Shree Ambabai Talim Sanstha’s

SANJAY BHOKARE GROUP OF INSTITUTES, MIRAJ

FACULTY OF POLYTECHNIC
Institute Code: 1552
Department Of Civil Engineering
Micro Project Report
On

Friction : concept type application

Prepared By

Roll no. Enrolment No. Name

1103 2015520003 SARVESH SURESH MORE
1111 2015520037 ROHIT RAVINDRA SADAMATE
1105 2015520005 SINGH ANCIKA BUDHAN
1107 2015520007 NEMADE RUSHIKESH SANJAY
1104 2015520004 JAMADAR WASIM MUNAF

Under the Guidance of

M.S.Mainkar

Submitted To

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

(Autonomous) (ISO-9001-2008) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

This is to certify that Mr. SARVESH SURESH MORE Roll No. 1103 of 2nd
Semester of Diploma in Civil Engineering , of Institute ATS Sanjay Bhokare
Group Of Institutes, Faculty Of Polytechnic, Miraj. (Code: 1552) has completed
the Micro-Project work satisfactorily in course Applied Mechanics (22203) for the
academic year 2020 to 2021 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Miraj Enrollment No: 2015520003

Date: Exam Seat No : 214952

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Mr.A.S.Mainkar G.P.Gavane Mr.C.P.Divte
 Annexure – I

PART A – Micro-Project Proposal

Friction
1.0 Brief Introductions
Friction, force that resists the sliding or rolling of one solid object over another. Frictional forces,
such as the traction needed to walk without slipping, may be beneficial, but they also present a great
measure of opposition to motion. About 20 percent of the engine power of automobiles is consumed
in overcoming frictional forces in the moving parts. Frictional force is the opposing force that is
created between two surfaces that try to move in the same direction or that try to move in opposite
directions. The main purpose of a frictional force is to create resistance to the motion of one surface
over the other surface.
Push your hands together. Try to pull your hands apart. Rub your hands together.
Friction is the force that slows thing down.
1. Demonstrate and ask students to rub their hands together.
2. Ask “What do you notice?” Their hands get warmer.
3. Friction always gives off some heat.

➢ Examples of friction in our daily life

• Driving of a vehicle on a surface.
• Applying brakes to stop a moving vehicle.
• Skating.
• Walking on the road.
• Writing on notebook/ blackboard.
• Flying of aeroplanes.
• Drilling a nail into wall.
• Sliding on a garden slide.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

This Micro-Project aims at:
1. To learn concept of Friction.
2. To study application of friction in various technological aspects.

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes

a) Apply the principal of friction in various conditions for useful purposes.
b) Determine unknown forces of different unknown forces.
4.0 Literature Review
➢ UNDERSTANDING FRICTION
Friction plays a critical role in many web handling and winding problems in the paper industry.
Although these problems can often be reduced to simple mechanical models, the models require the
coefficient of friction of the material as an input. However, coefficient of friction of paper can be an
elusive measurement which depends on measurement conditions, handling and even on previous
measurements on the same sample. This paper looks at how friction should be measured for different
applications. Fundamental principles are used to explain the chemical nature of friction which is
essential for understanding and controlling friction in the paper industry.

➢ FRICTION AND SLIDING FRICTION

The study of friction is an important and complicated field of engineering and physics. There is no
comprehensive theory for friction at the microscopic level. Instead, we have several different
macroscopic equations and approximations depending on the type of friction. Tire companies spend
considerable amount of money researching new designs to improve friction between the tires and the
road while the automotive industry attempts to develop new fluids and manufacturing processes to
reduce frictional wear. One interesting frictional process involves your knees. In order for you to
stand, it is necessary that the friction between bones of the knee be very large otherwise you would
wobble like a newborn colt. However, you require a much smaller frictional force between the knee
joints in order to walk. The knee changes its frictional force by secreting and absorbing a liquid (you
have a self-oilier!). Maybe now you will appreciate why knee injuries are so serious for athletes.

4.0 Proposed Methodology

Firstly discussed and finalized the topic then started the preparation of submission of proposal.
All members in group discussed and planed layout of micro project then after having preference of
various books, various websites from Google chrome, and some reference books. And in between our
subject teacher Mr.A.S.Mainkar guided us. Then we all were prepared with our micro project
content. Then we have discussed about all required resources, raw material, tools etc. and collected
them. All the important points where properly described in micro project report as per the given
format. And finally the total micro project was completed by our all group members, and was ready
to submit.

