VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA, INDIA

INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

“UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS OF HEAT

TRANSFER THROUGH HVAC TECHNOLOGY”
at
“PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
For the academic year
2022-2023
Submitted By
ABDULLA SIDDIQUE 1KN18ME041

INTERNSHIP CO-ORDINATOR
Mr. IRFAN PASHA
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KNSIT.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Hegde Nagar-kogilu Road, Thirumenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064
 KNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Hegde Nagar-kogilu Road, Thirumenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certified that the Internship entitled “UNDERSTANDING HEATING,

VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING” carried out by ABDULLA SIDDIQUE

bearing USN 1KN18ME041 a bonafide student of KNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2022 – 2023. It is certified that all
corrections/ suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report
submitted in the departmental library. The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements.

Signature of the Internship Coordinator Signature of the HOD

Mr. IRFAN PASHA Dr. S ADIL AHMED
Assistant Professor, Professor & Head,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
KNSIT. KNSIT.

EXTERNAL VIVA

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1……………………………...... ....................................

2……………………………...... ...................................
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this internship required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our
internship work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would
not forget to thank them.

Firstl, I would like to thank our principal Dr. S.M Prakash, KNSIT, Bangalore for
granting us the permission to carry out the internship.

I would like to thank our Professor, H.O.D, Dr. S. Adil Ahmed who has been a guiding
light throughout the duration of the internship, imparting valuable insights at critical junctures. My
Internship Coordinator, Mr. Irfan Pasha, whose priceless guidance and knowledge was essential
in keeping the internship on the right track.

I am also deeply indebted to our external guide Ms. Farheen who was invaluable imports,
advice and guidance.

My heartfelt gratitude also goes out to all the employees of PRINSTON SMART
ENGINEERS and the lecturers and professors of department of mechanical engineering, KNSIT,
without whose contributions and inputs, I would not have been able to complete this internship
successfully.

Last but not least I would like to thank our parents, the success of this internship is a
reflection of their inexhaustible patience, kindness and cooperation.

ABDULLA SIDDIQUE
1KN18ME041
Abstract
HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal
comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified
into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution.
Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling
or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a
central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system.
Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be
considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local
HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement
for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air conditioning, local ventilation,
and split systems.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
TOPICS Pg. No
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..……..…..01

2. OVERVIEW……………………………………………………………...02
2.1 HISTORY ………………………………………………………….………………….02
2.2 MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND PLUMBING…………………………………02
2.3 MECHANICAL……………………………………………………………………......03
2.4 BASIC HVAC EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………04
2.5 LOAD CALCULATION.……………………………………………………………...04
2.6 REFRIGERATION CYCLE ....………………………………………………………..05
2.7 MAJORLY USED REFRIGERANT...………………………………...........................06
2.8 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART……………………………………………………….....06
2.9 ELECTRICAL…………………………………………………………………………07

3. PLUMBING ……………………………………………………………...08
3.1 STANDARD CODES OF HVAC…………………………………………………......08

4. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM……………………………….....................09

5.CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM ………………......11

5.1 AHU (AIR HANDLING UNIT) ...………………………………………………….....11
5.2 TYPES OF DUCTS …………………………………………………………………...13

5.3 MAJOR FITTING IN EXTRACT SYSTEM……………………………………….....14

5.4 THERMAL INSULATION…………………………………………………………...15
5.5 ACOUSTIC INSULATION……………………………………………………….......15
5.6 AIR TERMINAL DEVICE…………………………………………………………....15
5.7 SPLIT INDOOR..……………………………………………………………………...15
5.8 GRILLS………………………………………………………………..........................16

5.9 DIFFUSER…………………………………………………………………………….16
5.10 CASSETTE UNIT……………………………………………………………………16
5.11 VENTILATION……………………………………………………............................17
5.12 TYPER OFVENTILATORS………………………………………............................17
5.13 TYPES OF CALUCULATION IN HVAC SYSTEM …………………………........17
5.14 TYPES OF MANUAL USED FOR THIS HVAC SYSTEM………...........................17
5.15 TYPES OF SOFTWARE USED FOR THIS HVAC SYSTEM……..........................18

