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This document contains exercises from a topology course at Royal University Phnom Penh. It includes proofs that: 1) The countable complement topology is a valid topology. 2) For a space with the countable complement topology, a countable set has empty derived set while an uncountable set has full space as its derived set. 3) The intersection of a countable family of open sets in the countable complement topology is open. It also contains examples of open/closed/continuous mappings and properties of limit points and closures in subspace topologies.

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soeun vakhim
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59 views7 pages

Homework

This document contains exercises from a topology course at Royal University Phnom Penh. It includes proofs that: 1) The countable complement topology is a valid topology. 2) For a space with the countable complement topology, a countable set has empty derived set while an uncountable set has full space as its derived set. 3) The intersection of a countable family of open sets in the countable complement topology is open. It also contains examples of open/closed/continuous mappings and properties of limit points and closures in subspace topologies.

Uploaded by

soeun vakhim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Royal University Phnom Penh


Topology
Teach by : Seng Monyrattanak
Group 7
1. Lay Sreynoch
2. Pheng Vechheka
3. Hann Pheang
4. Sruy Penglim
5. Soeun Vakhim
2

Exercise 4.1 (page102)


′′
9. Let 𝑋 be a set. The countable complement topology 𝒯
for 𝑋 consists of ∅ and all subsets 𝑂 of 𝑋 for which 𝑋\𝑂 is a
countable set.
′′
(a). Show that 𝒯 is actually a topology for 𝑋.
′′
(b). For the space (𝑋 , 𝒯 ), show that a countable subset 𝐴 of
𝑋 has derived set 𝐴′ = 0 and that an uncountable set 𝐵 has
𝐵′ = 𝑋.
(c). Show that the intersection of any countable family of mem-
′′ ′
bers of 𝒯 is a member of 𝒯 .

9. Proof
′′
(a). Show that 𝒯 is actually a topology for 𝑋.
′′ ′′
i. ∅ ∈ 𝒯 (from the definition of 𝒯 )
∵ 𝑋\𝑋 = ∅ which is a countable set
′′
∴𝑋∈𝒯
′′
ii. let 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝒯 . Then 𝑋\𝑈 and 𝑋\𝑉 are countable.
Now, 𝑋\(𝑈 ∩ 𝑉) = (𝑋\𝑈) ∪ (𝑋\𝑉) (by De'Morgan law)
Since union of two countable set is countable.
∴ 𝑋\(𝑈 ∩ 𝑉) is countable.
′′
Hence 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 ∈ 𝒯
′′
iii. let {𝑉𝑖 } 𝑖∈𝐼 be the family of members from 𝒯 .
Then 𝑋\𝑉 ( 𝑖 is countable
) ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐼.
∪ ∩
Now, 𝑋\ 𝑉𝑖 = (𝑋\𝑉𝑖 )
𝑖∈𝐼 𝑖∈𝐼
Since arbitrary
( ) interfection of countable set is countable.
∪
∴ 𝑋\ 𝑉𝑖 is countable.
∪ 𝑖∈𝐼 ′′
∴ 𝑉𝑖 ∈ 𝒯
𝑖∈𝐼
′′
Hence 𝒯 is a topology on 𝑋.
3

(b). Let 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋 be countable


Then 𝑋\𝐴 is an open set ( ∵ 𝑋\(𝑋\𝐴) = 𝐴 is countable)
Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋
If 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴. Then 𝑋\𝐴 is an open set containing 𝑥 but does not
contain any point of 𝐴.
∴ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 is not a limit point of 𝐴.
If 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∵ 𝐴 − {𝑥} is countable.
𝑋\(𝐴\{𝑥}) is an open set containing 𝑥 but ∴ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is not a limit
point of 𝐴.
Hence 𝐴 has no limit point.
∴ 𝐴′ = ∅
Let 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋 is uncountable
Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 be arbitrary
Let 𝑉 is any open set containing 𝑥.
Since 𝑉 is open ⇒ 𝑋\𝑉 is countable.
Given that 𝐴 is uncountable to 𝑋\𝑉 contain at most countable
many point of 𝐴 but 𝐴 is ucountable.
Therefore 𝑉 most contain some point of 𝐴 than 𝑥.(if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋)
Hence 𝑥 is a limit point of 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴′ ⇒ 𝐴′ = 𝑋.
′′
(c). Let {𝑉𝑗 }∞
𝑗=1 be the countable family of members of 𝒯
′′
∵ 𝑉𝑗 ∈ 𝒯 , ∀𝑗 = 1, 2, · · ·
∴ 𝑋\𝑉𝑗 is countable ∀𝑗 ≥ 1
∩∞ ∪∞
Now, 𝑋\ 𝑉𝑗 = (𝑋\𝑉𝑗 )
𝑗=1 𝑗=1
Since countable union of countable set is countable.
∩
∞
∴ 𝑋\ 𝑉𝑗 is countable.
𝑗=1
∩∞
′′
Hence 𝑉𝑗 ∈ 𝒯 .
𝑗=1
4

Exercise 4.2 (page108)


4. Identify 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝐴, 𝑏𝑑𝑦𝐴, 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑋\𝐴), 𝐴, ¯ and the derived set 𝐴′
in each of the following cases:
(a). 𝐴 = {𝑥 = (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2) ∈ R2 : 𝑥2 > 0} ∈ R2
(b). 𝐴 = [0, 1], as a subset of R with the finite complement
topology
(c). 𝐴 = {𝑎} where 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏} with the discrete topology
(d). 𝐴 = {𝑎} where 𝑋 = {𝑎, 𝑏} with the trivial topology.

4. Solution
(a). 𝐴 = {𝑥 = (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2) ∈ R2 : 𝑥2 > 0} ∈ R2
𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐴) = 𝐴 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥 2) ∈ R2 : 𝑥 2 > 0}
𝑏𝑑𝑦(𝐴) = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥 2) ∈ R2 : 𝑥2 = 0} = {(𝑥1 , 0) : 𝑥1 ∈ R}
𝐴¯ = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥 2) ∈ R2 : 𝑥 2 ≥ 0}
𝐴′ = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥 2) ∈ R2 : 𝑥2 ≥ 0}
(b). 𝐴 = [0, 1], as a subset of R with the finite complement topology
𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐴) = ∅ the empty set
𝑏𝑑𝑦(𝐴) = R
𝐴¯ = R
Let 𝑥 ∈ R and 𝑈 be any open set containg 𝑥. Them 𝑈 continuous
all but finitely many points of R ( ∵ 𝑈 𝑐 = 𝑎 finitely)
There fore (𝑈\{𝑥})∩𝐴 ≠ ∅ (Since 𝐴 contains uncountablely many
points)
(i.e.) 𝑥 is a limit point of 𝐴 (by definition)
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴′
Since 𝑥 is arbitrary all the points of R is a limit point of 𝐴.
(i.e.) 𝐴′ = R
Hence
5

Exercise 4.4 (page120)


3. Find an example of each of the following:
(a). A closed mapping that is not continuous
(b). An open mapping that is not closed and a closed mapping
that is not open
(c). A continuous function that is neither open nor closed
(d). A function that is both open and closed but not continuous
6

Exercise 4.5 (page127)


3. Let 𝐴 be a subspace of a space 𝑋 and let 𝐵 be a subset of 𝐴.
Prove that:
(a). A point 𝑥 in 𝐴 is a limit point of 𝐵 in the subspace topology
for 𝐴 if and only if 𝑥 is a limit point of 𝐵 in the topology for 𝑋.
(b). The closure of 𝐵 in the subspace topology for 𝐴 equals
𝐵¯ ∩ 𝐴.
7

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