2016 8th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks

Simulation and Control of WECS with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

(PMSG)

Pankaj Kumar Rajeev Kumar

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Technology, UTU-Campus Indian Institute of Technology
Dehradun, India Roorkee, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Amit Verma Mamta Chamoli Kala

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Technology, UTU-Campus Faculty of Technology, UTU-Campus
Dehradun, India Dehradun, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— This paper discussed the detailed electrical model

standalone system and grid connected system. Standalone
of gearless variable speed wind energy conversion system
(WECS) with permanent magnet synchronous generator systems are used directly for supply electricity to load in
(PMSG) to accomplish the optimal power flow and rural areas which will eradicate the need for widespread
maximum power transfer to the distribution grid. PMSG transmission lines from utility [1]. Standalone systems are
based WECS system has reduce the hardware complexity of not always possible for power generation when
speed regulation and their control so it’s more reliable and continuous power supply is required where wind
more efficient than doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) availability is not sufficient for power generation. Today,
based WECS model. Here all the generating machines, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used
power control devices and turbine models are designed in for wind power system; it is beneficial in such cases as
MATLAB/Simulink tool by their detailed equations. The
better reliability, lesser maintenance and more efficient.
control algorithm of power converter are support on PWM
techniques which is used to confine the maximum power
So here we are using the PMSG based on WECS consist
form the wind turbine and also control the active and of wind turbine, pitch angle control, drive train, generator
reactive power flow into the distribution grid to improve the and power converter. Utilization of power converter is to
power quality. This paper presents to study the performance increase variable speed operation by connect generator to
of simple and detailed PMSG based WECS to grid the grid. Converter consists of 3-phase diode rectifier,
connected load or also discusses their performances. DC/DC boost converter, an inverter, and a transformer.
The PMSG based on WECS is linking to the wind turbine
Keywords- Wind Turbine, PMSG, Power converter, Multi- not including gearbox. Gearbox increases the rate of
scale transients.
protection, and it will diminish the mass of nacelle. The
object of this paper is to inspect the performance of a grid
I. INTRODUCTION connected PMSG and to analyse the output which
In past few decades, use of renewable sources has been depends on the given wind speed data. Many researchers
increased in the form of coal, natural gas, oil and some presented some models such as wind turbine, PMSG,
other degradable products. Due to this cause the dc/dc converter and inverter. The Simulink model was
conventional sources available on earth has been erupted constructed and implemented using the power system
day by day. Thus, the residual possible resource is green tools in MATLAB/SIMULINK. This model is used to
energy which is not polluted and has no impact on the expect the performance of wind turbine power generation
atmosphere. Wind energy is that energy which plays a system. It predicts the power output, the current and the
major role for electricity generation by using wind output voltage at a definite regular wind speed.
turbine. Many researchers are working on wind power
generation with the help of wind turbine connected
II. SYSTEM MODELLING
through electrical machines such as Squirrel-cage
induction generator (SCIG) and double fed induction The concept of system modelling is described by the
generator (DFIG). Presently the two configurations are block diagram in figure 1. A mathematical model has used
used for wind energy configuration system; the for designed PMSG based WECS; it consists of wind

978-1-5090-1144-5/16 $31.00 © 2016 IEEE 516

DOI 10.1109/CICN.2016.107
energy conversion system, wind turbine, drive train, B. Drive Train Model
PMSG, converters and LC filter.
In wind energy conversion system, the term drive train
performed a very crucial role for electricity generation.
The mechanism of drive train is to convert low speed of
rotor turbine to higher speed. The conventional wind
energy systems, two general requirements are needed:-
(a) The input supply to the rotor turbine is equal to the
output power of the rotor.
(b) To check the speed of prime mover with the speed
of generator.
The drive train works on two speed systems: constant
speed system and variable speed system. In fixed type
speed system, the speed of rotor is controlled by the
Fig -1: Structure of PMSG based WECS frequency of grid. In variable type system, a power
A. Wind turbine model converter controlled the speed of rotor and frequency of
grid. Therefore, the speed and frequency is controlled
Wind turbine functionality is based on energy independently. Hence, change in input power will result
conservation i.e. kinetic energy of wind is converted into change in output power of rotor speed.
the mechanical energy which is captured by the help of Direct driven wind turbine systems contain gearboxes.
mounted blades of turbines, after that converted Conventionally, rotor turbine rotating at the speed of ten
mechanical energy is used to rotate the electrical rotations per minute. Gearbox has some disadvantages,
generator’s rotor shaft for generating the electrical power. e.g. maintenance, complication, installation, cost of
In this system PMSG have used which is more efficient equipment, noise and losses. In modern wind energy
and has low speed where gearbox is eliminated. In this systems, gearbox is excluded. Due to this, system
system permanent magnet alternator (PMA) is used to becomes more reliable, more efficient and less noisy.
equal the rotor speed and turbine speed under the low In this paper, the PMSG based WECS is presented
speed operation. The system is composed of PMSG, drive with two-mass drive train model. The mathematical
train, rectifier, dc-dc boost convertor, and inverter [2]. model is given by
The generated voltage of permanent magnet alternator is
rectified by using three-phase PWM controlled rectifier,
(2)
which helps to converts the PMSG generated AC voltage
in to DC voltage for easily transmitted into the
distribution grid. Before the transmission of converted DC (3)
voltage it is required to boost up at certain level to meet
the constants of transmissions lines so that minimized the
power losses. In the end point of system this transmitted
voltage is again converted to AC voltage by controlled (4)
inverter to meet the consumers demand. Where:
The structure of wind turbine is designed to capture Ht = the inertia constant of the turbine
the maximum moving air through turbine blades to get the θ = the shaft twist angle
maximum generated power output. This power transferred ωt = the angular speed of wind turbine
to the generating system through a mechanical moving ωr = the rotor speed of generation
driven system. ωs = the electrical base speed
Ts = the shaft torque
The available mechanical power in turbine is given as
Ks = the shaft stiffness
Ps = 0.5 Cp (λ, β) ρAV3 (1) Dt = the damping coefficient

