COMPONENTS

OF COMPUTER 2
CHAPTER FOCUSES ON
Inpur Unit
Ourpur Unit
Storage Unit

INPUTUNIT
s u1t
Out
Comprises of one or
more input devices. If
various tasks then you want to fecd the data and
you necd input devices to do give some instructions
understandable form and send it this. These devices Convert the to computcr trg ezr..
input data and instruction
to the CPU
There are varous
types of
forproccssing intr Cotntre
input devices used for diffcrent computer
Keyboard applications. Iet us learn about thesc
devices
The keyboard is one of the conmmon
contains a number of input devices. It looks likc
keypad. buttons/ keys like typing typewritcr. It uscd to fecd
a
is
the data
(alphanuneric) keys, control keys, function keys, into computer
navigation keys and nurmcrc
Typing (alphanumeric) keys These keys include the
Control keys- 'These alphabct, number, punctuation, and symbol
are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key keys.
other keys to perfom certain and Esc. These keys are used alone
actions. in
combinatinn withor

Function keys-The function

keys are uscd to perform
specific tasks. They arc labeled F1,F2, F3... toF12.
Navigation keys- They include the arrow keys, IHome, Find,
as

used for
moving around in documents or web Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.
pages and cditing tecxt. These keys are
Numeric keypad On numeric
the nunbers «quickly. keypad, keys are proupcd together in block l1ke a a
conventional calculator for
entering

4
Keyboard
1 Navigation Keys 2 Numeric Ke;pad 3 Function Keys
4 Control Keys 5 Alphanumeric Keys

Keyboard can bc categorized according to key arrangement. Above given is a traditional QWERTY layout keyboard. A
standard QWER7Ycontains at least 104
keys.

20
Accoding to key layout there are two types of kcyboard. consist
Its top row ot alphabets
standard kerboard which comes in English language.
(a) wERIY Keyboard: I t is the called the QWERTY keyboard.
(,W, E, R,T, and Y keys from the left that's why it is t aster
ster o t

which is created to make the typing work easier and

DVORAK Keyboard: This keyboard has the key lavout
(b)
when comparcd with other keyboards.

in 1875.
Latham Sholes invented the QWERTY keyboard
Tip: Christopher
9 0I
Delete 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C R
P Y FG
Tao wE RTU A O E UI D H I

Caps
Enter
QJ X B M W V
Shift Shit
Cin Alt Alt
DVORAK Keyboard
QWERTY Keyboard
Advantages: 1. Easy to input text and numbers.
2. Various/ormats are available, such as standard,
multimedia, DVORAK, etc.

Disadvantages: 1. Un-suitablefor creating diagram5.

2. Very slow to move the cursor on the monitor.
Mouse
pointing device that
It is another important input device. It is a handy/ hand-operated used
of on monitor screen. It is
rolls on a flat surface. It controls the
m o v e m e n t pointer
and
to point at or select things on
the computer screen, draw sketches/diagrams, drag
the top and a scroll wheel. Functions
drop the object. It has two or three buttons on
are left-click, double-click, right-click
and
which can performed using mouse buttons
be
drag and drop.
There are different types of mouse used these days. These are,
(b) Optical Mouse (c) Cordless Mouse
(a) Mechanical Mouse
rubber or metal ball on its underside,
(a) Mechanical Mouse: This type of mouse has a
within the mouse detects the motion Mechanical Mouse
which can be rolled in any direction. A
sensor

of ball and moves the pointer on screen (monitor) in the same direction.

The computer mouse, as we know it today, was invented and developed

by Douglas Englebart during the 6s.
Mouse: This type of mouse uses ight-emitting diode or laser to detect the
(b) Optical
movement of mouse relative to the surtace 1.e., by sensing changes in reflected light.

