

Cross-linked Vinyl
leadwire Cross-linked vinyl
7/0.16 0.9 − 11 2 4 -LJRA
2-wire 2-wire twisted

Cross-linked Vinyl leadwire Cross-linked vinyl

7/0.127 1.1 − 11 2 4 -LJRTA
Cross-linked Polyethylene leadwire 3-wire twisted

3-wire Cross-linked
-LJQTA
polyethylene 7/0.12 0.8 − 11 2 4
-LJQTA-F
3-wire twisted

The option code “-F” appended to the leadwire code indicates that lead-free solder is used for the leadwire.

35
 Strain Gauge
Heat-shrinkable tubing Leadwire Heat-shrinkable tube
Dimension Code to
Gauge lead length approx. 15mm Construction Dimension order
W L H W

Cross section H -LTSA

3-core shielded Vinyl leadwire 7/0.12 Ф3 10 2 4
L -LTSA-F
3-wire twisted
3-wire

7/0.26 Ф5 12.5 3 6 -LTSB

Gauge lead length

EXTENSION LEADWIRES
approx. 15mm
W
-6FB○LT
High temperature use 1/0.2 Ф 1.1 11 2 2
H -6FB○LT-F
Fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire L FEP (Fluorinated-
ethylenepropylene)
3-wire twisted -6FAS○LT
3-wire 7/0.18 Ф2 11 3 4
Gauge lead length -6FAS○LT-F
approx. 15mm
W
High temperature use -4FB○LT
1/0.2 Ф 1.1 11 2 2
Fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire H -4FB○LT-F
L PTFE (Polytetra-
fluoroethylene)
3-wire twisted -4FA○LT
3-wire 7/0.16 Ф 1.9 11 2.5 4
Gauge lead length -4FA○LT-F
approx. 15mm

Connecting terminals joint type Leadwire

Code to
Fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire Construction Dimension order
Special construction
PTFE(Polytetrafluoro- -4FB○LT(CT)
3-wire 1/0.2 Ф 1.1
Gauge lead length ethylene) 3-wire twisted -4FB○LT-F(CT)
approx. 15mm

Insulation film type W Leadwire Heat-shrinkable tube

Dimension Code to
Construction Dimension order
H
Cross section L H W
Fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire
L
Special construction
PTFE(Polytetrafluoro- -4FA○LT(TA)
7/0.16 Ф 1.9 13 1.5 4
ethylene) 3-wire twisted -4FA○LT-F(TA)
3-wire
Gauge lead length
approx. 15mm

N.B.:
Figures in Leadwire construction column show "Number of cores/ Diameter of one conductor leadwire in mm". For example, "7/0.12"
represents "7core / 0.12mm diameter for one conductor leadwire". All dimensions of the Leadwire Heat-shrinkable tube and Film are
approximate values in mm.
"○" in the "Code to order" is filled with the leadwire length in meter.

36
 HOW ARE INTEGRAL LEADWIRES JOINTED
Strain Gauge

Leadwire colors of 3-element Rosette strain gauge

These are generally used leadwires.
The option code “-F” appended to the leadwire type indicates that lead-free solder is used for the leadwire.

7/0.12 (0.08mm2) Paralleled vinyl leadwire 7/0.12 (0.08mm2) 3-wire Paralleled vinyl leadwire
Suffix code : -LJB/-LJB-F Suffix code : -LJBT/-LJBT-F
EXTENSION LEADWIRES

Red Blue stripe

1st axis 1st axis
　　　
White
2nd axis

Green Orange stripe Red stripe

3rd axis 2nd axis 3rd axis

7/0.127 (0.09mm2 ) 3-wire twisted cross-linked polyethylene leadwire 5/0.07 (0.02mm2 ) 2-wire twisted vinyl leadwire
Suffix code : -LJQTA/-LJQTA-F Suffix code : -LH

Red-Yellow-Black
1staxis Red
1st axis
White
2nd axis

Red-Yellow-White Red-Yellow-Blue Green

2ndaxis 3rdaxis 3rd axis

3mm-dia. 3-core shielded vinyl leadwire 7/0.12 (0.08mm2) Paralleled vinyl leadwire
Suffix code : -LTSA/-LTSA-F Suffix code : -LDBB-F

Red 1st axis

Green 3rd axis
White 2nd axis

7/0.12 (0.08mm2) 3-wire Paralleled vinyl leadwire

White Red Suffix code : -LDBTB-F
2nd axis 1st axis

Red stripe 1st axis

Green Blue stripe 3rd axis
3rd axis
Black stripe 2nd axis

37
 Strain Gauge
Insulated leadwire colors
These are generally used leadwires.
The option code “-F” appended to the leadwire type indicates that lead-free solder is used for the leadwire.

Stress concentration measurement use

FXV 5-element single axis integrated FYV 5-element single axis integrated
approx. 15mm approx. 15mm Paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJB/-LJB-F
Paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJB/-LJB-F
Blue
Yellow

EXTENSION LEADWIRES
White
White
Black
Black
Green
Green
Red
Red

3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJBT/-LJBT-F 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJBT/-LJBT-F

Orange stripe Blue stripe

Yellow stripe Yellow stripe
Black stripe Black stripe
Green stripe Green stripe
Red stripe Red stripe
Color stripes are marked on independent wire of each axis with 3-wire system. Color stripes are marked on independent wire of each axis with 3-wire system.
FBXV 5-element single axis integrated FBYV 5-element single axis integrated
Paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJB/-LJB-F approx. 50mm Paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJB/-LJB-F approx. 50mm

Yellow Yellow Blue Blue

White White White White
Black Black Black Black
Green Green Green Green
Red Red Red Red

3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJBT/-LJBT-F 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJBT/-LJBT-F
Yellow Blue
White White
Black Black
Green Green
Red Red
Independent wire Common two wires Independent wire Common two wires

Stress concentration measurement use FCV 10-element 2-axis cross integrated 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJBT/-LJBT-F
X-axis Y-axis
Paralleled vinyl leadwire -LJB/-LJB-F Blue stripe
Red stripe
approx. 50mm Green stripe Yellow stripe
X-axis Y-axis Black stripe Black stripe
Red Blue
Green White Yellow stripe Green stripe
Black Black Orange stripe Red stripe
White Green
Yellow Red Independent wire
Color stripes are marked on independent wire of each axis with 3-wire system.

Temperature gauge
Torque measurement use (Integral type) LDBT
3-wire Paralleled vinyl leadwire TFL (Connecting terminal joint type) -6FB□LT(CT)
-LJBT/-LJBT-F
Red
Green
Blue stripe Blue
Color of leadwire insulation may vary depending on the
leadwire type.

Single element strain gauge with different leadwire Color of leadwire insulation may vary depending on the leadwire type.
Fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire -4FA□LT/-4FA□LT-F
Vinyl leadwire

Polyester leadwire LU/LU-F

Vinyl leadwire

38
 Commentary

Combination use of strain gauges and dedicated leadwires

Strain Gauge

L P 3
- P 3
- P 3
- T 3
- T 3
. 3 5
e a
r w a
r w a
r w w
i w w
i 2 m m
a a
l i
r a
l i
r a
l i
r s
t i
r s
t m m m
d e e e e e e e e e m -
d -
d
w
i l
e p l
e p l
e p d t
w d -
d i
a i
a
r d a
r d a
r d a
r v
i i v
i i . .
e v a v a v a n s
t n a
. 3 3
n i l i l i l y
l e y
l 2 -
c -
c
a n
y e
l n
y e
l n
y e
l l d l - o o
l e l e l e e v
i e c
o r
e r
e
m l
e d l
e d e d a
d n a
d r
v v a v y e s s
Option –F: Lead-free solder
e a i a i d i w l w h h
d n
y d n
y w n
y i
r l
e i
r s
h i
e i
e
w l w l i l e e i l l
Use of lead-free solder is selectable for strain
i
r l i
r l r
e l a
d e d d
e e e e e w l
d e e
a a a e d d
gauges and leadwires. When it is selected, the
d d d i
r d v v
w
i w
i w
i e v i
n i
n
r r r
option code “-F” is added to the type number of
e e e i
n y
l y
l
y
l l
e l
e
strain gauge and leadwire separately.
l
EXTENSION LEADWIRES

e a
d a
d
a
d w w
The GOBLET and PF/P/ YEF/ YF/PFLW/PLW/
w i
r i
r
i
r e e
UBF/FAC series gauges are only available with
e

the use of lead-free solder because they are CE Suffix code LJB LJBT LJC LJCT LJD LJDT LH LHT LJAY LS LTSA LTSB
marked with their exclusive leadwires. The CF/
CEF/ZF/EF/BTM series gauges are CE marked Option (-F) -F -F -F -F -F -F -F
because they use high melting point solder and
Number of cores/
RoHS2 Directive is not applied. 7/0.12 7/0.12 10/0.12 10/0.12 12/0.18 12/0.18 5/0.07 5/0.07 7/0.12 7/0.12 7/0.12 7/0.26
Core diameter(mm)
A strain gauge with option code “–F” is a RoHS-
Cross sectional
c ompliant product. Sinc e the issuanc e of 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.3 0.3 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.3
area (mm2)
technical document is required for the RoHS
Operating
compliance, please contact us for the details of -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~
temperature
+80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80 +80
CE marking availability for the product. range (°C)
Operating Temperature The table below shows the maximum operating temperature of the strain gauge in combined use with the
Strain Gauge CE
compliance temperature compensation dedicated leadwire. (°C)
Series range °C
range °C
F Partly (-F) -196 ~ +150 +10 ~ +100 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
GOBLET CE -196 ~ +150 +10 ~ +100 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 - - 80 80
PF CE -20 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 - - - - - - 80 80
P CE -20 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 - - - - - - 80 80
FLM Non -20 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 - 80 - 80 - 80 - 80 - - 80 80
Combination use of strain gauges and dedicated leadwires

MF(Single) Non -20 ~ + 80 - - - - - - - - - 80 80 80 -

MF(Rosette) Non -20 ~ + 200 - - - - - - - - - - 80 - -
YEF GOBLET CE -30 ~ + 80 - 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 - - 80 80
YF CE -20 ~ + 80 - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - - -
YHF CE -30 ~ + 80 - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - - -
LF GOBLET CE -30 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 - - 80 80
PFLW CE -20 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
PLW CE -20 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
GF GOBLET CE -30 ~ + 80 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 - - 80 80
BF GOBLET CE -30 ~ + 200 +10 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 - - 80 80
(Static) :-30 ~ +120
UBF CE - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
(Dynamic):-30~+150
DSF Non -60 ~ + 200 - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
-196 ~
CF CE -269 ~ +80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
+80(approx.)
-196 ~
CEF CE -269 ~ +200 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
+80(approx.)
QF Partly (-F) -20 ~ +200 +10 ~ +100 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
GOBLET CE -30 ~ +200 +10 ~ +100 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 - - 80 80
ZF CE -20 ~ +300 +10 ~ +100 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
EF(Single) CE -196 ~ +300 +10 ~ +150 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
EF(Rosette) CE -196 ~ +200 0 ~ +150 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80
BTM CE -10 ~ + 80 - 80 80 80 80 - - - - - - - -
FAC CE -30 ~ + 80 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TF (-F) -20 ~ +200 - - 80 - 80 - - - - - - - -

Remarks: Strain gauges of the following series are available only with the dedicated leadwires which are the most suited to the series. Please also refer to the description about each series in
this catalog. The option –F (use of lead-free solder) is available. To specify this option, attach the suffix “-F” to the end of each type number of the dedicated leadwire.

Series WF Operating temperature 0~+80°C Leadwire : LDBB-F Parallel vinyl leadwire

LDBTB-F 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire 7/0.12(0.08mm2)
Series WFLM Operating temperature -20~+80°C Leadwire : LJQTA 3-wire twisted cross-linked polyethylene leadwire 2 meters 7/0.127(0.09mm2)
Note) WFLM series is not available with option –F.
Series PMF Operating temperature -20~+60°C Leadwire : LJRTA 3-wire twisted cross-linked vinyl leadwire 2 metersl 7/0.127(0.09mm2)
Temperature-integrated PMF Leadwire : TLJBT 3-wire parallel vinyl leadwire 7/0.12 (0.08mm2)
Series PMFLS Operating temperature -20~+60°C Leadwire : LTSC 4-wire shielded Chloroprene cable (3-wire connection) 2 meters, 6mm dia.

39
 Strain Gauge
P( 3 2 3 3 l T v T fl P P P 3 l 3 l e 3 s 3 l 1 r 3 l 3 s
o w - - - - e ei elue o o o - e - e
at - i - e
5e
. - e - i
l
y i
t
h w
i
r
w
i
r
w
i
r
w
rd
i
a mny
l moid
r
a l
y l
y l
y
i
w
rd
i
a w
rd
i
c
h
i
w
rg
i
n
l
w
rd
i
a
mi
s
n
w
rd
i
a w
rg
i
n
l
p
r m e e e e w
i p l
e p n w
i u
r e
s m e w
i e w
i n e e
- e w
i m( e w
i e e
-
o p t t t r e
r a e
r tr
a e t i t r t r g
) t c t r F t r t c
p o w w w e a a e t e d w e w ei w w e d w e w
y d a
r i i i t d t e h r e i i ( s ior i i
a
E i ior
l
e u
l a
l
s
t
e
s
t
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s
t
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u
r w
i
r
u
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e
s
t
e
s S
tun
e
s
t
e
e s
t
e .P) s
t
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s
t
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a e
l d d d e
-
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-
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s e a
d a
d d drf o
t dle d 3
- l
e d dle
p s c c c n n l
e w f
l f
l a r la
f d f
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4
-
w
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g
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g en
t
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d
i
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e
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c
eeq u
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i
u
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ew
d u
o u
o w
i
i
r ) c s
s s
s s
s r r F w e r
i r
i t
r u
i r
i r
e r
i s i
r r
i r
i r
e
e i
a -
l -
l -
l a
t a
t E i
r n n e r n n h e n n
l i i i e e P e a
t a
t a e a
t a
t i a
t a
t
p
a v
i
n
k n
k n
k d d)s e
d e t
de)
m d e
d e
d
e
l
d e
d e
d
r
a n
y e
d e
d e
d 3 3 i
n e
l l -
w -
w g r
e r
e n r
e r
e d r
e r
e
e l v
i v
i p i il s s t s s f s s
l
l
e
e
a
d
n
y n
y
o
l
y
r
e ee
r -
c
i
n n(
i t
e
i
n i
n l
u
o
i
n i
n
a w l
l l
l e
t p
a
t
w
ir
o (
F Ft
( r (
F (
F r
i (
P (
P
d e e Ea n

EXTENSION LEADWIRES
w i
r a a h
y r
a s e E - E E a T T
i
r e d d l l t
e P P P P t
e F F
e w w e
n e d ) ) ) ) d E E
i
r i
r e l ) )
e e

6FB 6FA　 6FAS 6FB 6FC 6FD 4FA 4FB

LQM LXT LJRA LJRTA LJQTA TLJBT LP LU LE
□TLT □LT □LT □LT □LT □LTS □LT □LT
-F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F
1/0.14 1/0.14 1/0.14
7/0.12 7/0.12 7/0.16 7/0.127 7/0.127 7/0.12 1/0.2 7/0.18 7/0.18 1/0.2 7/0.08 7/0.08 7/0.16 1/0.2
1/0.18 1/0.18 1/0.18

0.08 0.08 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.18 0.18 0.04 0.04 0.14

-20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -20 ~ -65 ~ -20 ~ -269 ~ -10 ~ -196 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~ -269 ~
+100 +150 +100 +100 +125 +80 +200 +120 +200 +300 +200 +200 +200 +200 +200 +260 +260

Strain Gauge
The table below shows the maximum operating temperature of the strain gauge in combined use with the dedicated leadwire. (°C)
Series

100 150 100 100 125 80 150 120 150 150 150 150 150 150 - 150 150 F　　 (-F)
100 150 - - 125 80 150 120 150 150 150 150 150 150 - 150 150 GOBLET
80 80 - - 80 80 - 80 80 80 - - - - - - - PF
80 80 - - 80 - - 80 80 80 - - - - - - - P
80 80 - 80 80 80 80 - - - 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 FLM

Combination use of strain gauges and dedicated leadwires

- - - - - - - 80 80 80 - - - - 80 - - MF(Single)
- - - - - - - 120 200 200 - - - - 200 - - MF(Rosette)
80 80 - - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 YEF GOBLET
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 YF
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 YHF
80 80 - - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 LF GOBLET
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 PFLW
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 PLW
80 80 - - 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 GF GOBLET
100 150 - - 125 80 200 120 200 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 BF GOBLET
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 - 120 120
100 100 100 80 120 UBF
150 125 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 - 150 150
100 150 100 100 125 80 200 120 200 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 DSF

80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 80 80 CF

100 150 100 100 125 80 200 120 200 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 CEF

100 150 100 100 125 80 200 120 200 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 QF　 (-F)
100 150 - - 125 80 200 120 200 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 GOBLET
100 150 100 100 125 80 200 120 200 300 200 200 200 200 - 260 260 ZF
100 150 100 100 125 80 200 120 200 300 200 200 200 200 - 260 260 EF(Single)
100 150 100 100 125 80 200 120 200 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 EF(Rosette)
- - 80 80 80 - - 80 - 80 80 80 80 - - 80 80 BTM
- - - - - - - 80 - 80 - - - - - - - FAC
- - - 100 125 - - 120 - 200 200 200 200 200 - 200 200 TF (-F)

Standard length of the leadwire is 1 m, 3 m or 5 m.

Designation of leadwire-integrated strain gauge exampled

F LT- 05A - 11 - F - 3 L J C T - F
Strain Gauge F series Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
(FLT: for shearing strain measurement) 3-wire paralleled vinyl leadwire
Self-temperature-compensated material Length of leadwire LJCT 3: 3m
(-11: Mild steel Thermal expansion 11ppm/°C)
Option F : LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge

40
 CE compliant strain gauge

GOBLET series
CE compliant

In a conventional strain gauge, the gauge leads, which conduct electrical signal to the metal foil called gauge element, are soldered
using leaded solder. The leaded solder is an alloy composed of lead and tin, and the lead is effective to reduce the stress because
it is soft. On the other hand, the lead is not only harmful to human bodies but may cause adverse effects on the natural
environment. Use of lead-free solder is required according to the RoHS Directive. However, in the combination of lead-free solder
and conventional strain gauge pattern, fatigue life conforming to the NAS 942 is not satisfied for some strain gauges. We have
developed a new gauge pattern that does not cause stress concentration even if the lead-free solder is used. We propose our
next generation strain gauge GOBLET, which maintains the conventional strain gauge performance while considering the
environment by the adoption of the new gauge pattern.
The concept of development of GOBLET is “Gauges Of Brilliant Lifespan and Environmentally Thoughtful”, which represents the
GOBLET series

excellent fatigue life and small environmental effect of these strain gauges. The GOBLET is series of our strain gauges which are
compliant to RoHS Directive and CE marked.
The GOBLET is currently available for the series below. The dedicated leadwires which use lead-free solder are also available.

● Strain gauge for general use F-series (partly not compliant)

● Strain gauge for high temperature use QF-series (partly not compliant)
● Strain gauge for composite material BF-series
● Strain gauge for plastics GF-series
● Strain gauge for wood and gypsum LF-series
● Strain gauge for post-yield (large strain) measurement YEF-series

GOBLET Logo (Registered design)

®

Package of GOBLET series

strain gauges (example)

The GOBLET strain gauges bear

the logo and the CE mark on
their package.