6. PROJECT ON SCHOOL BUILDING…………………….....................20

6.1 EDUCATION BUILDING PLAN………………………………………………..........20
6.2 EDUCATION BUILDING ELEVATION AND SECTION……………………..........21
6.3 EDUCATION BUILDING FURNITURE LAYOUT…………………………………22

7. IMPACT OF HVAC SYSTEM ON ENVIRONMENT…………..........23

8. SAFETY AND RESCUE…………………………………………………24

9. CONCLUSION …..………………………………………………………25
10. RFERENCES …………………………………………………………...26
List of figures
FIGURE Pg.no
Fig.1 Pipes and cables ………………………………………………………….…..…03

Fig.2 HVAC equipment ……………….……………………………………………...04

Fig.3 Refrigeration Cycle ……………………………...……………………………...05

Fig.4 Psychrometric Chart ……………………………………………..……………..06

Fig.5 Sprinkler System .………………………………………………………..……..10

Fig.6 Gas Extinguishing System .…………………………………………………….10

Fig.7 Air cooler ……………………………………………………………….………11

Fig.8 AHU.………………………………………………………………….…………12

Fig.9 Square duct. ………………………………………………………………….….13

Fig.10 Rectangular duct. ……………………………………………………………...13

Fig.11 Round duct. ……………………………………………………………………13

Fig.12 Flat oval duct. ……………………………………………………………….…14

Fig.13 Butterfly dapper. ………………………………………………………………15

Fig.14 Air terminal device. ……………………………………………………………15

Fig.15 Grills …………………………………………………………………………..16

Fig.16 Diffuser..……………………………………………………….........................16

Fig.17 Load Estimation.……………………………………………………………….18

Fig.18 HAP…………………………………………………………………………….19

Fig.19Duct Software ………………………………………………………………….19

Fig.20 Ground Floor Plan..……………………………………………………….……20

Fig.21 First Floor Plan ..……………………………………………………………….20

Fig.22 Elevation 1…..…………………………………………………………………21

Fig.23 Floor design 1.…………………………………………….……………………21

Fig.24 Elevation 2…….………………………………….…………………………….22

Fig.25 Floor Design 2…..……………………………………………………………...22

Heat Transfer through HVAC system 2022-23

1. INTRODUCTION
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC
system design is a sub discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics and heat transfer.

HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings,
hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and
hospitals, vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines, and in marine environments, where
safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air
from outdoors.

Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat for the building. This can be done via central
heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central
location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be
transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation. Space heaters are used to heat single rooms and only
consist of a single unit.

Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove
any combination of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish
oxygen. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to the building indoor space. It
is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for
ventilating building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.

An Air Conditioning system provides cooling and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air
conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system
intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by
a vent into the indoor heat exchanger section, creating positive air pressure.

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2. OVERVIEW
The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with
the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation,
operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial
environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces.
The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution.

2.1 HISTORY
HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, James Joule,
William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others.

Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of first comfort air conditioning
system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange,
while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same
year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899.

The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution,
and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by
companies and inventors worldwide.

2.2 ASPECTS OF BUILDING

Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) refers to these aspects of building design and construction.
In commercial buildings these aspects are often designed by an engineering firm specializing in MEP. MEP
design is important for design decision-making, accurate documentation, performance and cost-estimation,
construction planning, managing and operating the resulting facility.

MEP specifically encompasses the in-depth design and selection of these systems, as opposed to a
tradesperson simply installing equipment. For example:- A plumber may select and install a commercial hot
water system based on common practice and regulatory codes. A team of MEP engineers will research the
best design according to the principles of engineering, and supply installers with the specifications they
develop. As a result, engineers working in the MEP field must understand a broad range of disciplines,
including dynamics, mechanics, fluids, thermodynamics, heat transfer, chemistry, electricity, and computers