(c) Cordless Mouse: It is also known as wireless mouse. It can be used from a distance to operatec
a computer. It is not physicailly connected to the computer. Thus it is portable and
comfortable to the users.
Mostly, a cordless mouse uses radio waves to communicate with the computer. It comes with a
receiver connected to the computer.
Optical Mouse

21
 Do you know?
with
B l u c t o o t h

Cordless Mouse
coming up
is receiver.

such a
m o u s e

The
darest
ondless

don't
need Laser IS more
a c C u r

te than the
.

that m o v e m e n t .

technologies

to
detect
m o n s e
l21s
tmproved
15ittuty and
sensis

a n d precision. w h e r e pinpoint
laser ight senstrty
uses
that applicatio7s,
mrouse
greater
optical to 20x desig?i
IS a bvpe of for up engineerng
anOUIRE
prorwaing or
LRSCr
desig, graphical
applicationsand
mose

stamdarei opnaca geming

rm e hr for
pre
compwters.
cesth desktop
ldeniro use
o n the
screen.

item o r object
Advantages1.

point.an
Esy to useto to the computer (n the wrist)
sarfaceclose strain injury
Disadvantages:
Theymeda flat bealthproblems
such as repetitioe
E x r s i t e uSe
can
laedto
or
its angle
base and reports
on a
Joystick consists of a
stick that pivots
video games,
and usually
have

device. A jovstick to control

it is ai'so a pointing are often used
device. Joysticks
to the controlling
also be read by the
dIrecton computer.
whose state can wheelchairs,
one or more
push-buttons unmanned vehicles,
underwater

used in civlian and military aircraft, cranes,

joystcks ar
mowers.
radius lawn
sunelance c a m e r a s
and z e r o rurning

racing orflying styles of

computergame. Joystick
idvantage Tgrcea betterganmming experiencefor
Disadvantages
be broken
1. They can force is used on them.
iftoo much
the wristj.
can lead to healthproblems
such as repetitive strain injury (in
2 Excessite use
of Taiwan and
The computer joystick was invented by Shu-Ming Liu of Taipe, A-Ming Chang
Lu-Chou of Taiwan in 1998.

Scanner
Taiwan-based Microtek introduced the
A scanner is a graphic,
to a digital image, which can be manipulated according
or photograph
device thar converts a document, film,
to the requirement World's first 200 dpi black and white
through an appropriate software. sheet-fed scanner in 1984.

Scanners come in band-held, jilatbed,sheetfed and drum types.

(a) Hand-beld scanner. Asthe name suggests, itis a handy device useful for their portabiliry and low price. While scannes
images from these type of scanner are considerably of low quality. Itis generally used for capturing the text.

Hand-held scanner Flatbed scanner

 the
Flatbed «urface which w e can place
(b) scarner: It
is the most commonly used scanners. it is made up of flat glasa
*
oi
document orphoto that arc to b escanned. Itis a type of optical scanner. This typeof sCanneris t
() Sheet ted scanner This type of seanner seans only one piece of paper at a time. t meves
scan head. It looks likc a fax machine.
imagc. Drum
scanners
use pno
(d) Drum scanner 1histype of scanner is used to capture the highest resolution from an
shines a light threugh the
tilm.
mounted on a glass ecylinder/drum. The optical system
are i *
s it te, the photr multipler tiihes
nc opea sstem picks up the transmitted light the other sidc and dirccts
on
mirors and ienses and generates an clectrical signal. This tvpe of scanners is mostly used in printing i e u t
Drum scanner
Sheet fed scanner
and can produce reasonably high quality images.
Advantages: 1.(Flatbed)scannersare very accurate documents.
then be included orn electronic
2.Any image which is digitized by thescanner
can
digitized can be enhanced with a graphic application.
3. Images once
be more
but the original source may
4.It can accuratel)y capture an image,
important than the scanned image.
take up a lot of memory space.
Disadvantages: 1. Imageproduceby the scanner can
the scanning and digitizingprocess.
2. Images lose some quality in
on the qualityoftheoriginal imag Microphone
3. Tbe quality ofthefinal image is dependent
Microphone voice/sound into electrical signals.
is a device used to convert
referred to as a mike or mic, motion picture production,
live
A microphone sometimes recorders, hearing aids,
applications such as telephones, tape voice.
Microphones are used in many and in computers for recording
in radio and television broadcasting
recording, audio engineering, voice into text or to control
menu options on
a
convert
be used to your
1. Voice recognition software
can
Advantages:
phone system.
take up a lot ofmemory.
1. Stored audiofiles
can
Disadvantages: to recognise by the software.
can be difficult
2. Voice commands
OCR (Optical Character Reader) document either hand-written
or typed
numeric characters on a
which is used to read alphabets and
Itis an optical input device OCR system includes
an optical
of font printed on special paper. convert images
orspecial type to read characters and then
the characters. It uses light
source
scanner to read the text and software to recognize
which are editable using word-processor.
of textinto characters amounts oftext.
to manually enter large
someone
1. It is cheaperthan paying
Advantages
 Disnd antagen ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOD
abcdefghi nnopo
iNtwye w w wevr ily uf thern