Dedicated leadwires (using lead-free solder)

Number of Operating
Leadwire name Suffix code cores/Core Cross
area
sectional
(mm 2 temperature range
diameter(mm) )
(Leadwire only)

Parallel vinyl leadwire LJB-F 7/0.12 0.08 -20 〜 +80 ° C

3-wire parallel vinyl leadwire LJBT-F 7/0.12 0.08 -20 〜 +80 ° C
Parallel vinyl leadwire LJC-F 10/0.12 0.11 -20 〜 +80 ° C
3-wire parallel vinyl leadwire LJCT-F 10/0.12 0.11 -20 〜 +80 ° C
Polypropylene 4-wire parallel leadwire LQM-F 7/0.12 0.08 -20 〜 +100 ° C
3-wire parallel special vinyl leadwire LXT-F 7/0.12 0.08 -20 〜 +150 ° C
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire 6FA □ LT-F 7/0.18 0.18 -269 〜 +200 ° C
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire (Surface
6FAS □ LT-F 7/0.18 0.18 -269 〜 +200 ° C
treatment (tetra-etching) is not required)
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) single-core leadwire 6FB □ LT-F 1/0.2 0.03 -269 〜 +200 ° C
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire 6FC □ LT-F 7/0.08 0.04 -269 〜 +200 ° C
Polyurethane leadwire LJP-F 1/0.14 0.015 -10 〜 +120 ° C
Polyester leadwire LJU-F 1/0.14 0.015 -196 〜 +200 ° C
Polyimide leadwire LJE-F 1/0.14 0.015 -269 〜 +300 ° C

41
 GENERAL USE

Foil Strain Gauges F series (GOBLET)

General use
Strain gauges compliant to RoHS2 Directive 2011/65/EU are added Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
to the lineup in F series. They are supplied with CE marking as FLAB -5 (-350) -11 -3LJC-F
standard specification. Our logo GOBLET, which is an abbreviation
Length in meter and type of integral
of “Gauges Of Brilliant Lifespan and Environmental Thoughtful”, is leadwire CE compliant leadwire
marked on the package of these gauges. Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Gauge series name
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
Objective material for temperature compensation

Fseries (GOBLET)
 −196〜＋150℃ CN −196〜＋120℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
Temperature compensation range P-2 −30〜＋150℃
-11: Mild steel ■ -17: Stainless steel ■ -23: Aluminium ■
 ＋10〜＋100℃ EB-2 −60〜＋150℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
Backing length
FLGB-02 0.2 1.4 3.5 2.5 120
Gauge length
FLGB-1 1 1.1 6 2.5 120

FLAB-03 0.3 1.4 3 2 120

Backing

Gauge
width

width

FLAB-05 0.5 1.2 4.3 2.2 120

FLAB-1 1 1.3 5 2.5 120

FLAB-2 2 1.5 6.5 3 120

General use
FLAB-3 3 1.7 7.7 3.5 120

FLAB-3-60 3 1.2 7.7 3 60

Single axis
FLAB-5 5 1.5 10 3 120

FLAB-6 6 2.2 11 4.3 120

FLAB-10 10 2.5 15.4 5 120

FLAB-30 30 2 35 5 120

FLKB-1 1 0.7 4.5 1.4 120

FLK pattern FLKB-2 2 0.9 5.5 1.5 120

with narrow
gauge width FLKB-6 6 1 11 2.2 120

FLKB-10 10 1.6 15 3.8 120

●350Ω Single axis FLAB-1-350 1 1.6 4.5 3 350

FLAB-1W-350 1 2 4.7 3.6 350

Gauge FLAB-2-350 2 1.9 6 3.5 350

resistance
350Ω FLAB-3-350 3 1.6 7.2 3 350

FLAB-3W-350 3 3.2 8.5 5 350

FLAB-5-350 5 1.8 9.4 3.8 350

Gauge
resistance FLAB-6-1000 6 4.6 11 7 1000
1000Ω

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

42
 GENERAL USE

F series（GOBLET）
General use

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●0°/90°
　2-axis Stacked type
Ga FCAB-1 1 0.7 φ4.5 120
wi uge
gth

dth
en

FCAB-2 2 0.9 φ7 120

el

FCAB-1
ug

FCAB-2
Ga

FCAB-3 3 1.7 φ11 120

FCAB-5 5 1.9 φ12 120

F series（GOBLET）

FCAB-6 6 2.4 φ14 120

Backing diameter
FCAB-3 FCAB-5
FCAB-10 10 2.5 φ17 120

FCAB-6
FCAB-10

●350Ω 0°/90°
　2-axis Stacked type FCAB-1-350 1 1.6 φ8 350
FCAB-1-350
FCAB-2-350 2 1.9 φ9.5 350

FCAB-3-350 3 2 φ10 350

FCAB-2-350
FCAB-5-350 5 1.8 φ10 350

FCAB-5-350
FCAB-1-350 (x 3)
Multi-axis

●0°/45°/90°
　3-axis Stacked type
FRAB-1 1 0.7 φ4.5 120
Gauge width
FRAB-2 2 0.9 φ7 120
FRAB-1
FRAB-3 3 1.7 φ11 120
FRAB-2
Gauge length

FRAB-5 5 1.9 φ12 120

FRAB-6 6 2.4 φ14 120

FRAB-3 FRAB-10 10 2.5 φ17 120

FRAB-5

Backing diameter

FRAB-6

FRAB-10
●350Ω　0°/45°/90°
　3-axis Stacked type
FRAB-1-350 1 1.6 φ8 350

FRAB-2-350 2 1.9 φ9.5 350

FRAB-3-350 3 2 φ10 350

FRAB-1-350
FRAB-2-350 FRAB-5-350 5 1.8 φ10 350

FRAB-3-350
FRAB-5-350
FRAB-1-350 (x 3)

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

43
 Glass, Ceramic use
Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
GLASS, CERAMIC USE -8: Glass, Ceramic ■

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
FLAB-2-8 2 1.5 6.5 3 120
(x 2)

F series（GOBLET）
FLAB-5-8 FLAB-5-8 5 1.5 10 3 120

●0°/90°
　2-axis Stacked type

FCAB-2-8 2 0.9 φ7 120

FCAB-5-8 5 1.9 φ12 120

FCAB-2-8
FCAB-5-8

●0°/45°/90°
　3-axis Stacked type
FRAB-2-8 2 0.9 φ7 120

FRAB-5-8 5 1.9 φ12 120

FRAB-2-8
FRAB-5-8

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Single axis / Multi-axis

Dedicated leadwires recommendable for F series strain gauge(GOBLET)
We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked GOBLET series strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.
Type and designation of leadwires (GOBLET)

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature Type number example

range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature Paralleled vinyl LJB-F FLAB-5-11-3LJB-F

－20 〜＋80
change) Paralleled vinyl LJC-F FLAB-5-11-3LJC-F
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJBT-F FLAB-5-11-3LJBT-F
General use －20 〜＋80
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT-F FLAB-5-11-3LJCT-F
Mid-high tempeature 3-wire paralleled vinyl LXT-F －20 〜＋150 FLAB-5-11-3LXT-F
FLAB-5-11-3LQM-F
1-Gauge 4-Wire measurement Polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled LQM-F －20 〜＋100
（modular plug attached）
NB: For use with CE compliant GOBLET strain gauges , specify leadwire with option -F having lead-free solder on order.

Dedicated leadwires recommendable for F series strain gauge

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire.
Type and designation of leadwires
Operating temperature
Usage Leadwire name range of leadwire (°C ) Type number example

General purpose (without temperature Paralleled vinyl LJB/LJB-F FLA-5-11-3LJB

－20 〜＋80
change) Paralleled vinyl LJC/LJC-F FLA-5-11-3LJC
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJBT/LJBT-F FLA-5-11-3LJBT
General use －20 〜＋80
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT/LJCT-F FLA-5-11-3LJCT
Mid-high tempeature 3-wire paralleled vinyl LXT/LXT-F －20 〜＋150 FLA-5-11-3LXT
Temperature integration 3-wire paralleled vinyl TLJBT/TLJBT-F －20 〜＋80 FLA-5T-11-3TLJBT
Polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled FLA-5-11-3LQM
1-Gauge 4-Wire measurement －20 〜＋100
LQM/LQM-F （modular plug attached）

44
 GENERAL USE

F series
GENERAL USE

In the F series, strain gauges dedicated to a special usage Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
(shearing strain measurement, torque measurement, residual stress FLT-05A (-350) -11 (-F) -3LJC (-F)
measurement or stress concentration measurement) and 2-axis Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
plane type strain gauges are compliant to RoHS Directive when Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
they are supplied with Option-F. Option F: LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Gauge series name
 −196〜＋150℃ CN −196〜＋120℃ Objective material for temperature compensation
Temperature compensation range P-2 −30〜＋150℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
F series

 ＋10〜＋100℃ EB-2 −60〜＋150℃ -11: Mild steel ■ -17: Stainless steel ■ -23: Aluminium ■

Shearing・Torque・Plane
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Shearing strain measurement

Gauge backing length
FLT-05A 0.55 0.66 4 1.3 120
ng e

Left 45°
Le aug
th
G

FLT-05B 0.55 0.66 4 1.3 120

Right 45°
●Torque measurement
Gauge backing length
ng e
Le aug
th
G

FCT-2 2 1.5 8.7 6.5 120

Gauge

width

FCT-2-350 2 1.5 7.6 5.3 350

base

●0°/90°2-axis Plane type

Shearing / Torque

Gauge backing length

Gauge width
Length
Gauge

X / Y axis
FCB-2 2 1.5 120
8.2 8
X
X / Y axis
backing
Gauge

FCB-6-350 6 2 350
width

Y
10 11.9
Gauge
width

Gauge Length

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Residual stress measurement

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Residual stress measurement

FR-5 5 1.5 Ф 12 120

FR-5

EUBC-06 EUBC-06 0.6 0.7 Ф 2.4 120

(x 5)

●Residual stress measurement

using hole drilling method Gauge center diameter
Ф 7.0mm FRAS-2 2 1.1 9 9 120

Ф 5.14mm FRS-2 1.5 1.3 Ф 9.5 120

Ф 10.26mm FRS-3 3 2.6 Ф 17.5 120

FRAS-2
FRS-3

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

45
 GENERAL USE
Stress Concentration Masurement
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●5-element Single-axis

FXV-1-11-002LE FYV-1-11-002LE

Gauge pitch X-axis magnified Gauge pitch Y-axis magnified

F series
FXV-1-11-002LE 1 1.3 5 12 120
Gauge pitch
2mm FYV-1-11-002LE 1 1.4 5 12 120

-002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached

FBXV-04 FBYV-06

Gauge pitch Gauge pitch

magnified magnified

FBXV-04-11-005LE 0.4 1.3 5.4 7.4 120

Gauge pitch
1mm FBYV-06-11-005LE 0.6 0.8 5.3 7 120

-005LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 5-cm pre-attached

●10-element 2-axes

FCV-1
X and Y axes
Y-axis leadwire is marked for Gauge pitch FCV-1-11-005LE 1 1.4 7.5 12 120
identification. 2mm

Stress concentration
-005LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 5-cm pre-attached
magnified

●Chain Strain Gauges

Gauge pitch

CCFXX-1 CCFYX-1
CCFXX-1-11-002LE 1 1.5 4.5 16.4 120
Gauge pitch
1.5mm CCFYX-1-11-002LE 1 1.5 4.5 16.4 120
X-axis 10-element Y-axis 10-element
-002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached
These gauges are specially designed to use Complete Compensation
Method of Strain and need our Data Logger TDS-540 for the
measurement. For details, contact TML.

●Single axis
Single element cut away from the above Stress Concentration gauge
FBX-04-11-005LE 0.4 1.3 5.4 1 120

FBX-04 (x 3) FBY-06-11-005LE 0.6 0.8 5.3 1 120

FLX-1-11-002LE 1 1.3 5 2 120

FBY-06 (x 3)
-005LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 5-cm pre-attached
FLX-1 -002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached
(x 3)

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Important point Note

Option F These gauges are specially designed to use

This code is appended to the basic strain gauge type Complete Compensation Method of Strain and
for strain gauges with lead-free solder in place of n e e d o u r D a t a L o g g e r T D S -540 f o r t h e
leaded solder. Fatigue life of the strain gauge may measurement. For details, contact TML.
become shorter by the use of the lead-free solder.

46
 WATERPROOF

Waterproof Strain Gauges WF series

Waterproof

These gauges eliminate the need for moisture-proofing coating, which is sometimes Example of type number designation
troublesome in a field test. They have an integral vinyl leadwire, and whole area of the WFLA -3 -350 -11 -3LDBB
strain gauges and the leadwire junction are coated with epoxy resin. The coating is
transparent and flexible, so the positioning and bonding works are very easy. By merely Length in meter and type of integral
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
bonding the gauges with CN or P-2 adhesive, outdoor or underwater measurement for a
Self-temperature-compensation number
short-term becomes possible. These gauges are also effective in omitting primary
coating in case of applying a multi-layer coating. Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Basic gauge type
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
Suffix code for temperature compensation materials
WF series

 0〜＋80℃ CN 0〜＋80℃

-11: Mild steel ■ -17: Stainless steel ■ -23: Aluminium ■
Temperature compensation range P-2 0〜＋80℃
EB-2 0〜＋80℃ For ordering, the above suffix code should be added to the basic gauge type
 ＋10〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width Thickness ance Ω

●Single axis
0.08mm² integral vinyl leadwire
Total leadwire resistance per meter : 0.44Ω

2-wire system

Red
WFLA-3-11-1LDBB
WFLA-3 3 1.7 17 8 1.5 120
Red Single
WFLA-3-350 3 3.2 17 8 1.5 350
WFLA-3-350-11-1LDBB element
WFLA-6 6 2.2 25 11 1.5 120
Gauge backing length 2-wire
2-element WFCA-3 3 1.7 19 16 1.5 120
Gauge backing

system Rosette
WFCA-6 6 2.3 25 21 1.5 120
Single axis/Multi-axis

0°/90°
width

3-element WFRA-3 3 1.7 19 16 1.5 120

Backing
thickness Rosette
0°/45°/90° WFRA-6 6 2.3 25 21 1.5 120

●0°/45°/90°3-axis Stacked type

2-wire system

Red (1st axis)

Green (3rd axis)
White (2nd axis)
WFRA-3-11-1LDBB
●Single axis Single WFLA-3 3 1.7 17 8 1.5 120
3-wire system element WFLA-6 6 2.2 25 11 1.5 120
WFLA-6-11-3LDBTB
Red stripe 2-element WFCA-3 3 1.7 19 16 1.5 120
3-wire
(independent) Rosette
system WFCA-6 6 2.3 25 21 1.5 120
0°/90°
●0°/90°2-element stacked Rosette 3-element WFRA-3 3 1.7 19 16 1.5 120
3-wire system
Rosette
0°/45°/90° WFRA-6 6 2.3 25 21 1.5 120
Red stripe
(1st axis)

Black stripe
(2nd axis)
WFCA-6-11-3LDBTB
●0°/45°/90°3-axis Stacked type
3-wire system

Red stripe (1st axis)

Blue stripe (3rd axis)
Black stripe (2nd axis)

WFRA-6-11-3LDBTB

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

47
 HIGH TEMPERATURE

High Temperature Strain Gauges QF series

High Temperature
These are CE marked strain gauges (compliant to RoHS2 Directive) for high Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
temperature use. They have joined to our well proven QF-series strain gauges QFLAB -6 (-350) -11 -3LJC-F
with a new series name "GOBLET". These are foil strain gauges utilizing
Length in meter and type of integral
polyimide resin as the backing material. leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Measurement in high temperature is easily possible by using our room- Objective material for temperature compensation
temperature-curing adhesive NP-50 for bonding. Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Objective material for temperature compensation

Applicable adhesives
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)

QF series (GOBLET)
 −30〜＋200℃ NP-50 −30〜＋200℃
-11: Mild steel -17:Stainless steel -23:Aluminium -28:Magnesium ■
Temperature compensation range C-1/EB-2 −30〜＋200℃
 ＋10〜＋100℃ CN −30〜＋120℃ Note: The backing color of QF series gauges are the same for every material for
temperature compensation.

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

Backing length
Gauge length
QFLGB-02 0.2 1.4 3.5 2.5 120
QFLAB-03 0.3 1.4 3 2 120
Backing

Gauge
width

width

QFLAB-1 1 1.1 4.7 2 120

QFLAB-2 2 1.5 6.5 3 120

General purpose
QFLAB-3 3 1.7 7.7 3.5 120
●Single axis
QFLAB-5 5 1.5 10 3 120

QFLGB-02 QFLAB-6 6 2.2 11 4.3 120

QFLAB-30 30 2 35 5 120
(x 3)
FLK type with QFLKB-1 1 0.7 4.5 1.4 120

Single axis/Multi-axis
narrow backing QFLKB-2 2 0.9 5.5 1.5 120
QFLAB-1
for magnesium alloy QFLKB-2-28 2 0.9 5.5 1.5 120
(x 3)
QFLAB-1-350 1 1.6 4.5 3 350

QFLAB-1W-350 1 2 4.7 3.6 350

QFLAB-2-350 2 1.9 6 3.5 350

gauge resistance
350Ω QFLAB-3-350 3 1.6 7.2 3 350

QFLAB-3W-350 3 3.2 8.5 5 350

QFLAB-6-350 6 2.6 10.8 4.5 350

High gauge
QFLAB-6-1000 6 4.6 11 7 1000
resistance 1000Ω
●0°/90°2-axis
Stacked type QFCAB-3
QFCAB-1 1 0.7 φ4.5 120

●0°/45°/90°3-axis QFCAB-1 QFCAB-3 3 1.7 φ11 120

Stacked type
QFRAB-3
QFRAB-1 1 0.7 φ4.5 120

QFRAB-1 QFRAB-3 3 1.7 φ11 120

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for QF series strain gauges (GOBLET) (made to order)
We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked GOBLET series strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature Type number example

range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature change) Parallel vinyl leadwire　LJC-F -20 ~ +80 QFLAB-1-11-3LJC-F
General purpose 3-wire parallel vinyl leadwire　LJCT-F -20 ~ +80 QFLAB-1-11-3LJCT-F
3-wire twisted FEP leadwire　6FA □ LT-F QFLAB-1-11-6FA3LT-F
High temperature -269 ~ +200
3-wire twisted FEP single-core leadwire　6FB □ LT-F QFLAB-1-11-6FB3LT-F
NB: □ shows the lead wire length in meter

48
 HIGH TEMPERATURE

High Temperature Strain Gauges QF series

High Temperature

These are foil strain gauges having a polyimide resin backing, Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
which exhibits excellent performance in high temperature up QFCT -2 (-350) -11 (-F) -3LJC (-F)
to 200°C. Stress concentration measurement gauges and
Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
shear stress measurement gauges are also available in this Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
series. Integral leadwires using lead-free solder are available Option F: LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge
with option –F. Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Gauge series name
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Objective material for temperature compensation
 −20〜＋200℃ NP-50 −20〜＋200℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
QF series

Temperature compensation range C-1/EB-2 −20〜＋200℃ -11: Mild steel -17:Stainless steel -23:Aluminium -28:Magnesium ■
 ＋10〜＋100℃ CN −20〜＋120℃ Note: The backing color of QF series gauges are the same for every material for
temperature compensation.

