Question Bank - Unit V

OIC 751 Transducer Engineering
Question Bank – Unit 5
Part A
1. What is the use of piezoelectric transducer?
Piezoelectric transducers are used to transducer pressure or force into electric charge. When a
piezoelectric material is subjected to force or pressure, the dimensions of the crystal are
changed, due to which an electric potential appears across the surfaces of a crystal. This
effect is called piezoelectric effect.
2. What is piezoelectric effect?
When a piezoelectric material is is subjected to force or pressure, the dimensions of the

crystal are changed, due to which an electric potential appears across the surfaces of a crystal.
This effect is called piezoelectric effect. This effect is reversible. If an electric potential is
applied on the surface of the crystal, it will change the dimensions of the crystal thereby
deforming it. This effect is called as an inverse piezoelectric effect.
3. List out some of piezoelectric materials.
Many of the crystallographic elements exhibit piezoelectric properties. But limited materials
are used in piezoelectric transducers. Most common materials are Quartz, Rochelle salts,
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, Lithium sulphate, Dipottasium tartate, Pottasium
dihydrogen phosphate and Barium titanate.
4. Write short notes on the principle behind the piezoelectric strain transducer.
In a piezoelectric strain transducer, a piezoelectric material of length expander mode is to be

considered and it is cemented to a surface structure. If this arrangement is subjected to stress,
there will be change in dimensions of the piezoelectric material and thereby changes in strain.
Due to which the changes in resistance is transmitted to a circuit where an equivalent voltage
output signal is obtained.
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5. Define Hall effect.
If a strip of conducting material carries current in the presence of transverse magnetic field,
an emf is generated between the two edges of conducting strip. The amount of generated
voltage is based on the current and flux density. This effect is called Hall effect. The Hall
effect is exhibited by certain materials like Arsenic, Bismuth, Iron, Silicon etc.
When any one of these Hall material is subjected to a magnetic field in one direction, an
electric current in another direction, which is perpendicular to the direction, of the magnetic
flux is produced, then an electric potential is generated in a third direction which is mutually
perpendicular to the other two directions
6. List out some of the application of Hall effect Transducer
The following are some of the application of Hall effect transducers:
1. Hall effect transducer for flux measurement

2. Hall Effect transducer for displacement measurement
3. Hall Effect transducer for current measurement
4. Hall Effect transducer for power measurement
The Hall effect transducer or Hall flux meter is used to convert the magnetic flux into its
equivalent voltage. This meter can obtain a continous output based on the magnetic flux
variations
7. What are digital transducers?
The digital transducers are capable of providing output in digital form directly without the
use of analog to digital conversion circuits. The output signal from the digital transducers is
in the form of rectangular pulses. If the rectangular pulse is present, the digital output is
represented by 1, and if there is no pulse, the digital output is presented by 0.
8. List out some of the examples of digital transducer.
Some of the examples of digital transducers are listed below
 Digital displacement transducers

 Shaft angle encoder
 Optical encoder
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 Magnetic encoder
 Digital speed transducer etc.
9. Give the principle behind the linear digital encoder.
In a linear digital encoder, linear displacement is converted into rotary displacement which
can be measured with potentiometers coupled to a rack and pinon assembly. It produces a
ratio of potentiometer revolutions to measure rotation or displacement. The output of the
encoder is measured in pules/ revolution which is used to keep track of the position. To count
the generated pulses and also to convert the pulses and equivalent digital output, a suitable
signal processing circuit can be used along with the encoder.
10. What is a SMART sensor?
A SMART transducer is simply explained as ‘Sensing, Monitoring and Remote

Transmission’ transducer. It can be of either analog type or digital type which can be
combined with a processing unit and a communication interface. There sensor can provide an
electrical output. When they are combined with suitable interfacing devices, these sensors are
called intelligent sensors.
11. List out some of the features of SMART sensors.
Special features of SMART sensors are listed as follows:
 Automatic ranging
 Auto calibration of data through an in-buiilt system
 Automatic data acquisition system and storage of data in local memory of the field
device
 Auto linearization of non-linear functions
 Auto correction of offsets, time and temperature drifts
 Self tuning control algorithms
 Easy communication through serial bus
12. Write short notes on principle behind the fiber optic sensors.
In fiber optic transducers, optical fiber is used as sensing element which can transmit optical
signals from remote place to destination place where the process of signals takes place.
Optical fiber is mainly preferred because of its small size and less weight. These transducers
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do not require any electrical power at the remote place of transmission. Another advantage is
its immunity to electromagnetic interference and non-conduction of electricity so that it can
be useful where there is high voltage electricity in use.
13. What are MEMS transducer?
Basically, Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMES) are miniaturized devices developed

as advancements in silicon technology. It is a technique of combining both electrical and
mechanical components together on a single chip in a miniaturized form. Miniaturized
elements of electro-mechanical elements are developed by the methods of micro fabrication.
14. What is nano sensor?
Nano sensors are used to sense the biological , chemical or any physical information which
are conveyed as nano particles to the macroscopic world. They are much useful in medical
field in providing nano robots that function at the nano scale range. They have the potential to
identify particular cell or parts of the body which is to be observed. This will be helpful for
drug deliver, monitoring of different stages of diseases at specific parts of the body.
15. What is the concept behind film sensors?
By the film deposition of various thicknesses on suitable substrates, certain sensors are
manufactured, and they are said to be film sensors. These film sensors are used to measure
the physical quantities such as temperature, stress, flow, radiation, etc. They are also used to
measure the chemical quantities such as gas concentration, humidity, acidity, etc.
16. List out the various types of film sensors.
Based on the types of techniques used for the film deposition on the substrate, there are two
types of film sensors:
1. Thick film sensors
2. Thin film sensors
Depending on the type of film sensors, whether its thick film sensors or thin film sensor,
there will be changes in their electrical and mechanical properties.
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Part B
1. With respect to the principle of operation of a piezoelectric transducer, derive the
charge sensitivity of the crystal.
2. How does a piezoelectric pressure transducer work? Explain.
3. With a neat diagram, describe the measurement of displacement using Hall effect
transducer.
4. Explain the principle of working of linear digital encoders and incremental disc
encoders with their diagrams
5. With a neat diagram, explain about the features, components and functioning of a
SMART sensor.
6. Discuss the different generations of SMART sensors with their block diagrams and
give comparison between them.
7. Explain in detail about the principle, types and applications of fiber optic transducers.
8. Brief about the purpose, types and application of film sensors.
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OIC 751 Transducer Engineering

Question Bank – Unit 5

1. What is the use of piezoelectric transducer?

2. What is piezoelectric effect?

When a piezoelectric material is is subjected to force or pressure, the dimensions of the

3. List out some of piezoelectric materials.

In a piezoelectric strain transducer, a piezoelectric material of length expander mode is to be

6. List out some of the application of Hall effect Transducer

The following are some of the application of Hall effect transducers:

1. Hall effect transducer for flux measurement

7. What are digital transducers?

8. List out some of the examples of digital transducer.

Some of the examples of digital transducers are listed below

 Digital displacement transducers

9. Give the principle behind the linear digital encoder.

10. What is a SMART sensor?

A SMART transducer is simply explained as ‘Sensing, Monitoring and Remote

11. List out some of the features of SMART sensors.

Special features of SMART sensors are listed as follows:

13. What are MEMS transducer?

Basically, Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMES) are miniaturized devices developed

14. What is nano sensor?

15. What is the concept behind film sensors?

16. List out the various types of film sensors.

1. Thick film sensors

2. Thin film sensors

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