MICR
MCR
(Magnetic tnk Character Recognition) Optical haracter Reader
Isad nv maud
Is

numders aind charatetsmagnetie imk ehanartvts

navilv used by b»ankingg innlusry fr the
aml bhm n the prcessirg ot cheques i.e.
Oc) ani
pnavsses opnaie and anal st vlheques (isually conmaining the cheie ninher, tae
these vhanteters.
e ranch cde,
The characters are pwintedusing and cc
nmagnctic ink

23456 7890
IP
Bank Cheque
MICR Font
Magnetic Ink
When Character Reader
a
document that contains this ink,
translates the necds to be
magnetic mtormation ino characters. read, is
passes thnough a machine, which magnetizes the ink and then
MICR
prrides a securc, high speod methodot scanning and
Advantages: i. is difficalt pnwessing intormatum.
to forge the MICR.
2. Documents can still be ead wlhen
c77tten or. folded or Do you know?
1. To
Disadvantages: 1. It can print Magnetic Ink, vou need a laser
read oniy 14characters pruter that accepts AMlCR toner
2.MICR raders .and ezcoders.are
epensiev. The reading
speed of the ICR is anound
30)
cheques per minute.
Light Pen
Light Pen is
light-scnsitive pen shaped pointing devicc. It
a

displayed objccts draw on the

or
sereen. lt is used with
allows the user o
point the
pen consists of a
pshoto sensor at the computcr'sCRT
display. The
tin \When we place it against the screen, it light
the light from the sereen which detects
in turn helps the
light pen on the sereen. computcr to identiti the location of the
Advantages: 1. hey trate exemely good psitional
aoray ona compauter screr:.
2.it draus directly on the
sereen.
Disadvantages: 1. isng a ingbt pen can tevome nneoafortatve .as it sometimes
23/ees tbe user
Light pen 2. 7iwey do not work arth LCDsez

24
OL

4 096528 28653
 VIdeo over the internet. You can
watching avidco of the other as comnmunicate with other people who have web cams,
you talk. Note: Aweb each of
camera comes with built-in you
eb camera can also be used to microphone.
(dete drter) to capture an image. Note: You need to install
your computer (ubich
Advantages: 1. Able to interact you get wben you bary a web camera. required software
2. Both sound
with people across long distances.
and video is used,
Disadvantages: 1. making the communication
Discourages people to interact more
sophisticated.
face-to-face.
OUTPUTUNIT
This Web Camera
unit helps the user to
isten get output
to
songs or taking generated by the computer in different
learn about these devices.printout etc. then we need different formats. If we want to
types of output devices like view images
Monitor monitor, speakers and let.