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Fig1: Pipes and cables

2.3 MECHANICAL: Aspects of building design

The mechanical component of MEP is an important superset of HVAC services. Thus, it incorporates the
control of environmental factors (psychometric), either for human comfort or for the operation of machines.
Heating, cooling, ventilation and exhaustion are all key areas to consider in the mechanical planning of a
building. In special cases, water cooling/heating, humidity control or air filtration may also be incorporated.
A major concern for people designing HVAC systems is the efficiency, i.e., the consumption of electricity
and water. Efficiency is optimised by changing the design of the system on both large and small scales. Heat
pumps and evaporative cooling are efficient alternatives to traditional systems, however they may be more
expensive or harder to implement. The job of a MEP engineer is to compare these requirements and choose
the most suitable design for the task.
Electricians and plumbers usually have little to do with each other, other than keeping services out of each
other's way. The introduction of mechanical systems requires the integration of the two so that plumbing
may be controlled by electrics and electrics may be serviced by plumbing. Thus, the mechanical component
of MEP unites the three fields.

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2.4 Basic HVAC Equipment:

• Fans / Blowers • Furnace / Heating unit

• Filter • Compressor

• Condensing units • Evaporator (cooling coil)

• Control System • Air Distribution System

Fig2: HVAC Equipment

2.5 LOAD CALCULATION:

• Heating and Cooling • Accuracy important

• Design conditions • Building shell load

• R, U value • Internal load

• Ventilation load • Infiltration

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2.6 REFRIGERATION CYCLE:

Refrigeration and Air conditioning are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through
radiation, convection, or conduction. Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals
are referred to as refrigerants. A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor
is used to drive thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a free cooling system which uses pumps to circulate
a cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix).

Fig3: Refrigeration cycle

i. Evaporator: is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as
water into its gaseous-form/vapour. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas form of the targeted
substance in that process.

ii. Compressor: is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An
air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

iii. Condenser: The function of the condenser in a refrigeration system is to transfer heat from the
refrigerant to another medium, such as air and/or water. By rejecting heat, the gaseous refrigerant condenses
to liquid inside the condenser.

iv. Expansion valve: removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansion or change of state
from a liquid to a vapour in the evaporator.

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A thermostat's basic function is to regulate the operation of heating and cooling equipment in your home.

2.6 MAJORLY USED REFRIGERANT

I. R22, R32 = HCFC (HYDRO CHLORO-FLORO CARBON) -- (Olden Days)
II. R410a, R134a = HFC (HYDRO FLORO CARBON) – (Nowadays)

2.7 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

A psychometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychometric processes of air.
Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet
bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, air density.

A psychometric chart can be used in two different ways. The first is done by plotting multiple data
points, that represent the air conditions at a specific time, on the chart. Then overlaying an area that identifies
the “comfort zone.” The comfort zone is defined as the range within occupants are satisfied with the
surrounding thermal conditions. After plotting the air conditions and overlaying the comfort zone, it becomes
possible to see how passive design strategies can extend the comfort zone .

Fig4: Psyhchrometric chart

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2.8 ELECTRICAL: Aspects of building design

Virtually all modern buildings integrate some form of AC mains electricity for powering domestic and
everyday appliances. Such systems typically run between 100 and 500 volts, however their classifications
and specifications vary greatly by geographical area. Mains power is typically distributed through insulated
copper wire concealed in the building's subfloor, wall cavities and ceiling cavity. These cables are terminated
into sockets mounted to walls, floors or ceilings. Similar techniques are used for lights however the two
services are usually separated into different circuits with different protection devices at the distribution board.
Whilst the wiring for lighting is exclusively managed by electricians, the selection of luminaries or light
fittings may be left to building owners or interior designers in some cases.

Three-phase power is commonly used for industrial machines, particularly motors and high-load devices.
Provision for three phase power must be considered early in the design stage of a building because it has
different regulations to domestic power supplies, and may affect aspects such as cable routes, switchboard
location, large external transformers and connection from the street.

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3. PLUMBIMG:
Competent design of plumbing systems is necessary to prevent conflicts with other trades, and to avoid
expensive rework or surplus supplies. The scope of standard residential plumbing usually covers mains
pressure potable water, heated water (in conjunction with mechanical and/or electrical engineers), sewerage,
storm water, natural gas, and sometimes rainwater collection and storage. In commercial environments, these
distribution systems expand to accommodate many more users, as well as the addition of other plumbing
services such as hydroponics, irrigation, fuels, oxygen, vacuum/compressed air, solids transfer, and more.