Where: C. PMSG Model

Cp = power coefficient of the turbine
λ = tip speed ratio of the rotor blade PMSG is the part of the WECS which is used to
β = blade pitch angle (degree) generate the electrical power. It is comfortable to operate
ρ = air density (kg/m3) in the wide range of speeds and produce the highly
A = swept area (m2) efficient or reliable electrical power at constant level. In
V = wind speed (m/s) PMSG, permanent magnet is mounted on the rotor surface
and excited by the dc source [3]. So this type of excitation

517
maintains the constant magnetic flux inside the rotor and III. SIMULINK MODEL AND PARAMETERS
helps to compensate the reactive power flow and also A PMSG based WECS has designed with
improve the power factor. MATLAB/SIMULINK tool as shown in Figure. The
system is designed with essential electrical and mechanical
The generator modelling equations equipment i.e. wind turbine, drive train, Pitch angle
control, PMSG, PWM Power converter, DC-link capacitor
(5) and inverter module. Here the wind turbine is coupled with
PMSG to produce electrical power and transmits to grid
(6) through IGBT PWM inverter. So the PMSG based WECS
general and detailed model is operate with grid connected
Where load.
id , iq = the stator currents In figure 3 and figure 4 a simple and detailed PMSG based
WECS system has designed for grid connected load and
ud, uq = the stator voltages
study the behavior with simple standalone system.
p = number of pole pairs
Ld, Lq = the stator inductances
Rd, Rq = the stator resistances
M = the mutual inductance
if = the equivalent rotor current

In the direct axis a null stator current is imposed to

avoid the demagnetization of permanent magnet in the
PMSG generator system.

D. Power Converter Model

A PWM power converter is designed by IGBTs/diode
and used to make a connection between PMSG generation
unit with distribution grid as shown the fig-2. Here the
power converter is performing in two mode i.e. rectifier
and inverter; and connected through a capacitor link [4].
Capacitor may regulate the dangerous high voltage level
to a constant voltage level and help to extract the
maximum power form wind turbine to the generator side Fig -3: Simple PMSG Based WECS with grid
converter. So both the converter i.e. generator side and
grid side are controlled by PWM switching techniques to
control the triggering gate pulse, these techniques
continuously help to compare the system outputs and
control to stay under the prescribed limits. The grid
voltage is regulated by 1pu in PI controller using dq0 to
abc transformation. So the grid side converter has a
responsibility to maintain the gird side voltage constant
whereas the PMSG output is disturbed [5]. It also limit
the active and reactive power flow in the distribution grid
system.

Fig -4: Detailed PMSG Based WECS with grid.

Fig -2: PWM gate pulse control mythology.