The Monitor is printers. Lets

one of
by the computer. It is the most parts important of
also known the computer. It is an
by the as Visual
computer (CPU). The monitor output device. It is used to show
Display Unit (VDU. It shows the the result
There are three displays video and
the data entered the
by returned
most
common types of
monitors available
graphics information user and the
generated by the computer. output generatedd
(1) CRT
(Cathode
the oldest Rays Tube) now-a-days. These
Monitor: It is similar to are,
difficult in technology
terms of
and uses lot of a
electricity. It is
television and works the
cathode rav mbeon
This bigger
portability. type of monitor is in size. It is heavy in weight rerhnoloov vhichis
and
no
longer popular.
(2) LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display)
Monitor: A
liquid crystal display
Karl Ferdinand Braun invented
CRT (commonly
monitor in 1897. abbreviated LCD) is a
thin, flat display device
front of a made up of CRT Monitor
light source or reflector. number of
any
It is colour or
smaller and
lighter
than monochrome pixels arrayed in
with
portable CRT, often called jlat panel, which makes
monitors use muchcomputers
less desk
such as
Laptops, Tablet PCs, and them ideal for use
space, electricity and are
TFT (Thin Film lightweight and thinner. Palmtop etc. LCD
Transistor) is variant ofLCD which uses
a
technology to improve image quality. TFT-LCD Thin- Film
usually synonymous with LCD. is one Transistor (TFT)
type of active matrix LCD,
(3) LED (Light thouglh
it is
most
Emitting Diode) Monitor:
modern LED monitor use
intensity and technology in the field of VDU light emitting diodes. It is the
a
larger light wavelength (monitor) development. LED monitor
spectrum, giving truer color gives
Advantages of CRT: 1.
a

They operate at any resolution, quality. It offers much more

better dynamic contrast
a
ratio too.
in RtAPon
the image geometry and aspect ratio without the
2.
needfor re-scaling
Disadvantages of CRT: 1. CRTsare less expemsive than comparable
They are having geometric distortion displays using other display technologies.
and screen
regulation problems. Also affected by
magneticfieldsfrom other equipment including other
2.
Tbeyarelarge, heavy, and bulky. Theyconsume lot CRTs.
of electricity and produce a lot of
a

beat.
 Advantages of LCD: 1. Zerogeometric distortion.
electricity andproducelittle beat.
12127, TOth a smali footprint. Consume litle man1facture
at the time of
Disadvanages ofLCD: resolution format determined
4Cach panel bas afixed pixel
that can not be changed.
2. Theseare expensive than CRTs.
Printer wiuy
Printer is a very
A Printer iIs an output device
which is used to take print out of information/ data on paper.
ltis used in Offices, Railways, Banks, Airports etc.
Printers are divided into two broad categories: netal
a
technology, In this category, printers operate by striking i e
a) lmpact FTinters: Impact printers the oldest printing
are
an ink ribbon. The ink ribbon is pressed against the paper,
marking the page
with
the approPa
or plastic head against essential. 1 his pr
in the used where low- cost printingis
fields
character, dot, line, or symbol. These printers are mostly Line printers, and Drum
sound while it is printing, For example, Dot-matrix printers, Daisy Wheel printers,
produces
printers. ata
of pins against a ribbon. It prints
one
character u
Dot Matrix Printer: Dot matrix printer works by striking a grid of pins. As the head
moves aCTOSS
character in In this type of printers, there is a vertical array
dotted format.
lt prints the of dots on the paper.
to form the character in the pattern
the paper, the selected pins hit on the ribbon
1. Cheaper in terms of cost.
Advantages of Dot Matrixprinter
2. Can usecontinuouspaper In 1953, the first high-speed printer
Remington-Rand
was developed by
for use on the Univac computer.
1. Printing quality is low
Disadvantages of Dot Matrix printer:
2. Can be used toprint carbon copies.
3. Printing speed is slow
4.It is very noisy.
Ystem where a
1d a l l w us
t
mercial suppl ier
Dot Matrix Printer Output Print of Dot Matrix Printer
uses a circular wheel with "petals" that each has a different character or
Daisy-Wheel Printer: Daisy-wheel printer to the appropriate petal and a hammer strikes the
each character, the wheel spins
symbol on the end. In order to print cannot print any graphics.
petal against the ribbon and the page. It
This i an exasaple
of dot-matrix printed
text (9-pin).
Thie i an exanpl
of dot-uatrix printed
text (24-pin).
This is a dalsyhel
printout done on a
Qune LetterPro 20 P.
Thi s an x p l e of text
printed on a Ricoh PC Laser
3000 1eser printer
Output Print of Dot Matrix
Print Petals Printer
Daisy -Wheel Printer
 not strike
the paper. T hese printers pro
oroduce no sound
printing head do
b) Non-mpact Printer:In this category printer,
of and Laser printer.
are Inkjet printer
of non-impact printers
we
printing. The two major types
ionized ink on a sheet of paper. M.
that works by spraying
Inkjet Printer:
in the ink's
plates
An
path
Inkjet printer is a kind of printer

direct the ink onto the paper in the

desired shapes to create impressionof
text orimaoe Magnetusedizedin
home and small offices.