Shearing・Torque・Plane
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Shearing strain measurement

Gauge backing length (x 3) QFLT-05A-11-002LE 0.55 0.66 4 1.3 120
len uge
gth
Ga

(x 3) QFLT-05B-11-002LE 0.55 0.66 4 1.3 120

backing
Gauge

width

(x 3) QFLT-1A-11-002LE 1.2 1.1 5.7 2 120

QFLT-1-350A-11-002LE 1.2 1.1 5.7 2 350

Ga
wid uge (x 3) QFLT-1B-11-002LE 1.2 1.1 5.7 2 120
th
QFLT-1-350B-11-002LE 1.2 1.1 5.7 2 350
-002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached
●Torque measurement
Shearing / Torque / Stress concentration

QFCT-2 2 1.5 8.7 6.5 120

QFCT-2-350 2 1.5 7.6 5.3 350

QFCT-2 QFCT-2-350

●0°/90°2-axis Plane type

X / Y axis
QFCB-2 QFCB-2 2 1.5 120
8.2 8
Y X
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Stress Concentration Masurement

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●5-element Single-axis
Gauge pitch X-axis magnified Y-axis magnified

QFXV-1-11-002LE 1 1.3 5 12 120

Gauge pitch
2mm QFYV-1-11-002LE 1 1.4 5 12 120

QFXV-1 QFYV-1 -002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached

X-axis magnified Y-axis magnified

QFBXV-04-11-005LE 0.4 1.3 5.4 7.4 120

Gauge pitch
1mm QFBYV-06-11-005LE 0.6 0.8 5.3 7 120

QFBXV-04 QFBYV-06 -005LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 5-cm pre-attached

●Single axis
Single element cut away from the above Stress
Concentration gauge QFBX-04-11-005LE 0.4 1.3 5.4 1 120

Single axis QFBY-06-11-005LE 0.6 0.8 5.3 1 120

QFBX-04 （×3） QFBY-06 （×3） QFLX-1-11-002LE 1 1.3 5 2 120

-005LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 5-cm pre-attached
-002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

49
 HIGH TEMPERATURE

High Temperature Strain Gauges ZF series

High Temperature
These strain gauges are designed for measurement in high Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
temperature up to 300°C. It utilizes specially designed Ni- ZFLA -6 (-350) -11 -6FA3LT-F
Cr alloy foil for the grid and polyimide resin for the gauge
Length in meter and type of integral
backing. Owing to the construction, the strain gauges are leadwire CE compliant leadwire
successfully used for measurement in high temperature.
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Gauge series name
Operating temperature range Objective material for temperature compensation
Applicable adhesives
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)

ZF series
 −20〜＋300℃ NP-50 −20〜＋300℃
-11: Mild steel -17:Stainless steel -23:Aluminium ■
Temperature compensation range C-1/EB-2 −20〜＋200℃
 ＋10〜＋100℃ CN −20〜＋120℃
Note: The backing color of ZF series gauges are the same for every material for
temperature compensation.

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
Backing length Single axis
Gauge ZFLK-2 2 0.5 5.4 1.4 120
length
ZFLA-1 1 1.8 7 3 120
Backing

ZFLA-3 3 1.8 10.5 3.5 120

Gauge
width

width

ZFLA-6 6 2.5 15.5 4.5 120

●0°/90°2-axis Plane type
ZFLA-3-60 3 0.7 7.7 2.6 60

ZFLA-1-350 1 1.7 6.6 3.2 350

ZFLA-3-350 3 3.1 10.2 5.2 350

ZFLA-6-350 6 2.8 16 5.3 350

Single axis/Multi-axis
0°/90° ZFCA-1-350 1 1.7 8.5 8.5 350
2-axis

ZFCA-1-350 　　（×3） Plane type ZFCA-3-350 3 1.4 10.5 10.5 350

●0°/45°/90°3-axis Plane type Stacked

type
ZFCAL-1 1 1.1 Ф 5.4 120

0°/45°/90° ZFRA-1-350 1 1.7 8.5 8.5 350

3-axis

Plane type ZFRA-3-350 3 1.4 10.5 10.5 350

Stacked
type
ZFRAL-1 1 1.1 Ф 5.4 120

ZFRA-1-350 （×3）

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for ZF series strain gauges

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for
the details of combination of a strain gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Operating temperature range of
Usage Leadwire name leadwire (°C ) Type number example

3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) leadwire 6FA □ LT-F ZFLA-3-350-11-6FA3LT-F

-269 ~ +200
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (FEP) single-core leadwire 6FB □ LT-F ZFLA-3-350-11-6FB3LT-F
High temperature
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire 4FA □ LT-F -269 ~ +260 ZFLA-3-350-11-4FA3LT-F
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) single-core leadwire 4FB □ LT-F For short term use, +300°C is available. ZFLA-3-350-11-4FB3LT-F
NB: □ shows the lead wire length in meter

50
 HIGH TEMPERATURE

High Temperature Strain Gauges EF series

High Temperature

These gauges have a small grid pattern required for measurement of Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
printed circuit boards and surface mounted devices, which are getting EFLK -02 -11 -4FA3LT-F
smaller and smaller. The backing of the gauges is made of polyimide
resin. The maximum operaing temperature is +300°C for single element Length in meter and type of integral
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
gauges and +200°C for two and three elements gauges. The lowest
operating temperature is ‒196°C for both gauges. Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives

CN −196〜+120℃ Objective material for temperature compensation
 For more information, please see below.
EF series

EB-2 −60〜+200℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)

Temperature compensation range C-1 −196〜+200℃ -11: Mild steel ■
 For more information, please see below. NP-50 −30〜+300℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

Backing length
Gauge width
Backing width

Gauge
length

EFLX-02-11
●Single axis
(×３) EFLK-02-11 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.2 120
Operating −196〜＋300℃
temperature range
(×３) EFLX-02-11 0.2 0.8 1.8 1.2 120
Temperature ＋10〜＋150℃
compensation range
Single axis/Multi-axis

●0°/90°2-axis Stacked
Operating EFCA-05-11-002LE 0.5 0.4 φ3.8 120
−196〜＋200℃
temperature range
Temperature 0〜＋150℃ -002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached
compensation range
●0°/45°/90°3-axis Stacked
EFRA-05-11-002LE 0.5 0.4 φ3.8 120
Operating EFRA-05-11 (×３)
−196〜＋200℃
temperature range -002LE: Polyimide insulated gauge lead of 2-cm pre-attached
Temperature 0〜＋150℃
compensation range

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

51
 HIGH & LOW TEMPERATURE

High & Low Temperature Strain Gauges CEF series

High & Low

Temperature
These are strain gauges utilizing polyimide resin for the gauge backing Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
and special alloy foil for the grid. It features a wide range of operating CEFLA -6 -11 -6FA3LT-F
temperature from cryogenic temperature to +200°C. This series is
available only in single axis configuration with gauge length of 1,3 and Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
CE compliant leadwire
6mm.
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Objective material for temperature compensation

Applicable adhesives
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)

CEF series
 −269〜＋200℃ EA-2A −269〜＋50℃
-11: Mild steel -17:Stainless steel -23:Aluminium ■
Temperature compensation range CN −196〜＋120℃
 (approx.)−196〜＋80℃ C-1 −269〜＋200℃ Note: The backing color of CEF series gauges are the same for every material for
EB-2 −60〜+200℃ temperature compensation.

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

Backing length

Gauge
length
Backing

Gauge
width
width

Single axis

CEFLA-1 1 0.5 4 2.2 120

Single axis
CEFLA-3 3 0.6 6.9 2.8 120

CEFLA-1 　 (×３) CEFLA-6 6 1 10.6 3.1 120

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for CEF series strain gauges (made to order)
We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature range Type number example

of leadwire (°C )
3-wire twisted FEP leadwire　6FA □ LT-F CEFLA-1-11-6FA3LT-F
-269 ~ +200
High & Low 3-wire twisted FEP single-core leadwire　6FB □ LT-F CEFLA-1-11-6FB3LT-F
temperature 3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire 4FA □ LT-F CEFLA-1-11-4FA3LT-F
-269 ~ +260
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) single-core leadwire 4FB □ LT-F CEFLA-1-11-4FB3LT-F
NB: □ shows the lead wire length in meter

52
 CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE

Cryogenic Temperature Strain Gauges CF series

Temperature
Cryogenic

These are foil strain gauges with epoxy backing designed for measurement Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
under cryogenic conditions. They are available in single element, rectangular CFLA -6 -350 -11 -6FA3LT-F
2-element and rectangular 3-element configurations with 350Ω resistance. The
Length in meter and type of integral
specially selected and heat treated grid of the gauges shows very small zero leadwire CE compliant leadwire
shift under cryogenic temperature compared to conventional strain gauges. Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Gauge series name

Objective material for temperature compensation

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
-11: Mild steel ■ -17: Stainless steel ■ -23: Aluminium ■
CF

 −269〜＋80℃ EA-2A −269〜＋50℃

Temperature compensation range CN −196〜＋80℃
 (approx.)−196〜＋80℃ C-1 −269〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω
series

●Single axis

CFLA-1-350 1 1.6 5.4 3.2 350

CFLA-1-350
CFLA-3-350 3 1.7 8.8 3.5 350
CFLA-1-350 　 (x3)
CFLA-6-350 CFLA-6-350 6 2.2 12.5 4.3 350

●0°/90°2-axis
Plane type CFCA-1-350 1 1.3 7.2 7.2 350
Single axis/Multi-axis

CFCA-3-350 3 1.7 11 11 350

CFCA-1-350

●0°/45°/90°3-axis
Plane type CFRA-1-350 1 1.3 7.2 7.2 350

CFRA-3-350 3 1.7 11 11 350

CFRA-1-350

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for CF series strain gauges (made to order)

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature range Type number example

of leadwire (°C )
3-wire twisted FEP leadwire　6FA □ LT-F CFLA-1-350-11-6FA3LT-F
－269 〜＋200
3-wire twisted FEP single-core leadwire　6FB □ LT-F CFLA-1-350-11-6FB3LT-F
Cryogenic
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) leadwire 4FA □ LT-F CFLA-1-350-11-4FA3LT-F
－269 〜＋260
3-wire twisted fluorinated resin (PTFE) single-core leadwire 4FB □ LT-F CFLA-1-350-11-4FB3LT-F
NB: □ shows the lead wire length in meter

53
 WELDABLE

Weldable Strain Gauges AW series（AWM・AWMD・AWH・AWHU・AW・AWC）

Weldable
These strain gauges have strain sensing elements fully
encapsulated in corrosion-resisting metal tubes made of
stainless steel or Inconel (except AW-6-350). The strain gauge
backings are also made of the same material, and the gauges
are installed by spot welding to metal specimens using a
dedicated spot welder.

Type
AWM －196〜＋300° C Quarter bridge 3-wire AW-6 －196〜＋300° C Quarter bridge 3-wire

AW series
AWM-8-1A Gauge base : Inconel 600 AW-6-350-11-4FB01LT
AWM-8-1B Gauge base : SUS304

AWMD －196〜＋800° C for dynamic strain Full bridge AWC －20〜＋100° C Quarter bridge 3-wire

AWMD-5　　Gauge base : Inconel 600

AWC-8B-11-3LTSB
AWMD-8　　Gauge base : Inconel 600
AWH －196〜＋600° C for static strain Full bridge AWHU －196〜＋800° C Full bridge
－196〜＋650° C for dynamic strain

AWHU-5　　Gauge base: Inconel 600

AWH-4-7A/AWH-8-7A Gauge base: Inconel 600 AWHU-8　　Gauge base: Inconel 600

AWH-4-7B/AWH-8-7B Gauge base: SUS304

AW series coding system

AWM・AWMD・AWH・AWHU・AW・AWC
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
AWM -8 -1 B -2 -17.0
AWMD -5 - A KM -2 (6F) -1.6Hz* *: High-pass filter only for AWMD Either
AWMD -8 - A -2 -1.6Hz* one available among 1.6, 7.2 or 16Hz.
AWH -8 -7 A -2 -11.0
AWHU -5 -9 A KM -2 (6F) -12.7
②Gauge ③Temperature compensation
①Type ④Gauge base*¹ ⑤Option
length range
AWM： 0 ：－196℃～ RT
8：8mm
　static/dynamic 300℃ 1 ：RT ～＋300℃
E: Ground earth
AWMD： 5：5mm 2 ：RT ～＋350℃
F: Compression fittings
　dynamic only 800℃ 8：8mm 3 ：RT ～＋400℃ A : Inconel 600
K: Narrow gauge width
AWH： 4 ：RT ～＋450℃ Applicable thermal
W=3mm (excluding AWHU)
4：4mm 5 ：RT ～＋500℃ expansion coefficient of
　static 600℃ M: Small junction type of sleeve B
8：8mm 6 ：RT ～＋550℃ 11ppm/°C or closer
　dynamic 650℃ Ф 2.0mm L=20mm
7 ：RT ～＋600℃ B : SUS304
AWHU and AWMD-5 are normally provided with small
8 ：RT ～＋650℃ Applicable thermal
junction
9 ：RT ～＋800℃ expansion coefficient of
AWHU： 5：5mm P: NDIS type plug attached*²
17ppm/°C or closer
10 ：Others R: Bend of gauge backing or pipe
　static/dynamic 800℃ 8：8mm
NB1: Dynamic use AWMD is not Z: Filter-less (AWMD)
applicable.
NB2: RT Room temperature

⑧Temperature compensation materials

⑥MI cable ⑦Supplied cable length
or High-pass filter
2 ：Ф1.6mm　2m No marks: Ф 4.1mm shielded vinyl cable of 0.5m Materials available for temperature-
Core cable of heat-resistive Except for standard length, required length is given in bracket compensation
copper Example: 4.5m long to (4.5) 10.9: SUS430 or equivalent
（6F）
： Ф 1.6mm shielded fluoroethylene propylene cable (FEP) of 11.0: Mild steel (ferritic) or equivalent
0.5m for AWHU-5/-8, AWMD-5 12.7: INCONEL 600 or equivalent
Except for standard length, required length is given after suffix 6F. 17.0: SUS304 or equivalent
Example: 4.5m long to (6F4.5) High-pass filter for only AWMD
1.6Hz 7.2Hz 16Hz
*¹: Select code A for thermal expansion coefficient of 11ppm/°C or closer, or B for coefficent of 17ppm/°C
*²: For option code P, NDIS plug is attached to the end of cables following Temperature-compensation board or High-pass filter.

54
 WELDABLE

AW series（AWM/AWMD）
Weldable

AWM-8

The AWM is usable up to 300°C for both static and dynamic strain measurement. The backing material is available in Inconel 600 or
SUS304 which should be selected according to the test specimen material.

Gauge Gauge base Temperature Applicable coefficient Resist-

Type length Operating temperature compensation range Test specimen of linear thermal ance in
Dimension (mm) Materials (°C)
(mm) (°C) expansion (×10-6/°C) （Ω）
AWM-8-1A-2-11.0 Inconel 600 Mild steel equivalent 11×10-6/°C
AWM / AWMD series

For static/dynamic use Room-temperature

8 L16xW5xT0.7 120
AWM-8-1B-2-17.0 SUS304 ‒196~+300°C ~ +300°C SUS304 equivalent 17×10-6/°C
Leadwire 1.6 mm dia. MI cable 2 m, 4.1 mm dia. shielded vinyl cable 0.5 m (Quarter bridge with 3-wire)
Minimum order quantity is 1 strain gauge.

External dimensions
16 16 10 MI cable 2m 35 Vinyl extension cable of 0.5m
5

Ф 0.8

Ф 1.6

Ф 4.1
Ф6
Ф2
0.7

Red
White
Black

AWMD-5 ／ AWMD-8

The AWMD is applicable up to 800°C and it is dedicated to dynamic strain measurement. A high pass filter is a standard accessory.
Using the high pass filter, unnecessary direct current component or low frequency component (thermal output, drift etc.) in the
measurement signals can be neglected.

Gauge Gauge base Temperature Applicable coefficient Resist-

Type length Operating temperature compensation range Test specimen of linear thermal ance in
Dimension (mm) Materials (°C)
(mm) (°C) expansion (×10-6/°C) （Ω）
AWMD-5-AKM-2(6F)-1.6Hz※ 5 L10xW3xT0.7 Inconel 600 for dynamic use 60
N/A Inconel 600 equivalent 12×10-6/°C
AWMD-8-A-2-1.6Hz ※
8 L16xW5xT0.7 Inconel 600 ‒196~+800°C 120
*: High-pass filter only for AWMD Either one available among 1.6, 7.2 or 16Hz.
Leadwire AWMD-5 : 1.6 mm dia. MI cable 2 m, 1.6 mm dia. shielded fluorinated resin (FEP) cable 0.5 m (Full bridge)
AWMD-8 : 1.6 mm dia. MI cable 2 m, 4.1 mm dia. shielded vinyl cable 0.5 m (Full bridge)
Minimum order quantity is 1 strain gauge.

External dimensions
10 22 10 MI cable 2m 20 FEP cable of 0.5m

AWMD-5
3

Ф 1.6
Ф 1.6
Ф 0.8

Ф2

Ф2
0.7

Vinyl extension cable

16 16 10 35 of 0.5m

AWMD-8
5

Ф 4.1
Ф 0.8

Ф 1.6

Ф6
Ф2
0.7

5 1 High pass filter

30
15

6 2 Red
Plug-in NDIS TML Bridge Green
connector of Box 3 Black
7
TML Dynamic Full bridge White
Strainmeter wiring 4
8
or
Red Option code P for NDIS plug connector available
NDIS plug Green with AWMD/AWH/AWHU attached to Temperature-
connector Black compensation board or High-pass filter
White

55
 WELDABLE

AW series（AWH/AWHU）

Weldable
AWH-4 ／ AWH-8

The backing material of these gauges is available in either of Inconel 600 or stainless steel to be selected according to the material to be measured.
The sensing part has half bridge configuration with active element and dummy element, and it is measured in full bridge method using the attached
temperature compensation circuit board. This gauge is applicable to static measurement in temperature up to 600°C and applicable to dynamic
measurement up to 650°C.

Gauge Gauge base Temperature Applicable coefficient Resist-

Operating temperature

AWH / AWHU series

Type length (°C) compensation range (°C) Test specimen of linear thermal ance in
(mm) Dimension (mm) Materials expansion (×10-6/°C) （Ω）
AWH-4-7A-2-11.0 Inconel 600 Mild steel equivalent 11×10-6/°C
4 L10xW3xT0.8 60
AWH-4-7B-2-17.0 SUS304 static : ‒196~+600°C static : RT~+600°C SUS304 equivalent 17×10-6/°C
AWH-8-7A-2-11.0 Inconel 600 dynamic : ‒196~+650°C dynamic : N/A Mild steel equivalent 11×10-6/°C
8 L16xW5xT0.8 120
AWH-8-7B-2-17.0 SUS304 SUS304 equivalent 17×10-6/°C
Leadwire 1.6 mm dia. MI cable 2 m, 4.1 mm dia. shielded vinyl cable 0.5 m (Full bridge)
Minimum order quantity is 1 strain gauge.

External dimensions
B C 10 MI cable of 2m 35 Vinyl extension
cable of 0.5m
A

Type A B C
Ф 1.6

Ф 4.1
Ф2
Ф1

Ф6

AWH-4 3 10 8
Temperature-compensation AWH-8 5 16 16
0.8

circuit board

Red 35
Green
Black
White
14

AWHU-4 ／ AWHU-8

These gauges can be used in temperature up to 800°C for both static and dynamic measurement. However, owing to the construction of the
sensing element, measurement is recommended in temperature at 600°C or above. The sensing part has half bridge configuration with active
element and dummy element, and it is measured in full bridge method using the attached temperature compensation circuit board. Since these
gauges have small backings and thin sleeves and cables as standard specifications, they are applicable to narrow and/or curved areas.

Gauge Gauge base Temperature Applicable coefficient Resist-

Type length Operating temperature Test specimen of linear thermal ance in
Dimension (mm) Materials (°C) compensation range (°C)
(mm) expansion (×10-6/°C) （Ω）
AWHU-5-9AKM-2(6F)-12.7 5 L10xW3xT0.8 For static/dynamic use Room-temperature Inconel 600 60
Inconel 600 11×10-6/°C
AWHU-8-9AKM-2(6F)-12.7 8 L16xW3xT0.8 ‒196~+800°C ~ +800°C equivalent 120
Leadwire 1.6 mm dia. MI cable 2 m, 1.6 mm dia. shielded fluorinated resin (FEP) cable 0.5 m (Full bridge)
Minimum order quantity is 1 strain gauge.

External dimensions
B C 10 MI cable of 2m 20 FEP cable of 0.5m

Type A B C
A

Ф 1.6
Ф 1.6

AWHU-5 3 10 22
Ф1

Ф2

Ф2

AWHU-8 3 16 16
Temperature-compensation
circuit board
0.8

35
Red
Green
Black
White
14

Shield

Note
Our AWH and AWHU series strain gauges are adjusted to make the thermal output as small as possible in
consideration of the material to be measured, the MI cable length and the range of measurement temperature.
These strain gauges will be supplied on made-to-order basis except AWH-4-7A-2-11.0 and AWH-8-7A-2-11.0.

