UNIT 1

Chapter 1. Introduction To Machine Learning

1. Define and explain Machine Learning. Also, explain its

examples in brief.

2. Explain supervised learning and unsupervised learning in

detail.

3. Write a short note on learning versus designing.

4. Explain training data and test data in detail.

5. What are the characteristics of machine learning tasks?

Explain each one in brief.

6. What are predictive and descriptive tasks? Explain with

respect to supervised and unsupervised learning.

Chapter 2. Machine Learning Models

1. How does a linear classifier construct decision boundaries

using linear separable data? Explain it in detail with respect to
geometric models of Machine Learning.

2. Explain the working of decision boundary learned by the

Support Vector Machine from linear separable data with respect
to geometric models of Machine Learning.

3. Describe logical models.

4. Write a short note on probabilistic models.

5. Machine learning is all about using the right features to build
the right models that achieve the right tasks – justify this
sentence.

6. What are various types of features available? Explain each

one in brief.

7. Why are feature construction and feature transformation

required? How to achieve them?

8. What are the approaches to feature selection? Explain each

one in detail.

UNIT 2
Chapter 3. Classification and Regression

1. Explain the concept of classification with a suitable example.

2. Illustrate the assessment of classification with a suitable

example.

3. Write a note on binary classification

4. Briefly explain the concept of class probability Estimation

5. Explain Multiclass Classification with concept notes.

6. How are classification estimates assessed? Explain with a

suitable example.
Chapter 4. Regression

1. What is regression? Explain types of regression.

2. Give the illustration of regression performance.

3. Explain the methods used for regression analysis.

4. Write a note on the R square method.

5. Write a note on the Mean absolute error.

6. Explain the Root mean square method with a suitable

example.

7. Discuss Polynomial Regression in detail.

Chapter 5. Theory of Generalization

1. What is a hypothesis? Explain different types of hypotheses.

2. Explain underfitting and overfitting with a suitable example.

3. Explain the growth bounding function with suitable derivation.

4. Give the illustration of VC (Vapnik-Chervonenkis)

Dimensions.

5. What is regularization? Explain its theory.

6. Explain L1 and L2 regularization with suitable example.

UNIT 3
Chapter 6. Linear Models

● Least Square method:

1. Explain the least square method and its limitations.

2. Explain the types of the least square methods.

3. What is the difference between the Linear and non-linear

least square

method?

4. Solve the following using the least square method.

Consider the time series data given below

xi 8 3 2 10 11 3 6 5 6 8

yi 4 12 1 12 9 4 9 6 1 14
Use the least square method to determine the equation of the line of the best fit for the data. Then plot the line.
 ● Multivariate Linear Regression:

1. Explain Multivariate linear regression with an example.

2. What are the steps for Multivariate Linear regression?

● Regularized Regression:

1. Explain Regularized regression.

2. What are the types of regularized regression?

3. Give a comparison of Lasso and Ridge with a linear

regression model.

● Using Least Square Regression for classification:

1. Explain the use of least square regression for classification.

● Perceptron

1. Explain the perceptron algorithm.

2. Explain the types of perceptron algorithms

3. Explain the working of a single-layer perceptron.

4. Explain Single layer perceptron with advantages and

disadvantages.

5. Explain Multilayer perceptron with advantages and

disadvantages.
Chapter 7. Support Vector Machine

● Support vector Machine

1. Explain support vector machines with examples.

2. What are the types of Support vector machines?

3. What are Hyperplane and Support vectors in the SVM

algorithms?

4. Explain the working of SVM.

5. Why SVM is an example of a large margin classifier?

6. What is a kernel in SVM? Why do we use kernels in SVM?

7. Explain the key terminologies of the Support Vector Machine.

8. Define support vector machine (SVM) and further explain the

maximum margin linear separators concept.

● Soft Margin SVM

1. What is soft margin SVM?

2. Explain the working of Soft margin SVM.

3. Explain the formulation of soft margin SVM?

● Obtaining probabilities from linear classifiers:

1. How to obtain probabilities from linear classifiers using

logistic regression?
 ● Kernal methods for non-linearity

1. Explain Kernel methods for non-linearity

2. What are the limitations of the kernel method?

3. Explain the optimization problem for SVM with a non-linear

kernel

UNIT 4
Chapter 8. Distance-Based Models

1. Describe the essential steps of the K-means algorithm for

clustering Analysis.

2. Apply the K-means algorithm on given data for k=3. Use

c1(2),c2(16) and c3(38) as initial cluster centres.

Data: 2,4,6,3,31,12,15,16,38,35,14,21, 23,25,30

3. Apply the K-means algorithm on given data for k=3. Use

c1(2),c2(16) and c3(38) as initial cluster centres.

Data: 2,4,6,3,31,12,15,16,38,35,14,21,23,25,30

4. Apply the Agglomerative clustering algorithm to the given

data and draw a dendrogram. Show three clusters with their
allocated points. Use the single link method.

a b c d e f

a 0 √2 √10 √17 √5 √20

b √2 0 √8 3 1 √18

c √10 √8 0 √5 √5 2

d √17 1 √5 0 2 3

e √5 1 √5 2 0 √13

f √20 √18 2 3 √13 0

5. For the given set of points identify clusters using the

complete link and average link using Agglomerative clustering.

A B

P1 1 1

P2 1.5 1.5

P3 5 5

P4 3 4

P5 4 4

P6 3 3.5

A B

Chapter 9. Rule-Based Models

1. Find frequent item set and association rules for minimum

support count 2 and minimum confidence is 60%

TID Items

T1 i1,i2,i5

T2 i2,i4

T3 i2,i3

T4 i1,i2,i4
 T5 i1,i3

T6 i2,i3

T7 i1,i3

T8 i1,i2,i3,i5

T9 i1,i2,i3

Chapter 10. Tree-Based Models

1. Create a decision tree for the attribute “ class” using the

respective values

Eyecolour Married Sex Hairlength class

Brown yes male Long Football
Blue yes male Short Football
Brown yes male Long Football
Brown no female Long Netball
Brown no female Long Netball
Blue no male Long Football
Brown no female Long Netball
Brown no male Short Football
Brown yes female Short Netball
Brown no female Long Netball
Blue no male Long Football
Blue no male Short Football
2. Write a short note on Issues in the Decision Tree

3. For the given data determine the entropy after classification

using each attribute for classification separately and find which
attribute is taken as the decision attribute for the root by finding
information gained with respect to the entropy of Temperature
as the reference attribute.

Sr. no. Temperature Wind Humidity

1 Hot Weak High
2 Hot Strong High
3 Mild Weak Normal
4 Cool Strong High
5 Cool Weak Normal
6 Mild Strong Normal
7 Mild Weak High
8 Hot Strong High
9 Mild Weak Normal
10 Hot Strong Normal

4. For a Sunburn dataset given below, construct a decision tree

Name Hair Height Weight Location Class

Swati Blonde Average Light No Yes
Sunita Blonde Tall Average Yes No
Anita Brown Short Average Yes No
Lata Blonde Short Average No Yes
Radha Red Average Heavy No Yes
Maya Brown Tall Heavy No No
Leena Brown Average Heavy No No
Rina Blonde Short Light Yes No
UNIT 5
Chapter 11 Probabilistic Model

1. What is a Probabilistic model?

2. What is the difference between deterministic and

Probabilistic

machine learning modes??

3. How are probabilities used in machine learning

4. What is a Probabilistic model in information retrieval?

Chapter 12. Machine Learning In

Hyper-Automation

1. What is bagging and boosting?

2. What is Active learning?

3. What is sequence prediction?

4. Explain in detail Boosting?