PC hardware
nd reports to
Inkjet Printer
oking to buy
Output of Inkjet Printer

Advantages of Inkjet printer: 1. Printing quality is much better than impactprinters

2. Almost silent, don't make noise while printing
3. In terms ofcosting, cheaper than laserprinter.
4. Usedfor both black and colourprintonts.
Disadvantages of Inkjetprinter: 1. Slower than laser printer.
2. Theprinting speed is good but slower thanlaserprinter.
3.
Due to expensioe replacement of ink cartridges, running cost is much higher
than the dot- matrix and laser printer.
4. Need to dry the printouts because ink on the
paper is in droplets.
5. Can't useforbigh volumeprinting.
Laser Printer: The laser printer is the latest
technology printers which prints the character by laser beams. It has a
photocopier drum which works with the help of laser beam and prints the characters. It consists of toner inks.
Monochrome (black) laser printer, which use single toner are
being used at offices.

Laster Printer
Output of Laser Printer

Advantages of Laser printer: 1. Very bigh quality printimg.

2. Print
speed is good. It can be up to 10-20 pagesper minute.
3. Per page
printing cost is les than inkjet printer.
. Can be
usedfor bigh volume printing.
Disadvantages of Laser printer: 1. Colourlaser printers are expensive in
comparison to monochrome laser printer.
2. It is more
exxpensive than inkjet printer.
3. Toner and drum
replacement is expensive.
 Plotter
A Plotter is usca
topint high-quality graphics
applications such as

computer-aided drawings using ink pcns of

or

engineering drawings and machine design ce.g, different

engincering and architectural colours.i.e.,
In the
past, plotterS were usc in
There are two types of components. drawings making niaP>,
P 5*** vil
plotters: flatbed plotter and
Flatbed Plotter: In flatbed drum plotter.
holding mcchanism that movesplotter
on the
paper is fixed on lat
surfacc and
a
surface (paper) in two pens of different colours are
Drum Plotter: In
drum
plotters, the paper on which
orthogonal (vertical and horizontal) direcuonsmountcu
to taw
i P
forth to produce vertical motion. the design has to be
only in horizontal direction and The pen is mounted on carriage, which made,
is placed over
a
moves
drum that rota
across the width ot tne
a d

design. paper in vertical and this noves

combinaion of movements of pen papa ired
Pen having ink of
and paper
different colours can be used
paper widths of up to 1 mete. to produce output in multi-colours. The plotter size may bC with
VCTy
1aE
Advantages of Plotter: 1. Print
precise lines.
more

2. Has a
high colour accuracy & printer quality.
Disadvantages of Plotter: 1. Can take
half an hour to print drarwings
2. More
expensive than a regular printer.
3. It takes a lot of space.

Drum Plotter Flatbed Plotter

Speakers
Speakers are uscd to generate sound. They convert analog clectric signals into air vibrations. Spcakers are used to listen to
music and sounds on the computer.
1. Everyone in the room can bear the outputfrom the computer.
Advantages:
2.They help blindpeople to use the computer because text can be
converted into sound.

1.The output fromm speakers can disturb others who are

Disadvantages: tryung to work.
be expensive
2. High quality external speakers
can

Speakers
STORAGE/MEMORYUNIT
in the computer so that we can use it later.
the data or information
Storage devices are used to store the
because it has memory. So, as like us computer also has memory to store

Computer can remember many things in its mind

information and data.