* Lead wire lengths other than the standard length are available on request. (Made to order: MI cable length is in increments of 1 meter. Vinyl cable length is in increments
of 0.5 meters.)

56
 WELDABLE

AW series（AW/AWC）
Weldable

AW-6-350

These gauges have corrosion-resisting stainless steel backing with thickness of 0.08mm. They are easily installed by using the dedicated
spot welder W-50RC. are suited for strain measurement in high temperature up to 300°C, for measurement of specimen to which
adhesion is not applicable or for long term measurement.

Gauge Gauge base Temperature Applicable coefficient Resist-

Type length Operating temperature Test specimen of linear thermal ance in
Dimension (mm) Materials (°C) compensation range (°C)
AW-6 / AWC series

(mm) expansion (×10-6/°C) （Ω）

AW-6-350-11-4FB01LT 6 L24xW5 SUS304 ‒196~+300°C +10 ~ +100°C Mild steel 11×10-6/°C 350
Leadwire Ф 0.2mm Twisted cross-linked fluorinated resin(PTFE) sheathed leadwire of 0.1m standard (Quarter bridge with 3-wire)
* Lead wire lengths other than the standard length are available on request. (Made to order.)
Minimum order quantity is 5 strain gauges .

External dimensions
24 approx. 90
Red (independent)
Black
5

White

AWC-8B

These gauges are fully encapsulated in a stainless steel tube. It enables long term strain measurement in harsh environment.

Gauge Gauge base Temperature Applicable coefficient Resist-

Type length Operating temperature Test specimen of linear thermal ance in
Dimension (mm) Materials (°C) compensation range (°C)
(mm) expansion (×10-6/°C) （Ω）
AWC-8B-11-3LTSB 8 L28×W5×T1 SUS304 ‒20~+100°C +10 ~ +100°C Mild steel 11×10-6/°C 120
Leadwire Ф 5mm 0.3mm² 3-core shielded vinyl leadwire of 3m standard (0.1Ω/m) (Quarter bridge with 3-wire)
* Lead wire lengths other than the standard length are available on request. (Made to order.)
Minimum order quantity is 1 strain gauge.

External dimensions

Vinyl extension cable of 3m

28 15 55
Red (independent)
Black
5

White
Shield
Ф 1.4

Ф5
Ф8
1.0

57
 WELDABLE

Accessories/Options/Installation example (for weldable strain gauges)

Weldable
W-50RC SPOT WELDER　
This is a spot welder used for installing weldable strain gauges and fixing leadwires. The
welding energy is controlled in two ranges of 1~10 and 5~50 watt second. Its short
welding pulse width of approximately 5 millisecond causes very little thermal damage on
the material to be welded. The welding energy is not influenced by changes in the power
source voltage owing to the adoption of stabilizing circuit. Electrical cables are stored
inside the housing for convenience in field applications.
Specifications
Power supply

Spot Welder / Accessories

Two ranges of 1 to 10 watt second and 5 to 50 watt second
Welding energy Rated voltage
(continuously variable) 60 watt second at maximum (AC110V 50Hz) AC90 to 110V 50/60Hz or AC220V±10% 50/60Hz
Maximum power 550 VA peak (160 millisecond) 210 VA/ 2 times/second
Output voltage Approx. 32 V at maximum consumption
Output pulse width Approx. 5 millisecond Dimensions 300(W) × 200(H) ×195(D) mm (except projecting parts)
Welding interval 2 welds/second at maximum (at 50 watt second) Weight Approx. 13 kg
Continuous use time Approx. 15 minutes (at 1 weld/second, 30 watt second, 23°C±5°C) Standard accessories
Welding holder Holder type III Operation manual............................................................................................................ 1
AC power cable............................................................................................................... 1
Welding force 4.9 to 19.6 N
Welding tip....................................................................................................................... 3
Welding tip Fixing part Ф 3 mm, Tip Ф 1 mm Electrode protection cap................................................................................................. 2
Welding cable length 2m Abrasive paper(#400)...................................................................................................... 5
Hexagonal wrench (width across flats 2.5 mm) .............................................................. 1
Environment 0 to 50°C, 85%RH or less (no condensation) Shoulder belt .................................................................................................................. 1

Examples of option Strain gauge installation by resistance welding

F: Compression fittings Trial Welding (peeling test) Spot Welder W-50RC
The dedicated spot welder is used for probe Supplied
the installation of weldable strain
gauges. metal ribbon
In order to securely install the No
weldable strain gauge on the test Tip good
object, it is necessary to find the
welding conditions suited to the test
×
object 〇
Good
No good ×
Fixing the sleeve A
Supplied metal MI cable
Align the center of the strain gauge
with the positioning mark, and press ribbon
MI cable
down on the gauge so that the gauge
is flush against the test object. Fix
the sleeve A using the supplied metal
to strain gauge to instrument ribbon as shown in the figure.
Sleeve A

R: Bend of gauge backing or pipe Fixing the cable

Weldable gauge Fix the MI cable and the vinyl cable so
AWHU and MI cable as to avoid any load applied to the
fixed sleeve A. Slightly curve the cable
and fix it toward the direction of the
cable end so that any excessive load
is not applied to the cable. Especially,
if the MI cable is fixed along a straight
line, the sensing element may be
damaged by a kink in the leadwire.

Temporarily fixing the gauge sensing part

Align the gauge sensing part with the
positioning mark, and temporarily fix
each one point on both sides of the
strain gauge as shown in the figure by
Stainless steel ribbon resistance welding.
Designed to fix cables

Size 5mm x 10m x 0.08mm Order of resistance welding

10mm x 10m x 0.08mm
Perform resistance welding in the
order shown in the figure. The
appropriate welding interval is
approximately 0.8mm. Refer to the
operation manual for the details.

58
 CONCRETE USE

Polyester Strain Gauges P series

Concrete use

These are wire strain gauges with a grid made of fine electric Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
resistance wire formed on a polyester resin backing. They are PL -60 -11 -3LJC-F
used for measurement of surface strain on concrete, mortar or
Length in meter and type of integral
rocks, and also for short-term measurement on wood.
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Gauge series name

Objective material for temperature compensation

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
P series

 −20〜＋80℃ CN-E −20〜＋80℃

-11: Concrete
Temperature compensation range RP-2 −20〜＋80℃
 ＋10〜＋80℃ PS −20〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
PL-60-11 60 1 74 8 120

Single axis PL-90-11 90 1 104 8 120

PL-120-11 120 1 134 8 120

PL-60-11

●0°/90°
　2-axis
0°/90°
PLC-60-11 60 1 74 74 120
2-axis
Single axis / Multi-axis

PLC-60-11 （×1/4）

●0°/45°/90°
　3-axis
0°/45°/90°
PLR-60-11 60 1 74 74 120
3-axis

PLR-60-11 （×1/4）

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for P series strain gauges

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for
the details of combination of a strain gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are
available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature Type number example

range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature Paralleled vinyl LJB-F PL-60-11-3LJB-F

－20 〜＋80
change) Paralleled vinyl LJC-F PL-60-11-3LJC-F
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJBT-F PL-60-11-3LJBT-F
General use －20 〜＋80
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT-F PL-60-11-3LJCT-F
PL-60-11-3LQM-F
1-Gauge 4-Wire measurement Polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled LQM-F －20 〜＋100
（modular plug attached）
NB: No integral leadwire is available for rosette strain gauges PLC and PLR.

59
 CONCRETE USE

Polyester Foil Strain Gauges PF series

Concrete use
These are foil strain gauges utilizing a polyester resin backing which is the Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
same as the P series. The gauge length is available in 3 ranges of 10, 20 PFL -30 -11 -3LJC-F
and 30mm, so it is suited mainly to strain measurement on concrete or
Length in meter and type of integral
mortar.
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Objective material for temperature compensation
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)

PF series
 −20〜＋80℃ CN-E −20〜＋80℃
-11: Concrete
Temperature compensation range RP-2 −20〜＋80℃
 ＋10〜＋80℃ PS −20〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
PFL-10-11 10 0.9 17.5 5 120
10
20
Single axis PFL-20-11 20 1.2 28 6 120
PFL-10-11 PFL-20-11
PFL-30-11 30 2.3 40 7 120

30

PFL-30-11

●0°/90°
　2-axis

0°/90° PFLC-20-11 20 1.2 28 28 120

2-axis PFLC-30-11 30 2.3 40 40 120

Single axis / Multi-axis

30
20
20

30

PFLC-20-11 （×1/2） PFLC-30-11 （×1/2）

●0°/45°/90°
　3-axis

0°/45°/90° PFLR-20-11 20 1.2 28 28 120

3-axis PFLR-30-11 30 2.3 40 40 120

20 30
20
20

30
30

PFLR-20-11 （×1/2） PFLR-30-11 （×1/2）

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for PF series strain gauges

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for
the details of combination of a strain gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are
available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature Type number example

range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature Paralleled vinyl LJB-F PFL-10-11-3LJB-F

－20 〜＋80
change) Paralleled vinyl LJC-F PFL-10-11-3LJC-F
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJBT-F PFL-10-11-3LJBT-F
General use －20 〜＋80
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT-F PFL-10-11-3LJCT-F
PFL-10-11-3LQM-F
1-Gauge 4-Wire measurement Polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled LQM-F －20 〜＋100
（modular plug attached）
NB: No integral leadwire is available for rosette strain gauges PFLC and PFLR.

60
 CONCRETE USE

Metal Backing Strain Gauges FLM/WFLM series

Concrete use

These strain gauges have thin stainless steel backings which prevent the Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
penetration of moisture from the reverse sides. This construction is aimed FLM -30 -11 -2LJCT
for successful strain measurement on concrete surface. The WFLM
gauges have moisture proofing over-coating and integral leadwire in Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
addition to the stainless steel backing. It is intended for long term Objective material for temperature compensation
measurement or measurement on underwater-curing conctrete. Gauge length
Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Objective material for temperature compensation
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
FLM / WFLM series

 −20〜＋80℃ PS −20〜＋80℃

-11: Concrete
Temperature compensation range
 ＋10〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width Thickness ance Ω

●Single axis

FLM-30-11 30 0.5 60 18 0.12 120

Single axis
FLM-60-11 60 0.7 90 18 0.12 120
FLM-60-11 （×1/2）

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)
Single axis

●Waterproof Type Single axis

0.09mm² 3-wire twisted cross-linked polyethylene Waterproof WFLM-30-11 30 0.5 60 18 4 120
integral leadwire of 2m -2LJQTA type
Total leadwire resistance per meter : 0.4Ω
NB: Integral leadwire length longer than 2m is available. Single axis WFLM-60-11 60 0.7 90 18 4 120

3-wire system

Yellow
Black
Red (independent)
WFLM-60-11-2LJQTA （×1/2）

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

61
 CONCRETE, MORTAR

Mold Strain Gauges PMF series

Concrete, Mortar
Asphalt use
These gauges are designed for the measurement of internal strain of concrete or Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
mortar under loading test. These can also be used for short-term measurement PMFL -50 (-F) -2LJRTA (-F)
of the behavior of concrete. These are embedded into the measurement
position when the concrete or mortar is placed. The gauges employ super Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
engineering plastics as the backing for sealing the sensing element, which Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
provides excellent waterproofing.
Option F: LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge
A temperature-integrated type PMFL-T is available for measurement of both
Gauge length
strain and temperature using our data loggers.
Gauge series name
Operating temperature range ー２0〜＋60℃

PMF / PMFLS series

Gauge pattern Type
Gauge Backing (mm) Resist-
Length(mm) a　 　ｂ　 　ｃ　 　ｄ ance Ω

●Single axis
3-wire system a
2 Gauge length 2 6 PMFL-50 50 60 Ф8 Ф4 27 120

b PMFL-60 60 70 Ф8 Ф4 32 120
c
d Black 0.09mm² 3-wire cross-linked vinyl leadwire of 2m -2LJRTA
Gauge center
Green Total leadwire resistance per meter : 0.4Ω
PMFL-50-2LJRTA Red (independent)

●Temperature sensor integrated

PMFL-50T 50 60 Ф8 Ф4 27 120
3-wire system Refer to page 16 for details of Temperature-integrated strain gauge.
PMFL-60T 60 70 Ф8 Ф4 32 120

Blue (Cu) 0.08mm² integral cross-linked vinyl leadwire of 3m -3TLJBT

PMFL-50T-3TLJBT White (Cu-Ni) Total leadwire resistance per meter : 0.44Ω
　（Loop resistance for copper core wires）
Red (Cu-independent)
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges. * These gauges are made to order.

Note

For long-term measurement of concrete structure,

use Strain Transducer KM

ASPHALT PAVEMENT

Asphalt Mold Strain Gauges PMFLS series

These gauges are embedded in asphalt and used for strain measurement in Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
loading test such as rolling compaction. The material of the backing is super PMFLS -60 -50 (-F) -2LTSC (-F)
engineering plastics featuring high temperature resistivity and waterproofing
performance. The gauges withstand a high temperature up to 200°C during Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
placement of asphalt, and the operating temperature range is ‒20 to +60°C. Option F: LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Operating temperature range ー２0〜＋60℃ Gauge series name

Gauge pattern Type

Gauge Backing (mm) Resist-
Length(mm) a　 　ｂ　 　ｃ　 　ｄ ance Ω

●Single axis
3-wire system a
Gauge center
PMFLS-60-50 60 120 13 Approx. 7 60 120

c Ф 6mm 3-wire shielded chloroprene cable of 2m -2LTSC

b Total leadwire resistance per meter : 0.11Ω

d Black
White
PMFLS-60-50-2LTSC Red (independent)
Shield
Minimum order quantity is 1 strain gauge.

62
 STRAIN TRANSDUCERS

Strain Transducers KM/KM-HAS series

Strain Transducers

Strain measurement in concrete, mortar

and synthetic resin including their early
stage of curing

These strain transducers are designed for measurement of strain in materials such
as concrete, mortar or synthetic resin. Measurement is possible not only after the
material is cured but also during the stage of curing.
The elastic modulus of the transducers is equivalent to approximately 40N/mm2.
KM Series

Therefore, measurement is possible right after the concrete is placed.

The waterproof construction of the transducers makes the transducers totally
impervious to moisture absorption and offers excellent stability for long-term strain
measurement. The thermocouple-integrated transducers enable real temperature
measurement simultaneously with strain measurement, greatly saving the wiring
works. In addition to the internal strain measurement, surface strain measurement
on concrete or steel such as H-beam steel is also available using various optional
accessories. Features
The KM series is compliant to CE marking except for KM-30 and KM-50F. ● Self-temperature-compensation with coefficient of thermal expansion close to
concrete
Protection ratings IP67 equivalent (KM-30) ● Measurement from early stage of concrete curing possible due to the low
IP68 equivalent (KM-50 ~ KM-100BT) elastic modulus
● Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature possible (except
KM-30, KM-50F)
● Surface strain measurement on bracing for earth retaining or steel sheet pile

External dimensions

Input/Output KM-100HAS for asphalt pavement

cable Reinforcing bar
A
Input/Output
E E cable
F
Ф 17
84
ФB
ФC

D (Gauge length)

100

Dimensions (mm) 24 147 Unit: mm

Weight
TYPE
A ФB ФC D E F (g)
This transducer is embedded into asphalt for
KM-30 34 12 10 31 3 M3 DP 4 12
measurement of internal strain. It has reinforcing bar
KM-50F 54 20 17 50 4 M3 DP 6 45 flanges at its both ends for good fixation to asphalt
KM-100B 104 20 17 100 4 M3 DP 6 75 pavement materials. The operating temperature
KM-100HB 104 20 17 100 4 M3 DP 6 80 range of the transducer is ‒20 to +180°C, and It has
KM-100BT 104 20 17 100 4 M3 DP 6 75 fully waterproof construction.

Specifications

Type KM-30 KM-50F KM-100B KM-100HB KM-100HAS KM-100BT

‒6
Capacity ±5000 x 10 strain
Gauge length 31mm 50mm 100mm
Rated output (Approx.) 2.5mV/V (5000 x10‒6) 4mV/V (8000 x10‒6) 2.5mV/V (5000 x10‒6)
Nonlinearity 1%RO
Apparent elastic modulus Approx. 40N/mm²
*¹Strain gauge (350Ω Quarter bridge 3-wire method
Temperature measurement N/A *² Thermocouple T
:50x 10‒6 strain/°C)
Allowable temperature range ‒20~+60°C ‒20~+80°C ‒20~+180°C ‒20~+80°C
Input/Output resistance 120Ω Half bridge 350Ω Full bridge
In addition to the above, special products such as for the use in asphalt or roller compacted concrete are available. Please contact us. *¹ Relative temperature measurement possible
KM-30 and KM-50F are not CE marked. *² Real temperature measurement possible

Input/Output cable
KM-30 2.4mm dia. 0.04mm² 3-core shielded Vinyl cable 2m cable-end free
KM-50F 6mm dia. 0.35mm² 4-core shielded chloroprene cable 2m cable-end free
KM-100B 9mm dia. 0.3mm² 5-core shielded chloroprene cable 2m cable-end free
KM-100HB/-100HAS 6mm dia. 0.3mm² 5-core shielded fluoroplastic cable 2m cable-end free
KM-100BT 9mm dia. 0.3mm² 4-core shielded T-thermocouple compound cable 2m cable-end free

63
 Strain Transducers
■ When using for measurement of internal strain
Measurement of internal strain of concrete structure is possible not only for the behavior after the curing but also for strain during the
curing. Strain in structure is caused by several factors such as external force, ambient temperature, drying shrinkage and material
creep. This transducer is designed to measure every strain generated.
The gauge length of the strain transducer should be about three times the maximum diameter of the aggregate or larger. For the
measurement from the early age of the concrete, use the strain transducer KM-100B or KM-100BT.

Binding wire
● Installation example in reinforced concrete structures
When installing a strain transducer, wind a binding wire round

KM Series
two parts of the transducer body, and position the transducer
in accordance with the marking previously marked on the
reinforcing bars as in the figure. KM

Reinforcing-bar

For transducer protection

■ For surface strain measurement

Surface strain measurement on steel or concrete structures is available with KM-100B or KM-100BT. (Optional fittings such as Spacer
and Collar are available for fixing the transducer and positioning the gauge length.)

● An installation onto the surface of steel structure

The KM model is combined
with optional Collar KMF- Optional Protective Cover
22-100 to install onto the KMF-31-100
surface of steel by welding.

KM transducer

Optional Collar
KMF-22-100

● An installation onto the surface of concrete structure

Optional Protective Cover KMF-32B-100
The KM model is
combined with optional
Collar KMF-23B-100 to KM transducer
install onto the surface of
concrete structure with
anchor bolts.

Optional Collar
KMF-23B-100

64
 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Strain Gauges UBF series

Composite materials

These are foil strain gauges developed for measurement on composite materials. Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
They have a specially designed grid pattern to reduce the stiffening effect of the UBFLA -1 -3LJB-F
strain gauges. In addition, owing to the development of gauge backing with
Length in meter and type of integral leadwire CE
better compliance, the number of repetition in thermal cycling test and the creep compliant leadwire
characteristics have been significantly improved compared to conventional strain Gauge length
gauges. Gauge series name

*　The strain gauge of this series is not self-temperature-compensated. The thermal

output should be measured prior to the actual measurement using a dummy test
piece. Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
−30〜＋150℃
UBF series


CN −30〜＋120℃
Temperature compensation range EB-2 −30〜＋150℃
 N/A

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis

UBFLA-03 0.3 1.9 3.4 2.5 120

UBFLA-03　　（×3）

UBFLA-1 1 1.3 4.5 2 120

UBFLA-1 　　（×3）

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order) Important point
Single axis

Composite materials made of plastics reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP),

carbon fibers (CFRP) or aramid fibers (AFRP) have different elastic modulus
and coefficient of linear thermal expansion depending on the direction of the
fibers. When measuring strain on composite materials, pay enough attention to
its components and the direction of the fibers.