Plumbing systems also service air distribution/control, and therefore contribute to the mechanical part of
MEP. Plumbing for HVAC systems involves the transfer of coolant, pressurised air, water, and occasionally
other substances. Ducting for air transfer may also be consider plumbing, but is generally installed by
different trade people.

3.1 STANDARD CODES OF HVAC:

a) Mechanical:
 ASHRAE (AMERICAN SOCIETY HEATING REFRIGERATION AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM).

 ISHRAE (INDIAN SOCIETY HEATING

REFRIGERATION AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM).

b) Electrical:
NFC (NATIONAL ELECTRICAL COURT)

c) Plumbing:
 IPC (INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING COURT)

 NPC (NATIONAL PLUMBING COURT)

 UPC (UNIFORM PLUMBING COURT)

 NBC (NATIONAL BUILDING COURT)

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4. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM:

Fire-fighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in
buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc. A fire fighter suppresses fires to protect lives, property and the
environment.

One of the major hazards associated with fire-fighting operations is the toxic environment created by
combustible materials. The four major risks are smoke, oxygen deficiency, elevated temperatures, and
poisonous atmospheres. Additional hazards include falls and structural collapse that can exacerbate the
problems encountered in a toxic environment. To combat some of these risks, fire fighters carry self-
contained breathing apparatus.

Engineers concerned with smoke control often specify the use of the building HVAC system in a special
mode of operation for controlling smoke. However, depending on the type of system and its set of
components and controls, HVAC systems may be easy or difficult to adapt for use in controlling smoke. The
various types of HVAC systems such as multi zone systems, induction unit systems, fan coil systems, VAV,
etc. are described relative to their ease of adaptability for controlling smoke. Also, the role of system
components and controls in HVAC system operation and adaptability of the system as a smoke control
system are described.

4.1 TYPES OF FIRE FIGHITING SYSTEM:

1) SPRINKLER SYSTEM:

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.

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Fig5: Sprinkler System Fig6: Gas Extinguishing System

2) GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM:

Argon is an inert gas obtained from the ambient air that is stored as an extinguishing agent for stationary fire
extinguishing systems as a compressed gas in high pressure steel cylinders. Gas extinguishing systems are
used when water, foam or powder extinguishing systems are not effective or if extinguishing with the above-
mentioned extinguishing agents could cause significant damage.

3) FOAM SYSTEM:
Fire-fighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing
its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion.

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5. CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM:

Central air conditioning (or central A/C) is a system in which air is cooled at a central location and distributed
to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork. The work of the air conditioner compressor is what
makes the whole process of air conditioning possible.

a. Out Door: “3” Types

 DX - DIRECT XPANSION – “0 to 50 “ Tr
 VRF – VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW – “0 to 200”
 Tr (ton of refrigeration)
 CHILLER SYSTEM
i) Air Cooled Chillier – “ Up to 250 Tr” ii) Water Cooler Chillier – “ More than 250 Tr”

OUT INDOOR
DUCT
DOOR (AHU )

Fig7: Air Cooler

b. Major Indoor: It consist of Coil and Blower.

5.1 AHU (Air Handling Unit):

An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a device used to regulate and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating,
and airconditioning system. An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or
cooling elements filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to a
ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the
AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to and from the space served
without ductwork

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Fig8: AHU

1 – Supply duct
2 – Fan compartment
3 – Vibration isolator ('flex joint')
4 – Heating and/or cooling coil
5 – Filter compartment
6 – Mixed (re circulated + outside) air duct

c. Duct:
Ducts are passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The
needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air . Ducts commonly also deliver
ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air
quality as well as thermal comfort.

A duct system is also called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and finding the
pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.

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5.2 Types of Ducts:

 Square Duct: Height and Width of the duct are Same

Fig9: Square Duct

 Rectangular Duct:

Fig10: Rectangular Duct

 Round/ Flexible Duct:

Fig11: Round Duct

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In Rectangular Duct we should provide “5inch” gap at top and bottom of false ceiling and true ceiling
respectively. It is Hanging type Duct.