5.0 Resources Required

S.
Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks
No.
Internet browser-
1 01 01 Observed
www.researchgate.net
Books-
➢ The Friction and
2
Lubrication of Solids
Book by David Tabor and
 Frank Philip Bowden

➢ Laws of Motion and

Friction: Mechanics By
Sanjay Kumar

6.0 Action Plan

S. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of

No. Start Finish Responsible
date date Team
Members
1 Discussed the topics and finilised one 14-03-21 15-0321 All members
2 Submitting project proposal 21-03-21 22-03-21 All members
3 Gathering information from resources 28-03-21 29-03-21 All members
4 Discussed with guide regarding the 05-04-21 06-04-21 All members
information collecte
5 Preparing the working model 07-05-21 12-04-21 All members
6 Preparing final project report 12-04-21 13-04-21 All members
7 Printing/drawing 26-04-21 27-04-21 All members
8 Submitting the micro project report 03-05-21 04-05-21 All members
with working model

*************
 PART B – Micro-Project Report
Friction

0.1 Rationale:-
1 Friction, force that resists the sliding or rolling of one solid object over another. Frictional forces,
such as the traction needed to walk without slipping, may be beneficial, but they also present a
great measure of opposition to motion. About 20 percent of the engine power of automobiles is
consumed in overcoming frictional forces in the moving parts.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material
elements sliding against each other.[2] There are several types of friction:

• Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Dry
friction is subdivided into static friction ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic
friction between moving surfaces. With the exception of atomic or molecular friction, dry friction
generally arises from the interaction of surface features, known as asperities (see Figure 1).
• Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to
each other.[3][4]

• Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid
surfaces.[5][6][7]
 • Skin friction is a component of friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid
surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.[2] There are several
types of friction:
• Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact.
Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and
kinetic friction between moving surfaces. With the exception of atomic or molecular friction,
dry friction generally arises from the interaction of surface features, known as asperities (see
Figure 1).
• Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative
to each other.[3][4]
•Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid
surfaces.[5][6][7]
•Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface
of a body.
•Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material
while it undergoes deformation.
• , the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body.
• Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid
material while it undergoes riction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces,
fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.[2] There are several types of
friction:
•Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact.
Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ("striction is the force resisting the relative
motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.[2]
There are several types of friction:
• Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact.
Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and
kinetic friction between moving surfaces. With the exception of atomic or molecular friction,
dry friction generally arises from the interaction of surface features, known as asperities (see
Figure 1).
• Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to
each other.[3][4]
• Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid
surfaces.[5][6][7]
• Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface
of a body.
• Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material
while it undergoes deformation.
• iction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction between moving surfaces. With the
exception of atomic or molecular friction, dry friction generally arises from the interaction of
surface features, known as asperities (see Figure 1).
• Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to
each other.[3][4]
• Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid
surfaces.[5][6][7]
• Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface
of a body.
• Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material
while it undergoes deformation.
3.0 Literature Review:-
➢ THE NATURE OF FRICTION: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
Friction is an essential part of human experience. We need traction to walk, stand, work, and drive.
At the same time, we need energy to overcome the resistance to motion, hence, too much friction
costs excess energy to perform work, introducing inefficiencies. In the 21 st century, we are facing
the dual challenges of energy shortage and global warming from burning fossil fuels. Therefore, the
ability to control friction has become a top priority in our world today. Yet our understanding of the
fundamental nature of friction is still lacking. Friction has always been a subject of curiosity.
Intensive study of the origin of friction began in the 16th century, after the pioneering work by
Leonardo da Vinci. Yet progress in understanding the nature of friction has been slow, hampered by
the lack of instrument to measure friction precisely. Ingenious experiments performed by Amontons,
Coulomb, and others have yielded important insights to build the foundation of our understanding.
Beginning in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the advent of steam engines, locomotives, followed by
the automobiles airplanes, and space exploration demands a clear understanding of friction and the
ability to control it for the machinery to last. Significant progress on how to apply and control friction
in engineering friction was made through trial and error. At the beginning of the 21 st century, a new
dimension of nanoscale friction came into the picture in conjunction with the arrival of
nanotechnology.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed:-

Firstly discussed and finalized the topic then started the preparation of submission of proposal.
All members in group discussed and planed layout of micro project then after having preference of
various books, various websites from Google chrome, and some reference books. And in between our
subject teacher Mr.A.S.Mainkar guided us. Then we all were prepared with our micro project
content. Then we have discussed about all required resources, raw material, tools etc. and collected
them. All the important points where properly described in micro project report as per the given
format. And finally the total micro project was completed by our all group members, and was ready
to submit.