65
 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Strain Gauges BF series (GOBLET) NEW

Composite materials
These are strain gauges designed for measurement on composite materials. Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
They have a specially designed grid pattern to reduce the stiffening effect of BFLAＢ -2 -3 -3LJC-Ｆ
the strain gauge to the measurement object. Coefficient of linear thermal
Length in meter and type of integral
expansion for temperature compensation is available in 3, 5, and 8×10-6/°C, leadwire CE compliant leadwire
which are applicable to ceramic, carbon or composite materials. These strain Objective material for temperature compensation
gauges are CE marked (compliant to RoHS2 Directive). They have joined to Gauge length
our "GOBLET" series. Gauge series name

Objective material for temperature compensation

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
 −30〜＋200℃ CN-E −20〜＋120℃ -3, -5, -8: Composite material ■ (marked on the backing)

BF series (GOBLET)
Temperature compensation range NP-50 −20〜＋200℃ Note: The backing color of BF series gauges are the same for every material for
 ＋10〜＋80℃ EB-2 −20〜＋200℃ temperature compensation.

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion ●Single axis

of objective material (3,5,8) BFLAB-2 2 0.9 7.6 2.5 120
Single axis
BFLAB-5 5 1.5 12.3 3.3 120

●0°/90°2-axis Plane type

BFCAB-2 2 1.3 8 8 120

0°/90° 2-axis
BFCAB-5 5 1.5 11.5 11.5 120

BFCAB-2 BFCAB-5

●0°/45°/90°3-axis Plane type

BFRAB-2 2 1.3 8 8 120

0°/45°/90°

Single axis / Multi-axis

3-axis
BFRAB-5 5 1.5 11.5 11.5 120

BFRAB-2 BFRAB-5
Important point
Composite materials made of plastics reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP),
carbon fibers (CFRP) or aramid fibers (AFRP) have different elastic modulus
and coefficient of linear thermal expansion depending on the direction of the
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges. fibers. When measuring strain on composite materials, pay enough attention to
These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order) its components and the direction of the fibers.

Dedicated leadwires recommendable for BF series strain gauge(made to order)

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked GOBLET series strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.

Type and designation of leadwires

Operating temperature
Usage Leadwire name Type number example
range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature change) Parallel vinyl leadwire LJC-F -20 ~ +80 BFLAB-2-3-3LJC-F
General purpose 3-wire parallel vinyl leadwire LJCT-F -20 ~ +80 BFLAB-2-3-3LJCT-F
Medium high temperature 3-wire parallel special vinyl leadwire LXT-F -20 ~ +150 BFLAB-2-3-3LXT-F
3-wire twisted FEP leadwire 6FA □ LT-F BFLAB-2-3-6FA3LT-F
High temperature -269 ~ +200
3-wire twisted FEP single-core leadwire 6FB □ LT-F BFLAB-2-3-6FB3LT-F
NB: □ shows the lead wire length in meter

66
 PLASTICS

Strain Gauges GF series NEW

Plastics use

These strain gauges are suited to the measurement on materials such as plastics, Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
which have low elastic modulus compared to metal. Our original specially- GFLAB -3 (-350) -50 -3LJC-F
designed grid lowers the rigidity of the strain gauge and reduces the stiffening Length in meter and type of integral
effect to the specimen material. leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Objective material for temperature compensation
These strain gauges are CE marked (compliant to RoHS2 Directive) and have
Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
joined to our "GOBLET" series. Gauge length
Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Objective material for temperature compensation
 −30〜＋80℃ CN −30〜＋80℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
GF series (GOBLET)

Temperature compensation range -50: Epoxy resin ■ -70: Acrylic resin, ABS resin ■
 ＋10〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

Backing length
Gauge ●Single axis
length
GFLAB-3 3 2.3 9.5 4 120
Backing

Gauge

GFLAB-6 6 2.5 14 5 120

width
width

GFLAB-3-350 3 2.9 9.5 5 350

GFLAB-6-350 6 2.7 14 5 350

●0°/90°2-axis
Single axis / Multi-axis

Plane type
GFCAB-3 3 1.4 10.5 10.5 120

GFCAB-3-350 3 2.9 14.5 14.5 350

GFCAB-3 GFCAB-3-350

●0°/45°/90°3-axis
Plane type
GFRAB-3 3 1.4 10.5 10.5 120

GFRAB-3-350 3 2.9 14.5 14.5 350

GFRAB-3 GFRAB-3-350
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Important point

●Influence of elastic modulus

A strain gauge bonded on a material having low elastic modulus such as plastics may disturb the stress distribution of the material around the area where
the strain gauge is bonded. It may cause an apparent lowering of the gauge factor of the strain gauge. This is called a stiffening effect of strain gauge.
The lower the elastic modulus is, the larger the stiffening effect becomes. The gauge factor correction is necessary if the elastic modulus of the test
object is approx. 2.9 GPa (300 kgf/mm2) or lower.

●Effect of Joule heat

The strain gauge of this series has a specially designed grid to reduce the effect of Joule heat in the strain gauge. The allowable current for a strain
gauge is 30 mA when it is bonded on a metal. However, if the strain gauge is bonded on plastics, it is recommended to keep the current at 10 mA or less.

67
 LOW ELASTIC

Strain Gauges LF series NEW

Low elastic
This is a foil strain gauge utilizing special plastics for the backing. It Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
has a grid designed for materials with low elastic modulus, and the LFLAB -10 -11 -3LJC-F
stiffening effect on the measurement object is reduced. Integral
leadwires using lead-free solder are available with option –F. This Length in meter and type of integral
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
strain gauge is CE marked (compliant to RoHS2 Directive) and has
Objective material for temperature compensation
joined to our "GOBLET" series.
Gauge length
Gauge series name
Operating temperature range
 −30〜＋80℃ Applicable adhesives Objective material for temperature compensation

GF series (GOBLET)
CN-E −30〜＋80℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
Temperature compensation range -11: Wood, Gypsum ■
 ＋10〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis

LFLAB-10-11 10 3.1 18.5 5.3 120

LFLAB-10-11

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)

Dedicated leadwire recommended for LF series strain gauges (made to order)

Single axis
We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire. For CE marked GOBLET series strain gauges, only the leadwires using lead-free solder are available.
Type and designation of leadwires (GOBLET)

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature Type number example

range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature Paralleled vinyl LJB-F LFLAB-10-11-3LJB-F

－20 〜＋80
change) Paralleled vinyl LJC-F LFLAB-10-11-3LJC-F
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJBT-F LFLAB-10-11-3LJBT-F
General use －20 〜＋80
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT-F LFLAB-10-11-3LJCT-F
LFLAB-10-11-3LQM-F
1-Gauge 4-Wire measurement Polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled LQM-F －20 〜＋80
（modular plug attached）

68
 WOODEN MATERIAL USE FOR LONG TERM

Strain Gauges PFLW/PLW series

for long term
Wooden material use

These gauges are specially designed for long term measurement on wood. They Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
have a metal foil lined on the back of the PFL or PL strain gauges. The metal foil PFLW -30 -11 -3LJC-F
is effective to protect the strain gauges from an influence of moisture in the wood.
Length in meter and type of integral
These gauges should be bonded with PS adhesive to make the best of their leadwire CE compliant leadwire
performance. Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge length
Gauge series name
Operating temperature range
 −20〜＋80℃ Applicable adhesives
Temperature compensation range PS −20〜＋80℃
PFLW / PLW series

 ＋10〜＋80℃

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis

30 PFLW-30-11 30 2.3 40 7 120

PFLW-30-11

PLW-60-11 60 1 74 8 120

PLW-60-11

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

Dedicated leadwire recommended for PFLW/PLW series strain gauges

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
Single axis

gauge and a leadwire.

Type and designation of leadwires

Usage Leadwire name Operating temperature Type number example

range of leadwire (°C )

General purpose (without temperature Paralleled vinyl LJB-F PFLW-30-11-3LJB-F

－20 〜＋80
change) Paralleled vinyl LJC-F PFLW-30-11-3LJC-F
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJBT-F PFLW-30-11-3LJBT-F
General use －20 〜＋80
3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT-F PFLW-30-11-3LJCT-F
PFLW-30-11-3LQM-F
1-Gauge 4-Wire measurement Polypropyrene 4-wire paralleled LQM-F －20 〜＋80
（modular plug attached）

69
 MAGNETIC FIELD

Non-inductive Strain Gauges MF series

Non-inductive
These are non-inductive strain gauges suited to the measurement in magnetic field. Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
The sensing element of this gauge consists of two identical grids with one grid MFLA -2 -350 -11 -1LJAY
folded back on another. This construction makes to cancel the electromagnetically
induced noise each other. The twisted leadwire is also effective to cancel the Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
induced noise in the same way. Accordingly, this strain gauge is less sensitive to the Objective material for temperature compensation
influence of noise induced in changing magnetic field. Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Gauge series name
 −20〜＋80℃ CN－20〜＋80℃ Objective material for temperature compensation
CN-E－20〜＋80℃ (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
RP-2－20〜＋80℃ -11: Mild steel ■ -17: Stainless steel ■ -23: Aluminium ■

MF series
Single axis (for steel or concrete)
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
（×3）

MFLA-2-350 2 0.5 4.7 1.9 350

MFLA-5-350-□-1LJAY Used leadwire 0.08mm2 twisted vinyl leadwire 1 m
Loop resistance per 1 m: 0.44Ω MFLA-5-350 5 0.7 8.1 1.9 350

MFLA-5-350-□-1LS (Shielded leadwire) Shield

Used leadwire 3.2 mm dia. 2-core twisted shielded vinyl leadwire 1 m
Loop resistance per 1 m: 0.44Ω
●Single axis (for concrete)

MFLA-60-350-□-1LJAY Used leadwire 0.08mm2 twisted vinyl leadwire 1 m

Loop resistance per 1 m: 0.44Ω MFLA-60-350 60 0.1 64 5 350

Single axis / Multi-axis

MFLA-60-350-□-1LS (Shielded leadwire) Shield
Used leadwire 3.2 mm dia. 2-core twisted shielded vinyl leadwire 1 m
Loop resistance per 1 m: 0.44Ω
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.
NB: □ shows the objective material for temperature compensation (×10-6/°C)

Multi-axis (for high temperature use)

Multi-axis strain gauges of this series utilize polyimide resin for Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
the backing and they are applicable to the measurement in high MFCAL -2 (-350) -11 -6FD1LTS
temperature. Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
Objective material for temperature compensation
Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
Gauge length
Gauge series name
Objective material for temperature compensation
Operating temperature range (coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
Applicable adhesives
 −20〜＋200℃ -11: Mild steel -17:Stainless steel -23:Aluminium -28:Magnesium ■
CN－20〜＋80℃
NP-50－20〜＋200℃ Note: The backing color of MF series gauges are the same for every material for
temperature compensation.

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●2-axis 0°/90°Stacked type

MFCAL-2 2 0.1 φ7 120

2 Shield
Used leadwire 1.5 mm dia. 0.04mm 3-wire MFCAL-2-350 2 0.2 φ7 350
twisted shielded FEP leadwire 1 m
MFCAL-2-□-6FD1LTS Loop resistance per 1 m: 1.1 Ω

●3-axis 0°/45°/90°Stacked type

MFRAL-2 2 0.1 φ7 120

Used leadwire 1.5 mm dia. 0.04mm2 3-wire Shield MFRAL-2-350 2 0.2 φ7 350
twisted shielded FEP leadwire 1 m
MFRAL-2-□-6FD1LTS Loopl resistance per 1 m: 1.1 Ω
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.
The length of integral leadwire for multi-axis strain gauges of this series is available up to 1 meter.
NB: □ shows the objective material for temperature compensation (×10-6/°C)

70
 POST-YIELD (Large strain)

Post-yield Strain Gauges YEF series NEW

(Large strain)
Post-yield

These gauges are applicable to the measurement of large strain up Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
to 10~15%. Also these withstand the repeated strain in elastic YEFLAB -2 -3LJC-F
range (at strain level ±1500×10-6 strain) like ordinary strain gauges.
However, these are not applicable to the measurement of repeated Length in meter and type of integral
strain in a large range. Integral leadwires using lead-free solder are leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Gauge length
available with option –F. This strain gauge is CE marked (compliant
to RoHS2 Directive) and has joined to our "GOBLET" series. Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives

YEF series (GOBLET)

 −30〜＋80℃
CN −30〜＋80℃
Strain limit in room-temperature CN-Y −30〜＋80℃
 10～15％

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

Backing length
Gauge
length
Backing

Gauge
width
width

●Single axis
YEFLAB-2 2 1.8 7 4 120
Single axis
YEFLAB-2 YEFLAB-5 YEFLAB-5 5 2 10.5 4 120
Single axis / Multi-axis

●0°/90°2-axis
Plane type YEFCAB-2 2 1.8 9.5 9.5 120
0°/90° 2-axis
Plane type
YEFCAB-5 5 2 13.5 13.5 120
YEFCAB-2 YEFCAB-5

●0°/45°/90°3-axis
Plane type YEFRAB-2 2 1.8 9.5 9.5 120
0°/45°/90°
3-axis
Plane type YEFRAB-5 5 2 13.5 13.5 120
YEFRAB-2
YEFRAB-5

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)

71
 POST-YIELD (Large strain)

Post-yield Strain Gauges YF series

Post-yield
(Large strain)
These gauges are applicable to the measurement of large strain up Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
to 15 to 20%. These are not applicable to the measurement of YFLA -2 -3LJC-F
repeated strain in elastic range as well as in large range.
Length in meter and type of integral
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Gauge length
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
 −20〜＋80℃ Gauge series name
CN −20〜＋80℃
Strain limit in room-temperature CN-Y −20〜＋80℃
 15～20％

YF / YHF series
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
YFLA-2 2 1.8 7.5 4 120
YFLA-2 YFLA-10
YFLA-5 5 1.9 12 4 120

YFLA-10 10 2.6 16.6 4.9 120

YFLA-5 YFLA-20 YFLA-20 20 1.8 26 3.7 120

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)

POST-YIELD (Large strain)

Post-yield Strain Gauges YHF series

Single axis
These gauges are developed for the measurement of very large Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
strain up to 30~40%. These are not applicable to the measurement YHFLA -2 -3LJC-F
of repeated strain in elastic range as well as in large range.
Length in meter and type of integral
leadwire CE compliant leadwire
Operating temperature range Gauge length
Applicable adhesives
 −30〜＋80℃
CN −30〜＋80℃ Gauge series name
Strain limit in room-temperature CN-Y −30〜＋80℃
 30～40％

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis

YHFLA-2 (╳3) YHFLA-2 2 1.5 8 2.7 120

YHFLA-5 5 1.7 11 3 120

YHFLA-5

(╳3)

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)

72
 POST-YIELD (Large strain)

Post-yield Strain Gauges

(Large strain)
Post-yield

Dedicated leadwire recommended for YEF/YF/YHF series strain gauges

We supply various leadwires dedicated to strain gauges so as to meet our customers’ requirements. Please refer to page 32 to 40 for the details of combination of a strain
gauge and a leadwire.
Type and designation of leadwires
Operating temperature
Usage Leadwire name Type number example
range of leadwire (°C )

YEFLAB-2-3LJC-F
General purpose (without temperature
Post-yield Strain Gauges

Paralleled vinyl LJC-F －20 〜＋80 YFLA-2-3LJC-F

change)
YHFLA-2-3LJC-F
YEFLAB-2-3LJCT-F
General use 3-wire paralleled vinyl LJCT-F －20 〜＋80 YFLA-2-3LJCT-F
YHFLA-2-3LJCT-F

Important point

●Performance of YEF/YF/YHF
Strain meas- Fatigue limit at room Change of apparent strain due to cyclic Self-temperature
Series Applications
urement temperature*¹ loading of large strains*² compensation
・Measurement of 10 to 15% elongation
YEF 10~15% 5 x 105 cycles 2000 x 10–6 strain/10 cycles No
・Measurement of repeated strain in elastic range.
YF 15~20% 1 x 102 cycles 2000 x 10 −6 strain/10 cycles No ・Measurement of 15 to 20% elongation

YHF 30~40% 2 x 104 cycles N/A No ・Measurement of 30 to 40% elongation

・Measurement of repeated strain in elastic range.
F 5% 1 x 106 cycles 400 x 10 −6 strain/10 cycles Yes
・Measurement of 5% elongation
*¹ : The number of repetitions at which the indicated strain value changes by 100x10–6 strain or more by applying repeated strain of approx. ±1,500x10–6 strain at 15Hz
*² : Change of indicated strain by applying a repeated strain of approx. ±10,000x10–6 strain at a speed of 4 minutes per cycle.

●Adhesive for YEF/YF/YHF series gauges

These strain gauges should be bonded with CN or CN-Y adhesive. If measurement is made a few days or longer after the strain gauge bonding, the CN-Y should be used.
Measurement of large strain is possible even after one year of bonding the strain gauge with the CN-Y adhesive, provided that the specimens are stored at room temperature
without any unfavorable conditions (moisture, direct sunlight, etc.).

●CN adhesive variation with time

Though CN adhesive is normally used for large elongation strain measurement, the strain limit gradually decreases with the number of days following strain gauge installation.
This variation with time occurs as a consequence of exposure to direct sunlight (UV), temperature and humidity, as well as the number of days after installation. The following
shows an example of the results of testing performed by TML for the effects of adhesive variation with time. While these results show marked differences due to the exposure
conditions of the test specimens (temperature and humidity), they also show that the strain limits for strain gauges decrease as time passes after installation. While this does
not pose a problem in ordinary strain measurement, TML recommends that the measurement ends in 1 or 2 days after installation in the case of large elongation strain
measurement. If the strain gauge is to be left for a long period after being installed, use the CN-Y adhesive.

25

20

YFLA-5
Strain limit (%)

15 YFLA-5
CN
CN
CN-Y
CN-Y
10

0
24 hours 2 days 3 weeks 2 months 6 months 1 year
Time lapse after bonding

●Countermeasure in case there is a span between gauge installation and start of measurement
Store the test specimen with the attached strain gauge in a cool, dark and dry location.
Use the CN-Y adhesive. (Refer to the instructions provided).

●Repeatability of Post-Yield strain gauges

Post-Yield strain gauges can be used once to measure large elongation strain, but cannot be used for measurement of repeated large elongation strain. When repeated testing
is performed in a strain range exceeding 5000x 10–6 , the strain gauge experiences zero drift. Note that the amount of drift varies depending on factors such as the type of
strain gauges and the level and frequncy of strain.

73
 HIGH ENDURANCE

High Endurance Strain Gauges DSF series

High Endurance /
Bending strain
These gauges are designed for fatigue tests, and can reach a fatigue life Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
of over 10 million times at a strain level of ±3000 με. Compared to
previously (1 million times at ±1500×10-6 strain), these are gauges of DSFLA -2 -350 -3LJB
exceptionally high durability.
In aviation and other areas, repeated load tests of large elongation of Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
composite materials are conducted. However, it had been necessary to Gauge resistance
adhere a new strain gauge frequently as a gauge reached its fatigue life. Gauge length
The DSF series greatly reduces time and cost of adhering gauges. Gauge series name

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives

 −60〜＋200℃ CN −60〜＋120℃
EB-2 ／ C-1 −60〜＋200℃

DSF / DD series
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

DSFLA-2-350 2 2 8 3.3 350

DSFLA-2-350
(╳3) DSFLA-5-350 5 2 11 3.2 350

Example of strain gauge fatigue test results

DSFLA-5-350
(╳3) Conventional type FLA-5-11
(approx. 25000 cycles)
Indicated strain (μɛ)

The strain gauge of this series is not self-temperature-compensated. It is

recommended to measure the thermal output prior to the actual measurement using High stress durability
a dummy test piece made of the same material as the object to be measured. DSFLA-5-350
(approx. 10 million cycles)
Fatigue Limit
This number is determined as the number of cycles in case a mechanically
repeated strain of ±3000x10 –6 strain is applied to the strain gauge before the
indicated strain changes by ±300x10 –6 strain.