29
 two parts
Computer memory is divided into
Internal Memory.
1. Primary Memory (Main Memory)/
External Memory/ auxiliary memory.
2. Secondary Memory (Permanent Memory)/ consists of RAMs
and data. Primary memory and ROM.
stores instructions
When CPU executes a program, primary memory
about secondary memory.
1. Here, we will learn
We have already learned about them in chapter in and provides
and data which are not currenuy use perm.
permaner
On the other hand, secondary memory stores programs the information storec t
Thcir only usc is to kecP tor
known as auxiliary memory.
storage. T hese memory devices are also
longer period, so that users can rcfer to it wlhenever it is required.
Let us learn about the various secondary storage devices.
The Hard Disc
A Hard Disc is also known as Hard Disc Drive (HDD). The Hard Disc is a common
All the work we do
storage device for the computer. It is located inside the system unit.
on the computer, by default gets stored in the hard disc. Track/
A single Hard Disc usually consists of several metal platters coated with a magnetc Cylinder
material. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for each side. Al the
read/write heads are attached to a single access arm.
Each platter has some concentric circles called tracks. Tracks are logically divided into
sectors. The data is stored in the sectors. These platters spin at a speed of 4500 to 7200
Sector
rpm.
Advantages 1. Largestorage capacity.
2. Stores and retrieves data muchfaster than a optical disc. Heads
8 Heads.
4 Platters
3. Usuallyfixed inside the computer so cannot get mislaid.
Disadvantages: 1. Regular head' crashes can damage the surface ofthe
disk, leading to loss ofdata in that sector
2. Usuallyfixed inside the conmputerarnd cannot be itransferred to another computer.
Cover Mounting Holes
Cover not shown)
Base Casting.
Splndle
2.0TB
Slider (end Hesd
Actuator Am
Actuater Axs Cese
Actustor
Mounting
Hales
Platers
RIbben Cable
(attaches heade
SCSI Iterface to Logie Boar
Cennecto The Hard Disce was invented on September 13,
Jumper Plino
1956 by 1BM team led by Rey Johnson.
Juwmper Power Tupe Seal
Cennecto
The Components of a Hard disk
 optical Disc
Optical disc can store intormation data like
available which can store up to 8 GBordata. vidco, audio, text, images, games, softwarc etc.
Various types or are
Opua a
CD-ROM (Compact Disc- Read Only
The CD-ROM (COmpact Disc Read
Memory)
distribution tor exAmpie, music CDs. Only Memory) is an obtical disc that
It is read-only
comes with data alrcady written
on tnem tor
store data up to 700 MB. CDs storape media. data or information cannot be crased from it. Itis usca
are
mostly used for distributing softwarc.
There are two types of CDs:
() CD-R (Compact Disc
Recordable)
It is also called WORM (Write Once Read
-

read many times. \We can use the Many) means data can be writtCn e but
discs (to read) with a standard
CD
o
(ii) CD-R W (Compact Disc
drive. player/CD-ROM
Re-\Writable)
them. But the CD-RW media
It is a re-writable disc. It
-

allows us to erase data ana ta on

doesn't work in all previous wi"
A CD-ROM drive is used to read
players.
data from CD-ROM disc but it cannot write on CD-R or CD-RW. CD-Writer i5
data on CD-R and CD-RW. used to wnte

Advantages: 1. Small and

portable.
2. Very cheap to produce.
3. Most
computers can read CDs. Ifthere is no CD drive, a DVD drive can usually read them.
Disadvantages: 1.
Fairlyfragile, easy to sanp or scratch.
2. Smaller
storage capacity than a hard disk or DVD.
3. Slower to access than the hard disk.

Disc Drive
Digitar Laser Tracking
Drive
Pickup Assembly

CD-R CD-RW
Disc Drive Laser
Lens
Tracking
Motor Motor

CD-ROM was invented by James Russel (a senior scientist at Pacific Northwest Laboratory) in 1965. The
first commercially available CD-ROMs were introduced by Sony and Philips in 1982.