518
 Table -I: Simple PMSG model parameters by absorbing the maximum power form the generator
side.
Device/Equipment Parameter’s Value The present model simulated with constant wind speed
Snubber resistance = 100 Ω
14m/s and variable wind speed also. So the results shows
Universal Bridge Rectifier that when the wind speed is varying, mechanical energy
Snubber capacitance = 0.1 e-3 F
of rotor has also vary but the output voltage of grid side
Snubber resistance = 100 Ω converter is approximately same, there is no variation in
Universal Bridge Inverter
Snubber capacitance = 0.1 e-3 F the magnitude and phase.
L = 2e-3 H ,Vn = 380 V, Fn = 50 Ω , P
LC Filter
= 0W

Discrete PWM Generator Fc = 2000 Hz and T s = 5.144e-6

Voltage Regulator Kp = 0.4 and Ki = 500

Three-Phase Programmable Amplitude =400

Voltage Source Phase = 120° Fig -5: Rotor speed at constant speed
Three-Phase Transformer Pn = 380 VA , fn = 50 Hz

Three Phase Parallel RLC

Vn = 380 V, fn = 50 Hz and P = 50e3 W
load

Table -II: Detailed PMSG model parameters Fig -6: Rotor speed at variable speed

Device/Equipment Parameter’s Value

Snubber resistance = 5000 Ω

Inverter
Snubber capacitance = Infinite

Pout = 8.5e6 W, Pbase =8.5e6 /0.9 VA, Base

Wind Turbine
wind speed = 12 m/s, β = 0° (β ≥ 0) Fig -7: Power converter gate pulse

Mass Drive Train Gain = 0.3 and Sample time = -1

Low Pass Filter, T = 1e-3 , Sample time =

Discrete 1st- order Filter
20e-6
Fundamental frequency = 50 Hz
Discrete RMS value
Sample time = 20e-6

Fig -8: Grid side power converter output at constant

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION speed

A. PMSG WECS general model with grid connected

load
Here the standalone PMSG based WECS is connected
to Distribution grid which is supplying to a constant load.
So due to this change in wind speed the generating power
has shown no more variation in electrical power and
supplied a constant power to load via distribution grid. In
this model IGBT based PWM converter has a Fig -9: Grid side power converter output at variable
responsibility to limit the flow of active and reactive speed
power in grid system. Basically PWM power converter
changed the generated power into the limited DC voltage
and makes the voltage level constant in distribution grid

519
 Fig -10: Grid output at load side

B. PMSG WECS detailed model with grid connected Fig -13: PMSG generated voltage Vab & Vab_rms
load
The detailed model of PMSG based WECS is used to
study the behavior of wind turbines performance i.e. rotor
speed, rotor angle, electromagnetic torques as well as
studied the performance behavior of permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) i.e. generated voltages,
active and reactive power flow. This model also simulated
with constant wind speed i.e. 14m/s and variable wind
speed. So figure 5 & 6 clearly shows the variation in rotor
speed and pitch angles with the changed in wind speed.
Fig -14: PMSG produce Iline & Iline_rms current
So the produce mechanical torque and electromagnetic
torque has also varied simultaneously. In this model,
generator output waveform is much better and noise free
so that the power quality problems doesn’t occur as
compare to previous model. Figure 16 shows the result of
grid side inverter output which is purely sinusoidal and no
need to pass from a LC filter and the reactive or active
power flow are in the specified limits at the distribution
grid.

Fig -15: PMSG produce power Pac

Fig -11: Speed of wind turbine and generator’s rotor

Fig -16: Grid side power converter output at constant
speed

Fig -12: PMSG torque Tm & Te

Fig -17: Grid output at load side

520
 V. CONCLUSION

In this paper standalone and detailed PMSG model are

presented to discuss their performance and behavior of
their essential component. The PWM based power
converter is used to couple WECS with distribution grid
to maintain the limits of transmitted maximum power as
well as helps to control the active or reactive power flow
in it. The simulation results are used to predict a
producing torque of Wind Turbine, generated voltage of
PMSG, optimizing the power in distribution grid at
constant and variable wind speed. With these methods to
control VSC, enhance the power quality of generated
voltage and transmit voltage to grid. For future aspect
fuzzy logic method is used to control and forecast the
performance of PMSG based WECS with variable wind
speeds.

References

[1] Arroyo E.L.C. 2006, “Modeling and Simulation of Permanent

Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System”.
[2] Bharanikumar R., Yazhini A.C., & Kumar A.N. 2010, “Modeling
and Simulation of Wind Turbine Driven Permanent Magnet
Generator with New MPPT”. Asian Power Electronics Journal,
Vol. 4, (2) 52-58.
[3] S. Samanvorakij, P. Kumkratug “Modeling and Simulation PMSG
based on Wind Energy Conversion System in
MATLAB/SIMULINK” Proc. of the Second Intl. Conf. on
Advances in Electronics and Electrical Engineering — AEEE
2013.
[4] “Three-Phase Full wave Controlled Converters (Controlled
rectifier)” University of Technology Laser and Optoelectronics
Engineering Department Laser Engineering Branch Power
electronics 2011-2012.
[5] S. Saikuma, S. Saravanan, and R. V. Sandip, “Modelling and
Control of a Wind Turbine using Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator”, IJEST, Vol3, no., pp.2377-2384, 3 March 2011.

521