Single axis
Strain level of the fatigue test at room temperature ±3,000x10 ‒6 strain (15Hz)

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order) Number of cycles

BENDING STRAIN

One-side Strain Gauges DD series

These gauges are intended for measuring the bending and tensile strains separately by Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
simply bonding the gauges on one side of a plate or beam. It works on the assumption DD -1 -15 (-F)
that the strain distribution in the section of the specimen is linear along the height of the
section when the section is subjected to both tensile and bending stress. The gauges
Option F: LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge
are effectively used for the measurement of a box construction in structures such as
Gauge backing length
bridges or pressure vessels, where the reverse side of the measurement object is not Gauge length
accessible for strain gauge installation. Gauge series name
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
 −10〜＋70℃ CN −10〜＋70℃
P-2 −10〜＋70℃

Thickness of applicable Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
specimen (mm) Length Width Length Width Thickness ance Ω

c
a b c
b
Approx. 5 or less DD-1-15 3 2.9 15 7 1 350
a
Approx. 5 to 10 DD-2-30 3 2.9 30 7 2 350

These strain gauges are not self-temperature-compensated. It may be necessary to

measure a thermal output using a dummy specimen prior to the measurement.
Minimum order quantity is 5 strain gauges.

74
 CRACK PROPAGATION MEASUREMENTS

Crack Detection Gauges FAC series

Stress gauges
Crack Detection /

These gauges are designed to measure the propagation speed of fatigue crack in a ●Crack Gauges
metal specimen. The gauges are bonded with an adhesive on the position where the
crack is initiated or the crack initiation is expected. The grids of the gauges, which are
aligned at interval of 0.1mm or 0.5mm, are disconnected one by one with the FAC-5
propagation of the crack. The gauges are used together with the crack gauge adapter
CGA-120B, and the disconnection of one grid is measured as the change of approx. 45
or 40×10-6 strain by a strainmeter.

Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives

FAC / SF series

 －30〜＋80℃ CN −30〜＋80℃

RP-2 −30〜＋80℃
FAC-20
Minimum order quantity is 10 crack gauges.

●Crack Gauge adapter CGA-120B

Crack open To instruments →

auge
FAC G

CGA-120B
Crack Gauge adapter

Minimum order quantity is 1 crack gauge adapter.

CRACK GAUGES Crack Gauge adapter CGA-120B
Gauge type FAC-5 FAC-20 Measuring point 1 point
Measuring range 4.5mm 20mm Allowable temperature -30 ~ +80°C
Gauge resistance approx. 1Ω Bridge connection Quarter bridge 3-wire method 120Ω
Grid interval 0.1mm 0.5mm Dimensions 20(W) x 15(H) x 15(D) mm (except projection parts)
Number of grids 46 41 Weight 5g
Output per grid approx. 45×10-6 strain approx. 40×10-6 strain ・Option F: LEAD-free soldering
Operating temperature -30 ~ +80°C Example） Crack gauge FAC-5-F / FAC-20-F
Backing size 28 x 5mm 43 x 25mm adapter CGA-120B-F

AXIAL STRESS MEASUREMENT

Stress Gauges SF series

These gauges are intended to measure the stress in an optional direction Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
of the specimen in plane stress field. The gauges are sensitive not only in SFA -285 -11 -3LJC-F
these axial direction but also in the transverse direction, and the sensitivity
Length in meter and type of integral leadwire CE
ratio of the transverse direction to the axial direction is equal to the compliant leadwire
Poisson’s ratio of the specimen material. In addition, the gauges are not Objective material for temperature compensation
sensitive to the shearing strain. Accordingly, the output of the gauges is Poisson's ratio of specimen
Gauge series name
proportional to the stress in the axial direction. The gauges are available in
three types depending on the Poisson’s ratio of the specimen material. Objective material for temperature compensation
(coefficient of linear thermal expansion ×10-6/°C)
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives -11: Mild steel -17:Stainless steel -23:Aluminium ■
 −20〜＋200℃ NP-50 −20〜＋200℃
Note: The backing color of SF series gauges are the same for every material for
Temperature compensation range C-1 −20〜＋200℃
temperature compensation.
 ＋10〜＋100℃ CN −20〜＋120℃

Gauge pattern Poisson's ratio Type

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
of specimen Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis

0.285 SFA-285-11
0.305 SFA-305-17 4 3 9 6 120
SFA-285
0.330 SFA-330-23

(╳3)
Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.
These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)

75
 TEMPERATURE MEASURUREMENT

Temperature Gauges TF series

Temperature
measururement
These gauges are bonded on the specimen surface like ordinary strain Please specify the type number as shown in the example below.
gauges, and measure the surface temperature. By combining with the TFL -2 (-60) (-F) -3LJB (-F)
dedicated temperature gauge adapter (TGA-1A or TGA-1B), actual
temperature can be measured easily using a strainmeter. Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
Length in meter and type of integral leadwire
Option F: LEAD-free soldering of strain gauge
Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives Gauge resistance ( blank for 120Ω)
 −20〜＋200℃ NP-50 −20〜＋200℃ Gauge length
C-1 −20〜＋200℃ Gauge series name
CN −20〜＋120℃

TF series / Platinum RTD

/ Thermocouple
Gauge pattern Type Sensitivity Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-
（Ω/℃） Length Width Length Width ance Ω

TFL-2-60 0.34 approx. 2 1.9 6.1 3.5 60

TFL-3-60 0.34 approx. 3 3.2 8.5 5 60

TFL-2-60 TFL-8
TFL-6-60 0.34 approx. 6 2.6 12.4 4.5 60
Minimum order quantity is 10 gauges.
These gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order) TFL-8 0.68 approx. 8 3.5 14 5.5 120

To strainmeter → A:Red
Cable length 1.5m B:Green
TGA-1A/TGA-1B Temperature Gauge Adapter C:Black
This adapter is used with temperature gauges TF series for direct reading of D:White
temperature with a strainmeter, and converts output to 100x10-6 strain/°C. E:Shield

Minimum order quantity is 1. TFL-8

NDIS plug connector
Tokyo Measuring Instruments Lab.

Type of Applicable Temperature Sensitivity Accuracy Dimensions

Bridge mode Weight
adapter gauge °C (x10‒6 strain/°C) (°C) W x H x D(mm) Temperature Gauge Adapter
TFL-2-60
TGA-1A TFL-3-60 -20 ~ +200 100 ±1 or less Full bridge 100 × 40 × 70 370g
TFL-6-60
TGA-1B TFL-8 ｰ20 ~ +200 100 ±1 or less Full bridge 100 × 40 × 70 370g

TEMPERATURE MEASURUREMENT

Platinum RTD / Thermocouple

PLATINUM RTD

■PLATINUM RTD (Pt 100) External dimensions

5 10
The Platinum RTD is mounted on a specimen and connected to a Data logger(TDS-630/-540/-150,TC-
32K ets.) to measure temperature. Easy measurement of temperature by bonding to specimen with strain
gauge adhesive. Units equipped with leadwire are also available upon request.
2

Base size Operating

Type Rated current (mm) Resistance temperature
1

CRZ-2005 1mA or less 5.0×2.0×1.1 100Ω (at 0°C) –40 ~ +400 °C Unit: mm
Minimum order quantity is 10.

THERMOCOUPLE

A thermocouple configures the closed circuit in which a small electric and measures temperature using thermoelectric effect produced at both
current flows in the circuit composed of a pair of dissimilar conductors, ends of conductors in different temperatures.
Core Outer Sheath color Heat-resistive
Thermo- Length per roll
Type diameter dimension Sheath materials Insulator Outer temperature Remarks
couple (m)
(mm) (mm) + − sheath (ºC)
T-G-0.32 T 0.32 2.1×3.2 Heat-resistive vinyl Red White Brown approx.100 100
T-G-0.65 T 0.65 2.6×4.0 Heat-resistive vinyl Red White Brown approx.100 100
T-6F-0.32 T 0.32 1.0×1.6 Fluoroethylene propylene Red White Brown approx.200 100
T-6F-0.65 T 0.65 1.5×2.5 Fluoroethylene propylene Red White Brown approx.200 100
T-GS-0.65 T 0.65 Ф 7.2 Heat-resistive vinyl Red White Brown approx.100 100 Shielded
K-H-0.32 K 0.32 1.4×2.3 Glass fiber Red White Blue approx.350 100
K-H-0.65 K 0.65 2.0×3.4 Glass fiber Red White Blue approx.350 100

76
 BOLT AXIAL STRAIN MEASUREMENT

Bolt Strain Gauges BTM series

measurement
Bolt axial strain

These gauges are used for measurement of tensile strain of bolt. They
are simply inserted into pre-drilled hole in the bolt with exclusive Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
adhesives. This method is recommendable when an ordinary strain  −10〜＋80℃ A-2 −10〜＋80℃
gauges can not be mounted on the bolt surface. Accurate tensile force
measurement is possible by calibrating the bolt after installing the bolt
gauges.
The BTM bolt gauges use heat-curing A-2 adhesive for installation, which
provides better long-term stability.
BTM series

Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Resist-

Gauge pattern Type
Length Width Length Width ance Ω

●Single axis
5.6
1.8 3.8
Gauge center Gauge Lead : Ф 0.14mm Polyurethane leadwire (Cu) of 80mm
BTM-1C

12
5 7 Gauge center Gauge Lead : Ф 0.14mm Polyurethane leadwire (Cu) of 80mm
BTM-6C

12
5 7 Gauge center Temperature integrated Green: Cu
BTM-6CTA
Light yellow : Cu-Ni
Red : Cu (independent)
Gauge Lead: Ф 0.14mm Polyurethane insulated wire (Cu) of 80mm
Ф 0.12mm Polyester leadwire (Cu-Ni) of 80mm

BTM-1C
Gauge Lead 1 0.7 5.6 1.4 120
（Hole drilled：Ф 1.6mm）

Bolt
BTM-6C
6 1 12 1.7 120
（Hole drilled：Ф 2.0mm）
A-2
Adhesive
BTM-6CTA
BTM
（Hole drilled：Ф 2.0mm） 6 1 12 1.7 120
Temperature integrated applicable in -10~+80°C
NB : Polyurethane insulation of the gauge leads is easily removed by heat of soldering iron,
while Polyester sheath is removed by chemical solvent.

Minimum order quantity is 10 strain gauges.

These strain gauges are available with integral leadwires attached. (made to order)

Optional syringe and needle

Exclusive syringe for injecting A-2 adhesive into the pre-drilled hole
before BTM gauge is embedded.

Applicable to Needle diameter Needle length

BTM-1C 1.5mm-dia. 60mm

BTM-6C 1.8mm-dia. 100mm

77
 BOLT AXIAL STRAIN MEASUREMENT

Bolt Strain Gauges BTMC series

Bolt axial strain

measurement
These gauges are used for measurement of tensile strain of bolt. They
are simply inserted into pre-drilled hole in the bolt with exclusive Operating temperature range Applicable adhesives
adhesives. This method is recommendable when an ordinary strain  −10〜＋80℃ CN −10〜＋80℃
gauges can not be mounted on the bolt surface. Accurate tensile force
measurement is possible by calibrating the bolt after installing the bolt
gauges.
The BTMC gauges have a tube shape sensing element, and they are
installed with fast-curing CN adhesive. The installation is easily made at
room temperature.

Backing

BTMC series
Gauge Gauge
Length Center diameter Resist-
Gauge pattern Type
(mm) a(mm) ance Ω
Фb (mm)

●Single axis BTMC-05-D10-003LE

0.5 5 Ф 0.9 120
（Hole drilled：Ф 1.0mm）
a Фb
BTMC-1-D16-003LE
1 5 Ф 1.5 120
Gauge Lead （Hole drilled：Ф 1.6mm）
Gauge center
50
BTMC-3-D20-006LE
3 10 Ф 1.9 120
（Hole drilled：Ф 2.0mm）

Gauge Lead: Ф 0.1mm Polyimide insulated of 30mm for BTMC-05 and BTMC-1, 60mm for BTMC-3

78
 BOLT AXIAL STRAIN MEASUREMENT

Bolt strain gauge installation/calibration service

measurement
Bolt axial strain

Currently, bolts are used in various fields for connecting structural TML offers strain gauging service for measurement of axial force acting on
members. Confirmation and management of the fixing condition are bolts. The service includes drilling a hole, fixing the gauge, connecting the
possible by measuring axial force applied to the bolt in machine structures, cable, and applying load calibration to the bolt supplied by the customer.
cars, airplanes, expressways, bridges, fixing of segments and so on. Also Strain gauge installation service for high temperature is also available.
the axial force measurement is useful for knowing the strength of bolt and
designing the bolt connection.

Processing method
There are two methods in strain gauge installation service. One is
embedding, and the other is bonding.
calibration service
Bolt strain gauge installation /

Embedding BTM/BTMC series Bonding F, QF, ZF, CF series

A hole of 1.0mm, 1.6mm or 2mm in diameter is drilled in the center of the T
 wo strain gauges are bonded on both sides of the bolt shaft in axially
bolt. The strain gauge is inserted into the hole and embedded with an symmetric positions to cancel the influence of bending. It is required to
exclusive adhesive. This method has the advantage of avoiding the slightly scrape off the surface of the bolt shaft where the strain gauges
gauge being damaged by a washer, etc. while fastening the bolt. are bonded, for the purpose of avoiding strain gauges being damaged
while fastening the bolt or by contact of a washer. Choose strain gauges
according to the usage conditions including temperature.

Gauge
embedded
Cut away

BTM gauges

Bolt specimen
Bolt drilled
Gauge Wiring and
embedded overcoating

Important point

Embedment or installation service of strain gauges

on bolts for high temperature use is available
including the calibration work. Please contact us for
the details.

Calibration service
In order to achieve accurate measurement, we offer calibration service in which the bolt is calibrated with specified load. Instruments and calibration
machines used for the calibration service are periodically calibrated and inspected by public institutions traceable to the national standards.

Example)
Tensile test of bolt (bolt size : M10×1.25 L=65)
Load Non-linearity Calibration coefficient
0.0 4.6 9.2 13.8 18.4 23.0
(KN) (%RO) (kN/1×10–6)
Strain output
0 378 747 1129 1518 1916 1.1 0.0120
(×10–6)

79
 Transducer-specific

Transducer-specific strain gauge

Transducer-specific
TML strain gauges are used not only for the purpose of knowing strain/
stress but also as sensors for strain gauge type transducers. A strain GAUGE BACKING MATERIALS
gauge type transducer converts physical quantity such as load, pressure or
Unlike stress measurement gauges, the gauge backing materials for
displacement into mechanical strain on the strain generating body (elastic
transducer-specific strain gauge cannot be determined based solely on the
body), and the mechanical strain is converted into electrical output using
operating temperature and bonding method. To ensure maximum
strain gauges mounted on the elastic body. We offer various types of
transducer performance, it is necessary to test various combinations using
transducer-specific strain gauges featuring highly reliable and stable
different stress-generating bodies (elastic bodies) to select the most suitable
performance.
backing mateirals.
Force transducers (Load Cells)
Pressure transducers OPERATING TEMPERATURE

Strain Gauge
Acceleration transducers Operating temperature range differs from heat-resistive temperature. F
Displacement transducers series gauge (with epoxy backing) is also available for use of heat-curing
Torque transducers type bonding adhesives. Refer to pages 87 and 88 for the details.

Gauge series Gauge backing materials Operating temperature

VARIOUS TYPES OF TML TRANSDUCER-SPECIFIC STRAIN GAUGES F Special plastic resin –20~+80℃
QF Polyimide resin –20~+200℃
GAUGE PATTERN AND GAUGE LENGTH EF Polyimide resin –20~+200℃

Single, Rectangular 2-element, Torque (Shearing) strain measurement.

Pattern Gauge length (mm)

TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION
Similarly as general purpose strain gauges, self-temperature-compensated
Single axis 2、3
gauges are available in three types for mild steel, stainless steel and
0°/90° 2-axis 2、3、6 aluminium. Better temperature compensation is available by configuring a
Torque measurement 2 bridge circuit using self-temperature-compensated strain gauges. More
precise temperature compensation is achieved by adding a resistor for zero
point compensation in the bridge circuit.
Pattern Note) EF series gauges are self-temperature-compensated for mild steel
only.
Single axis Torque
Self-temperature-compensation materials
Gauge series
(Linear thermal expansion coefficient in ppm/°C)
-11: Mild steel
F -17: Stainless steel
-23: Aluminium
（LA） （CT）

0°/90° 2-axis 0°/90° 2-axis

CREEP ADJUSTMENT
The creep characteristic is particularly important in force transducers. The
most common compensation system uses the material creep (+) of the
stress-generating body (elastic body) and the gauge creep (‒) to cancel
each other. Various TML strain gauges are available for creep adjustment
and are selectable by creep code.

Creep code
Gauge creep Large　 　Small
（CB） （CM） Creep code C2 > C4 > C6 > C8

2 types of 0°/90° 2-axis gauge are lined-up with different pattern of gauge

TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY COMPENSATION

tab. CM-type has half-bridge configuration.

Elastic modulus of strain-generating body (elastic body) varies with

temperature. In the same manner, as ambient temperature around the
strain-generating body varies, it results in a change of measured strain
GAUGE RESISTANCE under loaded condition. To reduce such temperature influence, sensitivity
compensation resistor is assembled in bridge circuit.

Pattern Gauge resistance (Ω)

Single axis 350, 1000

Coding system of Transducer-specific strain gauges
0°/90° 2-axis 120, 350
Torque measurement 350 FLA -2 -350 -C2 -11 (-F)
Option F : LEAD-free soldering of leadwire
Please note that 1000Ω gauge has less power consumption in Gauge length Self-temperature-compensation number
bridge circuit comparing to 350Ω gauge's and limits Joule heat 11: Mild steel
Creep code 17: Stainless steel
generation.
23: Aluminium

80
 Frictional strain gauges

Frictional Strain Checker FGMH series

Frictional strain gauges Strain Checker FGMH series

No bonding is required for strain measurement on steel

Features
● Easy mounting and detaching by lever operation
● Paint removal, grinding, bonding and curing are not necessary
● Can be used repeatedly
● Strain measurement in three directions (FGMH-3A)
Frictional
pressing strain gauges
frictional force

upper paints

lower paints

strain

The Strain checker FGMH series measures strain using frictional force working on the can easily measure strains on steel materials such as bridges by changing measurement
contact surface of the frictional strain gauge by pressing the gauge against the structure point one after another. It is the most suited to preparatory measurements before
with magnetic force. Unlike bondable strain gauges, surface preparation and bonding starting a long term measurement.
works are not required for this gauge, thus the works required for strain measurement are In the FGMH series, three types are available. They are FGMH-1B and FGMH-2A both for
largely reduced. In combined use with a handheld type strainmeter, the strain checker single axis measurement and FGMH-3A for 0°/45°/90° three-axis measurement.

FGMH-1B(Single axis measurement) FGMH-2A(Single axis measurement)

Magnet lever

Magnet

Lever

Frictional strain gauge Frictional strain gauge

Magnet CBF-3-004LOP
CBF-6-01LOP
The FGMH-1B is a strain checker constructed small and light. The frictional strain gauge The FGMH-2A is a strain checker especially designed for measurement on a small area
is set to on, off and replacing position by the operation of lever, thus allowing easy such as the vicinity of a welded part. It can be easily attached to and detached from
handling of the strain checker. measurement object by the operation of magnet lever. In addition, a lever is provided on
the upper part to slightly lift the frictional strain gauge from the measurement surface by
pushing the lever downward. It enables easy adjustment of the direction of the strain
gauge.