Flexible ducts (also known as Round ducts) are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to
shape a tube. They have a variety of configurations.

 Flat Oval Ducts:

Fig12: Flat Oval Ducts

5.3 Major Fitting in Extract System:
 AHU: An Air Handling Unit is used to re-condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating
and air-conditioning system.
 AHU Mouth Piece: It is used to connect the AHU unit and Canvas Connection.
 Canvas Connection: It is used to connection AHU unit And Duct. The Length of Canvas Connection
is “6 inches”
 Duct Mouth Piece: It is used to connect Duct and Canvas Connection. The Length of Duct Mouth
Piece is “2 feet”
 Fire Damper: It is placed Because the Fire Damper will protect the Fire which is occurred by
Electrical Short circuits.
 Shoe Neck: The fitting is used to connect Main Duct to the Branch Duct. One End is 45 Degree
Because for Smooth Running of air.
 Volume Control Damper (VCD): The damper Controls the Volume or Required CFM(Cubic Feet
per Minute).
 Reducer: Duct Reducer are the HVAC ducting fitting to use when you need to change from one size
duct to another size.

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 Ring: The Fitting connected to the Flexible/Round Duct to Main Duct / Branch Duct then Ring is
Used.
 Butterfly Damper: The Damper which is used in Flexible Duct.

Fig13: Butterfly Damper

5.4 Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation ensures that the medium (air or liquid) stays at the right
temperature, reducing energy loss throughout the system and preventing the risk of condensation. The
material mostly used is Glass Fibres.
5.5 Acoustic Insulation: The Insulation is used to control the Sound which is made by AHU unit. The
material mostly used is Nitryl Rubber.
5.6 Air Terminal Device: Air Terminal Is opening provided for the space within the building to the
supply the required space. A device located in an opening provided at the boundaries of the treated space to
ensure a predetermined motion of air in this space.

Fig14: Air terminal device

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5.7 Split Indoor:

Split-system air conditioners come in two forms: mini-split and central systems. In both types, the inside-
environment
(evaporative) heat exchanger is separated by some distance from the outside-environment (condensing
unit) heat exchanger.

5.8 Grills:

Fig15: Grills

5.9 Diffuser:
Diffusers are very common in heating, ventilating, and airconditioning systems.
1) To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air
2) Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions
3) To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged

Fig16: Diffuser

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5.10 Cassette Unit:

Cassette units work the same way as wall-hung split system units, with the difference being that cassettes are
installed into the ceiling instead of on the wall. The indoor unit itself sits flush to your ceiling and distributes
conditioned air through two, three or four sides of the unit. The outdoor unit of a cassette air conditioner is
mounted outside, in much the same way as it would be for a conventional wall mounted split system unit.

5.11 VENTILATION: Ventilating or ventilation (the "V"in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or
replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and
other gases.
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove any
combination of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish
oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside as well as circulation of air within the
building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.
Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.

5.12 Types of ventilators

1. Toilet Ventilators
2. Kitchen Ventilators
3. Car Parking Ventilators

5.13 TYPES OF CALUCULATION IN HVAC SYSTEM

1. MANUAL METHOD
2. SOFTWARE METHOD

5.14 TYPES OF MANUAL USED FOR THIS HVAC SYSTEM

 E-20 SHEET (or) COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFING

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Fig17: LOAD ESTIMATION

5.15 TYPES OF SOFTWARE USED FOR THIS HVAC SYSTEM

 AUTOCADD:
Design Master HVAC is a complete ductwork drafting and calculation software program that works directly
inside AutoCAD. Define the parameters of your project as you draft, then perform calculations within the
software using those parameters. Make revisions that are accounted for throughout the design. Build your
HVAC systems faster and more accurately with Design Master.

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 HAP(Hourly Analysis Program):

Fig18: HAP
Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) is a computer tool which assists engineers in designing HVAC
systems for commercial buildings. HAP is two tools in one. First it is a tool for estimating loads and designing
systems. Second, it is a tool for simulating building energy use and calculating energy costs.