The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)

Itstands for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, a popular optical dise which looks similar to a CD. A single-sided
DVD can store data up to 4.7 GB.
Like CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs come with data already written on them for distribution. For example, movie DVDs.
DVDs can be single- or double-sided, and can have two layers on each side; a double-sided, two-layered DVD will hold up to 17
gigabytes of video, audio, or other information.

31
 herearctw tpes D\Ds
ot
Us to write the
data o r information.
similar to CD-Rand allow's only
(DVD-R: Iis a recordable DVD once. Once
the data cannot be crascd but rcad repcatcdly.
means we can write, read and crasc the i.
rc-writable media,
(1 IVD-RW: Like CDRW, DVD-R\Wis many tumes.
DVID- Writer is requirecd to write data on it.
ADVD Dive is necded to read data from DVD and
a

wVerbatim

DVD-
47
18x
Preeat DVD-RW
120

DVD-R
DVD-Rw
Advantages: 1.
1argEstoragecapacity.
2. Sound
and picture quality is excellent, making them
Disadvantages: 1. DVDs does not work in
idealfor storingjulms with oideo and so
CD drives.
2. There is no
single standard of DVD.
Blu-ray Disc
The name
Blu-ray Disc is a new
singie-layer disc which is more thanoptical disc format, which is
five times the rapidly replacing DVD. Its
Blu-ray technology uses storage capacity of traditional storage capacity is up to 25 GB
a
blue-violet laser DVDs and 50 GB on on
blue-violet laser) and to read and write data a
dual-layer disc.
"Ray" (optical ray), which allows from and to the
As with
conventional CDs and information to be stored at disc. The name is combination of "Blua
a
DVDs, agreater
The
following formats are part of the Blu-ray plans to provide awide range of formats density.
Blu-ray Disc specification,
Read-Only includingROM/R/RW.
games, sofrware, etc.
BD-R Recordable BD-ROM:
format for
format for HD video distribution of HD movie-
recording and PC data storage.

Jacques Amott created the

Association bought it on Blu-Ray on April, 2004;
Bluray Disc Association November, 2005. Blu-ray Disc
consumer (BDA) is a group of the
manufacturerselectronics,
(including personal computer world's leading
and media AMITSUBISHN BDR 2x
Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, LTH TYE
130/25
TDK and Thomson). Pioneer, Philips, JVC, LG,
Samsung, Sharp, Sony,

Blue Ray disc

32
 Blu-Ray Dise
Label side DVD CD
Label side
Label side

1.1mm bmm

Cover layer:
Cover layer: 2 mm

ver 0.6 mm
o.1 mmlayer:

NA:00.85
NA:0.60 NA: 0.45

Lasernmwavelenght; Laser wavelenght:

asernmwavelenght| nm

Trackpitch
0.32am Trackpitch
.74 um Trackpitch
1.60 am
Capacity: 25 GB
Capacity: 4.7 GB Capacity: 700 MB

Advantages: 1. Larger storage capacity than CD and DVD.

Universality, means major corporations already are or are planning to support Blu-ray
compatability in recent and future technology.
Disadvantages: 1. Very expensive technology and Blu-ray discs have a bigher tag as well.
2.
Due to increasing popularity of High Definition DVD players, Blu-ray may be nullified
because customers will settlefor the less expensive competitor.
BD-RE: Re-writable format for HD video recording and PC data
storage.
The Pen Drive/Flash Drive
Do you know?
There is also planning for a BD/DVD hybrid format, which combines Blu-ray and DVD on the same disc so
that it can be played in both Blu-ray players and DVD players.
The Pen Drive is a USB (Universal Serial Bus) flash memory device. Itis used for storing and transferring audio, video, and data
from one computer to another.

It is small in size i.e. portable, easy to carry and easy to use and low cost secondary memory. It can
store a lot of data on it i.e. more than CD and DVD.
It is plugged into USB port of the computer. Pen Drives. are getting very popular now-a-days. It
can store data up to 32 GB now a day. But usually we are using 2 or 8 GB pen drive.