5.0 Actual Resources Used:-

Name of
S. No. Specifications Qty Remarks
Resource/material
Internet browser-
1 01 01
www.researchgate.net
Books-
➢ The Friction and
Lubrication of Solids
2 Book by David Tabor 02
and Frank Philip
Bowden

➢ Laws of Motion and

 Friction: Mechanics
By Sanjay Kumar

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project:-

• We got the knowledge about the concept of friction
• Types of friction such as rolling friction, Static friction etc.

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project:-

• Developed decision making
• Application of Concept of friction in Industry

8.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

• With help of this project we got knowledge regarding the application of friction in the
industries mainly in automobile sectors.
9.0 Area of Future Improvement

• The advancements in friction mechanism are reviewed and an outlook for its future research
is proposed.

• Recent progress of superlubricity is comprehensively summarized.

• Significance in economic and energy saving with the application of superlubricity is

highlighted.

**************
 Annexure – III
Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: ………………………………………………………… Enrollment

No.……………………………………
Name of Programme………………………………………………… Semester:
………………………………………… Course Title
………………………………………………………………..
Code:………………………………………………………………

Title of the Micro-Project:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(For Office Use Only)

Course Outcomes Achieved
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
• (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)
S. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No to be assessed ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )
.
1 Relevance to Relate to very few Related to some Take care of at- Take care of more
the course Los Los least one CO than one CO
• ..
2 Literature Not more than two At-least 5 relevant At –least 7 About 10 relevant
Survey sources (primary sources, at least 2 relevant sources, sources, most
/information and secondary), latest most latest latest
collection very old reference

3 Completion of Completed less Completed 50 to Completed 60 to Completed more

the Target as than 50% 60% 80% than 80 %
per project
proposal
4 Analysis of Sample Size small, Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough data
Data and data neither appropriate appropriate collected by
representation organized nor sample, enough sample, enough sufficient and
presented well data generated but data generated appropriate sample
not organized and which is organized size. Proper
not presented well. and presented well inferences drawn
No or poor but poor inferences by organising and
inferences drawn drawn presenting data
through tables,
charts and graphs.
5 Quality of Incomplete Just Well Well
Prototype/Mod fabrication/assembl assembled/fabricat assembled/fabricat assembled/fabricat
el y. ed and parts are ed with proper ed with proper
not functioning functioning parts. functioning parts.
well. Not in proper In proper shape, In proper shape,
shape, dimensions within tolerance within tolerance
beyond tolerance dimensions and dimensions and
limit. good good
Appearance/finish finish/appearance. finish/appearance.
is shabby. But no creativity in Creativity in
design and use of design and use of
material material

6 Report Very short, poor Nearly sufficient Detailed, correct Very detailed,
Preparation quality sketches, and correct details and clear correct, clear
Details about about methods, description of description of
methods, material, material, methods, methods,
precaution and precautions and materials, materials,
conclusions conclusion, but precautions and precautions and
omitted, some clarity is not there Conclusions. conclusions.
details are wrong in presentation. Sufficient Graphic Enough tables,
But not enough Description. charts and sketches
graphic
description.

7 Presentation Major information Includes major Includes major Well organized,

is not included, information but information and includes major
information is not not well organized well organized but information ,well
well organized . and not presented not presented well presented
well
8 Any other
(depending
upon nature of
project: please
write indicators
by pen)
Defense Could not reply to Replied to Replied properly Replied most of
9 considerable considerable to considerable the questions
number of number of number of properly
question. questions but not question.
very properly
 MIcro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A - Project Methodology PartB - Project individual Marks
Project (2 marks) Report/Working Model Presentation/Viva 10
Proposal (2 marks) (4 marks)
(2 marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution for each group of students in first 3
columns as per rubrics & individual evaluation in 4TH columnfor each group of studentsas per rubricsbased on
viva.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Any Other Comment:

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Name and designation of the Faculty Member…………………………………….

Signature………………………………………………………………………………

Date:………………………..