 DUCT SIZER SOFTWARE:

Fig19: Duct Software

Duct Seizer software calculates the friction loss in a section of duct. The user can choose from three different
types of duct construction, and rectangular or round.
The program allows the user to input multiple sections and view the overall results. Output can be exported
to excel.

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6. PROJECT ON SCHOOL BUILDING

6.1 EDUCATION BUILDING PLAN

Fig20: Ground Floor Plan

Fig21: First Floor Plan

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6.2 EDUCATION BUILDING ELEVATION AND SECTION

Fig22: Elevation 1

Fig23: Floor Design 1

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Fig24: Elevation 2

6.3 EDUCATION BUILDING FURNITURE LAYOUT

Fig25: Floor Design 2

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7. Impact of HVAC Systems on the Environment

When compared to the many other forms of technological advancements humanity has made over the past
decades, air conditioning and electric heating have some of the smallest negative impact on the environment
as a whole. Keeping your home cold in the summer and warm in the winter does not produce huge amounts
of greenhouse gasses or kill off marine life. The impact of HVAC systems on the environment however, is
not completely nonexistent. While comparably small, the carbon emissions of non-electric systems are still
a contributor to the global issue of pollution, and even if your system is electric then chances are the
electricity was generated from a coal-fired power plant which creates negative runoff for the atmosphere.
If you care about the environment and your impact on it, the best thing for you to do about your HVAC
system is to follow these suggestions and make sure your impact on the planet is as small as it can possibly
be.
Global warming also is becoming a concern, and agreements may be adopted to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions by reducing the burning of fossil fuels. Refrigerants have a direct global-warming impact, as well
as an indirect impact because of the energy their systems consume. Thus, any overall system efficiency
improvement also will reduce carbon dioxide emissions. There are several choices for new or replacement
chillers. Centrifugal and rotary screw chillers utilizing HCFC-123 or HCFC-22 are available from several
manufacturers. Another option is to utilize double-effect absorption chillers, either steam or gasfired. These
units use water and lithium bromide and have no ozone-depletion or global-warming potential. The double-
effect absorbers are much more efficient than the old-fashioned single-effect absorbers.

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8. SAFETY AND RESCUE

Working as an HVAC technician can be a smart career choice and one that’s thriving in many cities
across the U.S. According to “heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration technicians hold approximately
292,000 jobs, and job openings in the field are expected to grow 9% through 2016.” Because this profession
comes with inherent safety risks, it’s important to follow a few guidelines if you’re a new technician. Here
are five of the most important.

I. Protective Gear

II. Tools for Staying Safe

III. Identifying Hazards

IV. Chemical Safety
V. Avoiding Shock

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9. CONCLUSION
A HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system is a very important component of a healthy,
comfortable, and energy-efficient building. There are various types of HVAC installations depending on the
location and size of a building. The three common types are centralized, packaged and individual or
decentralized. Since HVAC systems are the largest energy consumers in a building, it is important to ensure
that energy efficiency methods are in place to ensure reduction in energy consumption, costs and greenhouse
gas emissions. The project report concludes that;

 The concept of chillers water system is clearly explained with the importance of the system in HVAC
Industry & Application.

 The main motive of design of an HVAC system for the building industry purely depends on the
Human comfort values, should be maintained irrespective of location of the project.

 The Heat Load Estimated provides the requirement of cooling for the project, provides a guideline
for the Selection of Machines.

 All the Equipment’s are installed as per the manufactures recommendations to achieve its best
efficient performance.

 The final layouts for the piping and equipment are submitted for final approval, for the site
Installation.

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10. References:

1] ASHRAE Handbook. HVAC Systems and Equipment. Atlanta, GA: American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers; 1996. pp. 1-1

2] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers. Heating,

Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning: Systems and Equipment: 2000 ASHRAE Handbook:

Inch-Pound. Amer Society of Heating; 2000

3] Sugarman SC. HVAC Fundamentals. 2nd ed. CRC Press, The Fairmont Press, Inc.; 2005

4] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE

Handbook. Fundamentals: SI ed. Amer Society of Heating, Atlanta, GA; 2009

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