FGMH-3A(Three-axis measurement 0º/45º/90º)

The FGMH-3A is a strain checker for three-axis measurement in 0°/45°/90°. Principal

stress (principal strain) and its direction can be found by applying rosette analysis
calculation to the measured strain values in three directions. It is applicable to
Lever measurement in the vicinity of weld bead like as the FGMH-2A. Also similarly as the
Magnet FGMH-2A, it can be easily attached to and detached from a measurement object by the
operation of magnet lever. Another lever is provided for easy adjustment of the direction
of the strain gauge.

The frictional strain gauge is a consumable part.

If it is stained, deteriorated or damaged, replace it with a new one.

Option : Applicable frictional strain gauge

Applicable frictional strain gauge

Type
Standard CE compliant
FGMH-1B CBF-6-01LOP CBF-6B-01LJAP-F
FGMH-2A CBF-3-004LOP CBF-3B-004LJAP-F
Frictional strain gauge
CBFR-3-006LOP FGMH-3A CBFR-3-006LOP CBFR-3B-006LJAP-F

81
 Frictional strain gauges
Application examples
● Preparatory measurement of bridge which will undergo a long term measurement Strain measurement in a narrow area
Stress concentration is caused in the vicinity of
● Investigation of neutral axis position of composite girder bridge weld bead, which is deposit of welded
● Stress direction of structural member of bridge on which fatigue crack is initiated materials along the welding pass. The strain
checker FGMH-2A/FGMH-3A is capable of
● Stress measurement of newly built bridge where paint removal is not available. strain measurement in a narrow area such as
the vicinity of weld bead because it is easily
attached and detached by ON/OFF operation
of the magnet lever. Strain in three directions
can be measured simultaneously by the use of

Strain Checker FGMH series

FGMH-3A.

Specifications
Type FGMH-1B FGMH-2A FGMH-3A
Number of axes Single axis Three-axis
Gauge length 6mm 3mm
Operating temperature 0 ～ +60℃
Compensated tempe-
0 ～ +60℃
rature range
Objective material Metal, Steel (Coefficient of thermal expansion 11ppm/ºC)
Gauge factor Approx. 2.00
Input/Output resistance 120Ω
Measurement mode Full bridge
Input/Output cable ― Ф 3mm 0.05mm2 4-core shielded chloroprene cable of 2m NDIS 7-pin plug attached
Leadwire with bridge circuit board 2m, NDIS 7-pin
Supplied cable ―
plug attached
Weight (excluding cable) Approx. 60ｇ Approx. 260g
Note:
・The strain checker is installed on a measurement object by magnetic force. It is not applicable to measurement on non-magnetic materials.
・The strain checker is not applicable to the use on a curved or uneven surface.
・If the vicinity of the strain checker is hit strongly with a hammer or equivalent, a shift in the measured value may be caused.
・Correct measurement may not be possilble by the strain checker on a machine or structure experiencing strong vibration.
・For more precise measurement, it is recommended to remove the paint and to bond an ordinary strain gauge on the base metal surface.

Dimensions
FGMH-1B
(Single axis)
65

8 18
Ф 34

FGMH-3A(0º/45º/90º Three-axis)
FGMH-2A
(Single axis)) Input/Output cable 3-Input/Output cable

18
18
12 12

Input/Output
cable
approx.70
approx.70

Gauge Gauge
backing backing
surface Magnet base surface Magnet base
8 25＊ 8 25＊
8
10 8 8
30 approx.80 30 approx.80

Unit : mm
*: Where the gauge backing surface is in parallel with the magnet base. (FGMH-2A, FGMH-3A)

82
 Frictional strain gauges

Frictional Axial Strain Transducer FGAH-1B

Frictional strain gauges Frictional Axial Strain Transducer

This transducer measures axial strain of steering tie-rod of a car and

consists of two types FGAH-1B-R and FGAH-1B-H for which a cross
section of the rod is round shape or hexagon's. It is also suited to measure
axial strain of a tension rod used in aseismic reinforcement structure or
in steel frame structure. Since frictional strain gauges are used in this
transducer, installation is completed and it gets ready for measurement
by merely pinching the rod with the transducer, without detaching the rod.
There is no need of technical skill and complicated works for attaching
strain gauges on the rod.
NB:
• Frictional strain gauges are consumable parts.
Applicable type of frictional strain gauges is CBFC-2 (option).

Specifications
Type FGAH-1B-R FGAH-1B-H
Round shape Hexagon shape Width
Applicable shaft
Ф10 ~ 25mm across flats 10~25mm
Capacity ±1000×10-6 strain
Applicable not only for tie-rod of motor cars
Rated output Approx. 2600×10-6 strain
b u t a l s o fo r t e n s i o n r o d of a r c h i t e c t u r a l
Non-linearity 1%RO
structures
Allowable temperature range -30 ~ +60°C (no dew condensation)
Features Frequency response Approx. 6.5kHz

● Easily installed by just clamping-on without detaching the Input/output resistance 1000Ω±3%
existing tie-rod Dimensions Approx. Ф52x35mm
● Tensile force management of rod between sheet piles or in Weight Approx.55g(excluding spacers and cable)
architectural structures is easily achieved – The　 Protection rating Equivalent to IP51
transducer can be used repeatedly Recommended exciting voltage 2V
● Applicable rod: Allowable exciting voltage 5V
FGAH-1B-R : Diameter is 10 to 25mm
Input/output cable Ф3.2mm 0.08mm² 4-core shielded vinyl cable 5m
FGAH-1B-H : Width cross flats 10 to 25mm
(Optional spacers are required)
● Small and light construction which allows installation in a
narrow space Installation image
Installation on tension rod of
Dimensions aseismic reinforcement structure
FGAH-1B-R
Shaft (Rod)Ф 10 ~ 25mm
adjustble by 0.1mm step
Turnbuckle part

Fixing
bracket Spacers

Installation on steering tie-rod of a car

Width across flats
10~25mm adjustable
FGAH-1B-H by 0.1mm step

Spacers

Fixing
screw
Unit : mm

83
 Frictional strain gauges

Frictional Torque Sensor System FGDH-3A

Frictional strain gauges

Dimensions
Charge terminal
cover retainer

Fixing Spacers
bracket

Frictional Torque Sensor System

Frictional
strain gauges

50
Type A
Torque Sensor System measures torque on the drive shaft of a car.
Frictional strain gauges are used as sensing elements, and installation FGDH-3A 52
is completed by clamping the torque sensor system onto an existing FGDH-3A-30/40 64
shaft and securing it with a screw. There is no need of detaching the FGDH-3A-40/50 75
shaft, bonding nor wiring strain gauges for installation. Applicable shaft ФA
diameters are ø20 to 30 mm, ø30 to 40 mm, and ø40 to 50 mm. A digital
telemetry transmitter is built in the sensor, and measured data are
transmitted to an exclusive receiver DT-182R by wireless and output as
analog signals. For wireless transmission, 2.4GHz band advanced low
power data communication system is used. Power supply uses a USB
power cable with recharging capability, so the sensor can be recharged
without needing to be removed.
[Patent registered] Power switch
with LED
Features
Unit : mm
● Easily installed by just clamping-on without detaching the drive
shaft Specifications (Receiver)
Type DT-182R
● Three types available for applicable shaft diameter of 20~30,
30~40 and 40~50 mm [ Wireless part ]
Number of receptions 1
● No bonding is required because frictional strain gauges are used
Conforms to 2.4GHz band advanced low power data
● Globally standardized 2.4GHz band data communication system Wireless specifications
communication system
is used for noise resistant digital transmission Number of wireless channels 16 channels (Set by wave channel switch)
● Battery is rechargeable with the FGDH installed on the shaft Antenna connecting terminal SMA connector
● Power saving function provided [ Volage output part ]
1 of either received strain value or transmitter battery
Number of voltage outputs
voltage (BNC)
Specifications (Toque transducer) Strain measurement ±5V FS (at ±16000x10‒6 strain input, 5kΩ load)
Type FGDH-3A FGDH-3A-30/40 FGDH-3A-40/50 Transmitter battery voltage
+1.3 ~ +3.9V (5kΩ load)
measurement
Applicable shaft diameter Ф20.0 ~ 30.0mm Ф30.0 ~ 40.0mm Ф40.0 ~ 50.0mm
Voltage output accuracy ±0.5%FS (Entire system)
Capacity Depends on the diameter (outer/inner) and material of the shaft
Stability on zero ±0.55mV/°C (Entire system)
Depends on the diameter (outer/inner) and mateiral of the shaft
Output However, within ±16000x10‒6 strain including initial unbalance of Stability on sensitivity ±0.05% FS/°C (Entire system)
±2000x10‒6 strain SN ratio 47dB
Non-linearity 1%RO Calibration output level ±5V
Allowable temperature -20 ~ +60°C (no dew condensation) Low-pass filter 100Hz, 500Hz, PASS(1kHz)(‒3dB±1dB)
Sampling frequency 5kHz Balancing range ±6000x10‒6 strain
Frequency response 1kHz Balancing accuracy ±5mV
Conforms to 2.4GHz band advanced low power data LED for output level, Low-pass filter selection switch,
Wireless specifications Display/Operation
communication system Calibration output selection switch, Balancing switch
Number of wireless channels 16 [ General Specifications ]
Dimensions Ф52 x 50mm Ф64 x 50mm Ф75 x 50mm Power source voltage DC9~16V
Weight (excluding spacer) Approx. 85g Approx. 130g Approx. 160g Current consumption 80mA Max. (when DC12V is supplied at +23°C ±5°C)
Protection rating Equivalent to IP51 HOSHIDEN HEC3800
Connector
Continuous operating time Approx. 6 hours (23±5°C) (Compatible plug : Ф5.5x3.3 PIN Ф1mm)
Power source Lithium-ion secondary battery Operating environment 0 ~ +50°C, 85%RH or less (no dew condensation)
Accessory USB charger External dimensions 48(W) x 23.5(H) x 100(D) mm (except projecting parts)
Weight Approx. 140g
NB:
• This system is approved for use in Japan, the EU member countries, the People's BNC coaxial cable (CR-31)
Republic of China. Please contact us for other countries. DC power cable (CR-062)
• This system may not be applicable depending on the material, surface roughness or Standard accessory Receiving antenna (AA2402RSPU)
surface treatment of the shaft. Please contact us beforehand. USB charger (FGDHF-52)
• Frictional strain gauges are consumable parts. Applicable type of frictional strain gauge is USB cable (mini-B - A)(CR-6187)
CBFTC-2-005CT. (option). NB:
• A torque driver is required for the installation of FGDH-3A • Coaxial cable for the extension of receiving antenna is required.
C3RSPJ-EXT-1M (1m long), C3RSPJ-EXT-3M (3m long), C3RSPJ-EXT- 5M(5m long)

84
 Measurement method

Residual stress measurement

Measurement method Residual stress measurement

Residual stress, which is caused in structural parts by heat treatment, directly measuring strain as nominal stress value. However, it is difficult
welding or loading of the parts, lowers the strength and fatigue strength to know residual stress in general strain measurement. There are two
of the structures because the residual stress is added to the actual load methods for measuring residual stress using strain gauges. One is a
even if the actual load is within the allowable range. Evaluation of partial release method (mainly drilling method) to release the residual
residual stress is an impor tant factor for improving the machining stress locally by making a slit or hole in the vicinity of the strain gauge.
accuracy, evaluating the integrity and diagnosing the surplus life of the Another is a full release method (mainly cutting method) to release the
structural parts. residual stress by cutting around the strain gauge by machining. We
Residual stress measurement using a strain gauge has the advantage of supply strain gauges dedicated to residual stress measurement.

Method using partial release

This method is applied when a slight mechanical destruction (semi- measured, and residual stress is calculated using the strain and
destruction) is allowed for the specimen even though it cannot be fully parameters such as drilling diameter and elastic modulus and Poisson’s
destroyed. A hole of approximately 2 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth ratio of the specimen. Since the hole must be drilled exactly in the
will be made. A strain gauge dedicated to residual stress measurement center of the strain gauge, and strain by machining must not be induced,
is bonded on the measurement position and a hole is drilled in the center dedicated tools and drilling apparatus are used.
of the strain gauge. Partial release strain generated by the drilling is

Residual stress measurement using drilling method

In the partial release method using FRS strain gauge, residual stress is
ε3
calculated from the partially released strain generated by drilling a small
hole on the specimen. This method is introduced in ASTM Standard
E837 (Determining Residual Stress by the Hole-Drilling Strain Gage
Method). ε2

FRS-2 (gauge length : 1.5mm )

Applicable strain gauge ＋θ
FRAS-2 (gauge length : 2mm)
Operating temperature range –196 ~+150ºC ε1
Strain Gauge
Temperature compensation range +10 ~+100ºC 　FRS-2
Applicable adhesives CN Fully released strain －θ R 　FRAS-2
Please refer to page 45, 87 and 88 for the detailed specifications.
Partially released strain
Strain gauges for residual stress measurement by hole drilling method

FRAS-2 Maximum residual stress

FRS-3
ε1＋ε3 ε1－ε3
σmax= ――――― ＋ ―――――
　 4A　 　　 4B cos2θ
Gauge size(mm) Backing size(mm) Gauge center Resistance
Type Length Width Length Width diameter (mm) (Ω)
Minimum residual stress
FRAS-2 2 1.1 9 9 Ф7.0 120
ε1＋ε3 ε1－ε3
σmin= ――――― ー ―――――
FRS-2 1.5 1.3 Ф9.5 Ф5.14 120 　 4A 　　 4B cos2θ
FRS-3 3 2.6 Ф17.5 Ф10.26 120 Angle from ε1 axis to the direction of Maximum residual stress (positive (+) for
clockwise direction from ε1 axis)

1 　　 ε1＋ε3－2ε2
θ= ― tan－1 ―――――――
2 ε3－ε1

Here, A and B are constants determined by the drilled hole diameter and the
gauge center radius.
2 2 4
(1＋ν)d 2d 3(1＋ν)d
4A= － ――――― 4B= － ―― 2 ＋ ―――――
2ER2 ER 8ER4

ν : Poisson’s ratio R : Gauge center radius

d : Drilled hole diameter E : Young's modulus
ε1 ~ ε3 : Measured strain

85
 Residual stress measurement Measurement method
Method using full release

When the specimen is allowed to be destroyed, a strain gauge is bonded

on the measurement position and whole circumference of the position is
cut to fully release the residual stress. The residual stress is calculated
by stress analysis using the change of strain resulted from the cutting.

Residual stress measurement using cutting method

Strain gauge to be used is selected from single-axis gauge, 2-axis FR-5 (gauge length : 5mm 3-axis)
gauge, 3-axis gauge and stress concentration measurement gauge Applicable strain gauge EUBC-06 (gauge length : 0.6mm 2-axis)
according to the condition. FCV-1 (gauge length : 1mm 2-axis × 5 paralleled)
Also in the full release method, care must be taken not to allow any
Operating temperature range –196 ~+150ºC
strain by machining is induced and not to damage the strain gauge
during the cutting. Temperature compensation range +10 ~+100ºC
As the cutting method, cutting grinder with a thin cutter or electrical Applicable adhesives CN
discharge machining is utilized. These methods cause little machining
stress. Please refer to page 45, 46, 87 and 88 for the detailed specifications.
Generally, measurement is made using a data logger (static strain
meter).
A strain gauge is installed on the measurement position, and initial For residual stress measurement
unbalance value is measured. If the strain gauge and its wiring are
exposed to cutting fluid, protective coatings are applied, or the leadwire
is once detached and only the strain gauge part is coated before the
cutting process. Cut the specimen so as not to induce machining stress. FR-5
If temperature change is caused by the cutting, carry out measurement
after the temperature returns to normal. EUBC-06
Use the same channel of the same instrument for measurements before
and after the cutting. This is because initial unbalance values are not (x 5)
consistent for different channels or instruments.
2-axis 10-element (5 paralleled)

FCV-1 FCV-1-1/5

Special strain gauge

cutting 2-axis
10-element gauge

-005LE: With polyimide leadwire 5 cm

After cutting and releasing

Weld bead (rosette strain gauge) Weld bead (strain gauge for stress concentration)

86
 ADHESIVES

Strain Gauge Adhesives

Adhesives

CN CN-E CN-Y CN-R P-2 RP-2

Applicable Operating Curing temperature

Type Contents Component Shelf life
specimen temperature and time

Single component Single Metal, Plastics Room temperature

CN Cyanoacrylate ‒196~+120°C 6 months
Room-temperature-curing 2g x 5 Composite 20sec.~1 min. (thumb pressure)

Single component Single Concrete Room temperature 40sec.~2 min.

CN-E Cyanoacrylate ‒30~+120°C 6 months
Room-temperature-curing 2g x 5 Mortar, Wood (thumb pressure)

Single component Single Metal, Plastics Room temperature 10~30sec.

CN-R Cyanoacrylate ‒30~+120°C 3 months
Room-temperature-curing 2g x 5 Composite (thumb pressure)

Single component Single Metal, Plastics Room temperature 60 sec.~2 min.

CN-Y Cyanoacrylate ‒30~+80°C 6 months
Room-temperature-curing 2g x 5 Composite (thumb pressure)

Two-component
A: 25g * Room temperature
P-2 Room-temperature-curing Polyester Metal ‒30~+180°C 6 months
B: 3g * Pressure 50~300kPa 2~3 hrs.
Mixing ratio: 2~6%

Two-component
A: 25g * Concrete Room temperature
RP-2 Room-temperature-curing Polyester ‒30~+180°C 3 months
B: 3g * Mortar Pressure 50~300kPa 2~3 hrs.
Mixing ratio: 2~4%

Two-component Concrete
A: 25g *
PS Room-temperature-curing Polyester Mortar ‒30~+100°C Room temperature 2~3 hrs. 3 months
B: 3g *
Mixing ratio: 2~4% Wood

Two-component
A: 25g * Metal Room temperature
NP-50B Room-temperature-curing Polyester ‒30~+300°C 6 months
B: 3g * Composite Pressure 50~300kPa 16 hrs.
Mixing ratio: 3~4%
Pre-curing at 130°C 1 hr.,
Single component Single 25g pressure 200~300kPa.
C-1 Phenol Metal ‒269~+200°C 3 months
Heat-curing * Post-curing at 200°C 1 hr.
without pressure
Two-component Pressure at 50~300kPa.
A: 25g * Metal, Concrete
EA-2A Room-temperature-curing Epoxy ‒269~+50°C Room temperature 1 day, 3 months
B: 15g * Composite
Mixing ratio: 2:1 or at 50°C 2 hrs.

Two-component
A: 10g x3 Metal Room temperature 1 day
EB-2 Room-temperature-curing Epoxy ‒60~+200°C 3 months
B: 3g x3 Composite Pressure 50~200kPa.
Mixing ratio: 10: 3

Two-component
A: 25g * Room temperature 12 hrs.
A-2 Heat-curing Epoxy Bolt ‒30~+100°C 3 months
B: 5g * and 140°C 3 hrs.
Mixing ratio: 10: 1

NB: Shelf life For two-component adhesives, use the supplied mixing
Effective storing duration on condition that the adhesive vessles.
is properly kept in a cool, dry and dark place such as a Mixing vessles: Polyethylene make
refrigerator (+5~+10°C, do not store in a freezer).
75mm-diameter, 10mm depth
Thumb pressure 100~300kPa * : These contents are for outside Japan.

SDS : Safety Data Sheet

TML supplies SDS for all its strain gauge adhesives and
coatings. Contact your TML supplier for more information.

87
 Adhesives
PS NP-50B C-1 EA-2A EB-2 A-2

Applications

Single component adhesive for strain gauges. The time required to bond the gauge is extremely short and handling is very easy. The thin bonding layer allows
adhesion to plastic objects as well as metal.
Measurement of large strain (post-yield measurement) is possible until the next day of bonding of the strain gauge.
Note) Use protective eyewear when using this adhesive.
Single component adhesive featuring high viscosity for bonding strain gauges to porous materials such as concrete and mortar.
Note) Use protective eyewear when using this adhesive.

Single component adhesive for accelerating cures in lower ambient temperature, or lower relative humidity.
Note) This adhesive is sold only for a limited time. (from October to the next April)
Note) Use protective eyewear when using this adhesive.

Single component adhesive designed exclusively for use on post-yield strain gauge. Offers minimum degradation in bonding performance (peel strength) due to
aging. Suitable when a large strain measurement is made after a few days or more of bonding the strain gauge.
Measurement of large strain (post-yield measurement) is possible even after one year of bonding.
Note) Use protective eyewear when using this adhesive.
Two-component room-temperature-curing polyester adhesive for bonding PF, P and F series strain gauges. Put the necessary
quantity of drug A in the supplied mixing vessel, then add drug B by drops to total 2~6% in weight of drug A. Use the mixed adhesive
within 10~20 minutes.

Two-component room-temperature-curing polyester adhesive for bonding PF and P series strain gauges. The mixing procedure is
the same as above for P-2 adhesive. Put the necessary quantity of drug A in the supplied mixing vessel, then add drug B by drops to
total 2~4% by weight of drug A. Use the mixed adhesive within 10~20 minutes.

Two-component room-temperature-curing polyester adhesive. Use as a surface precoating agent for bonding P and PF series gauges
to concrete and also as an adhesive for WFLM series gauges. The special filler contained exhibits alkali resistance and effectively
shuts off moisture and gas from inside of the concrete. Its high viscosity enables use on vertical walls or ceilings.

Two-component room-temperature-curing polyester adhesive for bonding QF, ZF and BF series strain gauges. Put the necessary
quantity of drug A into the supplied mixing vessel then add drug B by drops to total 3~4% by weight of drug A. Use the mixed
adhesive within 5~20 minutes.

Single-component heat-curing type adhesive. For use on strain gauges that are suited to heat curing. Enables reliable measurement
for long periods and in high temperature up to 200°C.

Two-component room-temperature-curing epoxy adhesive for bonding CF series strain gauges for use in temperature from cryogenic
(‒269°C) up to 50°C.

Two-component room-temperature-curing epoxy adhesive for bonding strain gauges for use in temperature from ‒60 to +200°C.
Enables stable measurement for a long period of time.

Two-component heat-curing epoxy adhesive for bonding BTM strain gauges.

Important point

・In general, curing time of an adhesive called "room temperature curing type" is largely affected by environmental conditions
such as temperature and humidity. Referring to the curing conditions described in the supplied operation manual, it is
recommended to carry out a "test curing" on the site.
・A trace of water in the air is required to cure the CN adhesive (cyanoacrylate). Therefore the curing time is largely affected by
humidity rather than temperature.

88
 COATING

Coating Materials
Coating Materials

The type of coating required and the application

method differ depending on the environment in which Single layer coating with one type Multi-layer coating with different
the strain gauge is used. In general, if one type of of coating materials types of coating materials
coating is not sufficient, multiple coatings can be
combined to protect the strain gauges. At TML, the
coating applied directly to the surface of the strain
gauge is referred to as the first coating with
subsequent coating layers referred to sequentially as
the second coating, third coating, etc. Multi-layer
coatings offer better strain gauge protection.

Operating
Type Materials Color Contents Curing conditions
temperature

Microcrystalline wax Hot melting +100~+120°C

W-1 Light yellow 500g 0~+50°C
solid Hardening in room temperature

Chloroprene rubber Air-drying

N-1(s) Light yellow 25g * ‒30~+80°C
based solvent thinned A half day in room temperature

Special rubber based Air-drying

K-1 White 25g * ‒269~+60°C
solvent thinned A half day in room temperature

Special rubber based Air-drying

UE-1 Brown 25g * ‒40~+150°C
solvent thinned A half day in room temperature

10mm(wide)x3mm (thick)
SB tape Butyl rubber White ‒30~+80°C Pressure sensitive
5m long/roll

38mm(wide) x1mm (thick)

VM tape Butyl rubber Black ‒20~+80°C Pressure sensitive
6m long/roll

KE-348W White 100g

Air-drying
Silicone rubber ‒50~+200°C
A half day in room temperature
KE-348T Transparent 100g

Air-drying
TSE3976-B Silicone rubber Black 100g ‒50~+250°C
One day in room temperature

SDS : Safety Data Sheet Coatings in special substances

TML supplies SDS for all its strain gauge adhesives For use in special substances such as acids,
and coatings. Contact your TML supplier for more alkalis and alcohols, contact TML or your local
information. representatives.
* : These contents are for outside Japan.

89
 Coating Materials
Purpose Applications

The solid W-1 is put into a heating appratus (temperature-regulated oil bath
Moisture- and water-proofing coating for laboratory
is recommended) and completely melted at 100 to 120°C. The hot melted
and field requirements where mechanical protection
W-1 is applied over the area to be coated with a brush. The W-1 cools down
is not needed, or used as the first coating for multi-
and turns into solid as soon as applied. It is usually applied repeatedly till the
layer coating.
cooled W-1 forms an adequate thickness.
A layer of N-1 is applied directly from the tube or with a brush over the area
Moisture- and water-proofing coating for laboratory to be coated. Curing time is about half a day in room temperature, but it
and less severe field requirements where mechanical depends on conditions such as the specimen material, temperature, and so
protection is not needed. on. If the coating layer is too thin, apply another layer to make an adequate
thickness.
A layer of K-1 is applied directly from the tube or with a brush over the area
Moisture-proofing coating from cryogenic to room to be coated. Curing time is about half a day in room temperature, but it
temperature for laboratory requirements. Does not depends on conditions such as the specimen material, temperature, and so
provide a high degree of mechanical protection. on. If the coating layer is too thin, apply another layer to make an adequate
thickness.
A layer of UE-1 is applied directly from the tube or with a brush over the area
O i l - r e s i s t a n t c o a t i n g f o r l a b o r a t o r y a n d f i e l d to be coated. Curing time is about half a day in room temperature, but it
requirements. Does not provide a high degree of depends on conditions such as the specimen material, temperature, and so
mechanical protection. on. If the coating layer is too thin, apply another layer to make an adequate
thickness.
Moisture- and water-proofing coating for laboratory
and field requirements where mechanical protection The SB tape is cut in an appropriate length and applied over the area to be
is not needed, or used as the first coating for multi- coated. The application is completed by pressing down the SB tape firmly with
layer coating. Offers excellent moisture and water a spatula or your finger covered with the separating paper. It is also applied
resistant characteristics and is very convenient for under the leadwire prior to the overcoating.
use.

Used as the second coating or later for multi- The VM tape is cut in an appropriate length and applied over the area to be
layer coating. Offers excellent moisture and water coated with finger pressure. The VM tape must not be applied directly over a
resistant characteristics. Very convenient for use. strain gauge as a first coating.

Suitable for laboratory requirements with high The KE-348 is applied directly from the tube over the area to be coated.
temperature conditions where high degree of Curing time is about half a day in room temperature, but it depends on
mechanical protection is not needed. conditions such as temperature, humidity and so on.

Suitable for laboratory requirements with high The TSE3976-B is applied directly from the tube over the area to be coated.
temperature conditions where high degree of Curing time is about one day in room temperature, but it depends on
mechanical protection is not needed. conditions such as temperature, humidity and so on.

Important point

The application of coating material has an effect on test results when repeated strain is applied in the test such as a
fatigue test (strain level of ±1500×10-6).
Give careful consideration before the test, and apply the coating carefully. Please contact us for further information
if necessary.

90
 COATING

Gauge Protecter
Coating Materials

Protector cover 9mm-dia. extension cable This rubber protector is designed to protect gauges which are bonded onto
metal surface from the environment for long-term measurement. The strain
gauge is packed inside together with the applied adhesive and overcoating
materials. The protector is also provided with a hole for cable intake. It
allows the entire area to be isolated from ambient conditions which may
affect reliable measurement, and enhances the coating performance.
Gauge Protecter / Coating tape

Protector frame

Strain gauge bonded 1st overcoating layer with W-1

2nd overcoating layer with SB tape

Specifications
Frame: 100mm-dia. (Inner Ф 92mm) x 15mm (Height)
Dimensions
Cover: 100mm-dia. x 3mm (Thick)
Operating temperature −20~+80ºC
Extension cable 9mm-dia. cable recommendable

COATING

COATING TAPE for reinforcing bar

This tape is specially designed for use as a waterproof coating for stain gauges bonded onto reinforcing bars or other cylindrical surfaces. Coating is achieved by
simply taping it onto the surface to save considerable time in comparison with coventional procedures. (A heat gun is required for application.)

Operating temperature: ‒20~+80°C

Applicable Size finish (example)
Qty. per Strain
Type box gauges Dia. x Width
reinforcing bar Reinforcing bar (mm)
CT-D04 D4 10 FLKB-2-11 D4 Ф10×21
CT-D06 D6 10 FLKB-2-11 D6 Ф12×21

CT-D10 D10 10 FLKB-2-11 D10 Ф15×21

CT-D13 D13 10 FLAB-3-11 D13 Ф19×26
CT-D16 D16 10 FLAB-3-11 D16 Ф21×26

CT-D25 D19~D25 10 FLAB-3-11 D25 Ф31×31

CT-D35 D29~D35 10 FLAB-3-11 D32 Ф37×35

Tape anchor
Sealing Coating tape Extension
leadwire

Cable bed

Strain gauge

Heat shrinkable tape Reinforcing bar

91
 OPTIONAL

Connecting Terminals/Strain Gauge Clamp

Optional
Connecting Terminals
TML Connecting Terminals provide convenient junction points to connect strain gauges to T series is made of a cubic plastic and two or three wires of approximately 0.8mm diameter
instrumentation leadwires. are fixed to the cube. TY is laminated with rubber sheet and suitable for large strain
measurement. TP-2 is a self-bonding terminal with two wires. TF is made of a 0.03mm
thick copper foil and a glass-epoxy insulation base of approx. 0.15mm thick. TFY is
Cubic shape laminated with rubber sheet approx. 0.8mm thick over the back side of TF series terminals.
for large strain with
for general purpose rubber backing Cubic type
TS-2 T-2 T-3 TYS-2 TY-2 TY-3 Dimensions Operating tem- Quantity
Type
(mm) perature (°C) (pcs/box)
–20~+90

Connecting Terminals /
Strain Gauge Clamp
T-2 10×10×5 100
T-3 (3-wire method) 10×10×5 –20~+90 100
TS-2 7.5×7.5×5 –20~+90 100
Self-bonding type TYS-2 7.5×7.5×7 –20~+90 100
(No adhesive required)
TY-2 10×10×7 –20~+90 80
TY-3 (3-wire method) 10×10×7 –20~+90 80
TP-2 TP-2 10×10×6 –20~+60 100
Foil shape Foil type
for general purpose Dimensions Operating tem- Quantity
Type
(mm) perature (°C) (pairs/sheet)
TF-2SS TF-2S TF-2MS TF-2M TF-2SS 4.6×3.8×0.2 –196~+180 50
TF-2S 6×5.3×0.2 –196~+180 50
TF-2MS 8×7.2×0.2 –196~+180 50
50 pairs/sheet TF-2M 10×9.2×0.2 –196~+180 50
TFY-2SS 4.6×3.8×0.8 –20~+120 50
for large strain with rubber backing
TFY-2S 6×5.3×0.8 –20~+120 50
TFY-2MS 8×7.2×0.8 –20~+120 50
TFY-2SS TFY-2S TFY-2MS TFY-2M TFY-2M 10×9.2×0.8 –20~+120 50
High temperature use with polyimide resin backing
TPF-2SS 4.6×3.8×0.2 –196~+200 50
TPF-2S 6×5.3×0.2 –196~+200 50
TPF-2SS TPF-2S TPF-2MS TPF-2M TPF-2MS 8×7.2 ×0.2 –196~+200 50
TPFH-2SS TPFH-2S TPFH-2MS － TPF-2M 10×9.2×0.2 –196~+200 50
TPFH-2SS 4.6×3.8×0.1 –269~+350 50
NB: TPFH series are heat-resistive connecting terminals with polyimide resin backing to
TPF. It allows high temperature measurement using QF/ZF series gauges and TPFH-2S 6×5.3×0.1 –269~+350 50
bonding repetition on the terminals. TPFH-2MS 8×7.2×0.1 –269~+350 50

Strain Gauge Clamp

Gauge Mate GMR-S/GMA-S Pressing Jig PRESSEE PM-19

When bonding a strain gauge, a fixing pressure should be applied to the gauge until curing PRESSEE is a pressing jig capable of not only pressurizing the strain gauge but also
is completed. This can be easily done using TML Gauge Mate, which is a gauge clamp checking adhesion status from the clear pressing part with eyes. The use of PRESSEE
device consisting of a coil spring and a permanent magnet. For use on specimens of saves time to keep pressing the strain gauge with your finger in the bonding work. In
different shapes, two types are available. Model GMA-S is for flat specimens, and model addition, since the PRESSEE can apply a constant pressure to the strain gauge, bonding
GMR-S is for round specimens. Both can be used with room-temperature curing type quality is expected to be higher than a finger pressure.
bonding adhesives.
Gauge length of 6mm or less and backing
Applicable strain gauge
dimension of 15mm-dia. or less
Type Application Applicable adhesive CN/CN-R/CN-Y, P-2, NP-50B, EA-2A, EB-2
GMR-S Round specimen use (6~32mm- dia.) Pressing method Magnetic method by permanent magnet
GMA-S Flat surface of magnetic body (1mm thick or over) Object to be bonded Flat surface of magnetic body (1mm thick or over)
N.B: Strain gauge clamp should be used in room temperature.
Dimensions 29mm-dia. x Approx. 30mm height

GMR-S
GMA-S

92
 Strain measuring instruments

TML Strain measuring instruments

instruments
Strain measuring

TML Data logger series

　Data loggers of high accuracy and stability developed through many years of experience
• Highly accurate measurement in wide measurement range
is achieved owing to the use of A/D converter with high
accuracy and resolution and auto-ranging function
• TDS-630 with extremely high speed measurement
capability and versatile functions
• TDS-540 with excellent adaptability for various usage
conditions
• TDS-150 for on-site measurement of comparatively small
scale
• TC-32K of handheld design for simple measurement and
checking
• Input is selectable arbitrarily among strain, voltage,
thermo-couple and PtRTD for each channel
• External switching boxes are available for each data
logger
Software TDS-7130V2 for TDS-630 / TS-560 / TDS-540 /
TDS-150
• Data analysis using various calculation functions
• Visually appealing measurement possible using various
monitor graphs and numerical monitor displays
• Other graph data are easily overlaid and quick data
reduction is enabled
• Alarm setting possible for each measured value and
calculation result
Software TDS-700L for TS-560 / TDS-540 / TDS-150 /
TC-32K
• Direct saving of measured data into Excel worksheet
• Simple and quick operation from measurement to data
processing possible utilizing Excel functions
• Number of measurement channels is 200 at the maximum

Data Logger TDS-630 TDS-540 T-ZACCS5 TS-560 TDS-150 TC-32K

Number of channels of
30 ch. 30 ch. - - 1 ch.
Built-in Switching Box
Number of channels 1000 ch. 1000 ch. 1000 ch. 50 ch. 5 ch.
Compatible Switching Box IHW-50H/IHW-50G IHW-50G/ISW-50G IHW-50G/ISW-50G FSW-10/FSW-10L CSW-5B/CSW-5B-05
Number of channels 50 ch. 50 ch. 50 ch. 10 ch. 5 ch.
Scanning Time IHW-50H IHW-50G IHW-50G
0.1 s/1000 channels 0.4 s/1000 channels 0.4 s/1000 channels
4 s/50 channels 0.4 s/5 channels
IHW-50G ISW-50G ISW-50G
0.4 s/1000 channels 2 s/1000 channels 2 s/1000 channels
Interface LAN/USB/RS-232C USB/RS-232C
Strain Measurement
Resolution (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16)×10-6 strain (1 or 10)×10-6 strain
High resolution mode (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6)×10-6 strain -
Depending on measured value Depending on measured value
Measuring Range 640000×10-6 strain 300000×10-6 strain
High resolution mode 64000.0×10-6 strain -
DC Voltage Measurement
Resolution
V1/100 range (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6) mV (0.1 or 1) mV
V1/1 range (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16) μV (1 or 10) μV
Depending on measured value Depending on measured value
Measuring Range
V1/100 range 64 V 30V
V1/1 range 640 mV 300mV
Applicable thermocouple T, K, J, B, S, R, E, N
Applicable Pt-RTD Pt 100 3-wire
AC 100~240 V 50/60 Hz DC 9~18 V
Power supply AC 100~240 V 50/60 Hz
Built-in battery D battery 4pcs. AA battery 4pcs.
TDS-7130v2 -
Applicable Software
- TDS-700L

93
 Strain measuring
instruments
Multi-Channel dynamic data acquisition system with DS-50A
　A low cost measurement system mainly targeted on strain gauges
• 50 measurement channels for one set of DS-50A
• Simultaneous sampling of 1 millisecond possible when one set is used
• Direct connection of 120Ω or 350Ω strain gauge in quarter bridge
• Numerical, statistical and trigonometric calculation and rectangular
rosette analysis
• Peak values of up to 20 points are displayed in the spectral chart
• Magnitude and direction of the force obtained by rectangular rosette
analysis are displayed as a vector
• Cutting out, thinning and combining of the data are possible for
processing after the measurement
• Overlapping of T-Y, X-Y and spectral chart on other data is possible
Number of channels Maximum 50 channels
Strain, Voltage and Thermocouple units can be mixed. 10
channels / 1 unit
Synchronization Maximum 20 sets (1,000 channels)
Sampling speed 1~10,000 ms (Settable by 1 ms).
1 ms is added to sampling speed per additional connection of 1 set
Interface LAN (100 BASE-TX)
Strain unit
Gauge resistance Quarter bridge 3-wire 120Ω, 350Ω
Half bridge 120~1000Ω, Full bridge 120~1000Ω
Frequency response DC~100Hz
Voltage unit
Input format Single end (unbalanced)
Measuring range ±20V
Frequency response DC~100Hz
Thermocouple unit
Measuring range T:-250~ +400°C K:-210 ~ +1370°C J:-200~ +1200°C
Frequency response DC~10Hz
Small Multi-channel Data Acquisition System
Multi-Recorder TMR-300 Series
Multi-recorder TMR-300 Series is a compact multi-channel data acquisition system
Number of channels : 80
that can combine various measurement units according to the purpose of
Sampling speed :
Max 100kHz measurement. Due to its compact size and light weight, the system can be easily
Recording media : installed not only on existing structures such as machines and bridges in which the
SD card installation space is restricted, but also on moving bodies such as automobiles,
(Max.32GB) aircrafts and ships.
Interface : LAN, USB Measurement units for inputting sensors are available in several types for strain
gauges, strain gauge type transducers, DC voltage or thermocouples. Control unit is
used for controlling 10 measurement units (80 measurement points) at maximum and
communicating with a computer. The control unit and the measurement units can be
connected together and placed in a small space, or each measurement unit can be
installed in the vicinity of the sensors to be inputted.
Measuring units

Display Unit TMR-381 Control unit TMR-311 Strain Full Bridge Unit TMR-321 Strain 1G2G4G unit TMR-322

Carrier type strain unit TMR-323 Voltage Input Unit TMR-331 Thermocouple / Voltage Unit TMR-332 Voltage Output unit TMR-341

TO TMR-211
“SYNCHRO IN”

Distribution unit TMR-371 Digital I/O unit TMR-353 Synchronization unit TMR-372

94
8-2, Minami-Ohi 6-Chome, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 140-8560, JAPAN
TEL: +81-3-3763-5614 FAX: +81-3-3763-5713
Tech support E-mail: [email protected]
Asia area E-mail: [email protected]
Europe area E-mail: [email protected]
The Americas area E-mail: [email protected]
Middle East area E-mail: [email protected]
Oceania area E-mail: [email protected]
Africa area E-mail: [email protected]