Advantages: 1. Faster read and write compared to traditional bard disk drives.
Pen Drive
2. Uses less power than traditional optical and hard disc drives.
3. Less prone to damage.
1. Flash memory cells have a limited number ofwrite and erase cycles beforefailing.
Disadvantages:
2.Mostflash drives do not have a write-protection mechanism.
Memory Stick
Do you know?
Pen Drive is a semiconductor based memory. USB flash drives are also called thumb drives, jump drives, pen
drives, key drives, tokens, o r simply USB drives.

33
 October 1998, It is thcir idea and
of fash memory, in only later dud
Sony launehed the MMenory Stick, a type to further develop it,
SanlDisk
they team up with

data nteage are beng usced in digital cam

Afemory Saick is a removable lash memory card format, digial
slick to compulera
to transler the data Irom imemory
lavers and canmconders, Amemorycand reader is recquired
It has
prevent erasing ol data.
a
ke a
tloppy disk, the Memory Stick has a lock mechanism to

0 n conncctn
SONY

Storage capacity ot memory stick ranges from 64 MB o 32 GB, MCMORY STICK PRO-HG
D0
Adhantages: . Small msizethus occupy less space.
2. Small n sre but large data storage capucity.
166B MAosc Gr
Disadvant.ages: 1. Cannot be attached to theconmputer for vead and write withont proper Lexar
hardware (ard reader).
MEMDORY STICK PRODu
. Sometimes work slow.
32GB MARKE
MAGICGATE
UNITS OF MEMORY
All digital computers store the data (number, character or
Memory Sticks
other) in the form of binary digits i.c. 0 "T. These are called
or
bits. Each bit can take value of cither 0 or 1. A bit is the smallest unit of data in a
computer. A group of 4 bits is called a
nibble and a group of 8 bits is called a
byte.
let's learn about difterent menmory measurement terms.

Memory measurement Units in Computer

Name (Symbol) Equal to
Bit 8 Bits 1 Byte
Byte 1024 Bytes 1 Kilobyte
Kilobyte (KB) 1024 Kilobytes (KB) 1 Megabyte
Megabyte (MB) 1024 Megabytes (MB) 1 Gigabyte
Gigabyte (GB) 1024 Gigabytes (GB) 1 Terabyte
Terabyte (TB) 1024 Terabytes (TB) 1 Petabyte
Petabyte (PB) 1024 Petabytes (PB) 1 Exabyte
Exabyte (EB) 1024 Exabytes (EB) 1 Zettabyte
Zettabyte (ZB) 1024 Zettabytes (ZB) 1 Yottabyte

Glossary
PMT Photo- Multiplier Tubes
OCR Optical Character Reader
MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
USB Universal Serial Bus
 VDU
CRT Visunl Display Unit
LCD Cathode Rays Tibe
TFT iqund Crystal Dispiay
LED Thin Fim Transisto
QWERTY Keyboard ight mitring Dicvde
HDD It is a
standard kevtvard
Hard Dise Drice
CD-ROM
CD-R Compact 1Disc Read Only Memry
CD-RW Compact Disc Recordable
DVD Compact Disc Re-writable
DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
HD Video Digital Versatile Disc Re-writable
BDE High Definition Vidco
BD-R Blu-ray Disc Association
BD-RE Blu-ray Disc Recordable
UNIVAC Blu-ray Disc Re-writable
KB UNIVersal Automatic Computer
MB Kilobyte
GB Megabyte
TB Gigabyte
PB Terabyte
EB Petabyte
ZB Exabyte
YB Zettabyte
Yottabyte
The ou have learned
keyboard is one of the common input devices.
tlooks ike a
Mouse is a typewriter
A handy/hand-operated
joystick consists of stick that pointing device that rolls ona flat
A scanner
a
pivots ona base surface.
is a
device that seans a andreports its angle or
document, film, direction the device
to
graphic, or
photograph and converts thenm it is
controlling
to a
digital image.
35
 into
clectrical signals.
voice/sound
convert
to
device used either hand-writter
Microphone is a a
document tenort
characters on or
OCR is used to
read alphabets
paper.

and numeric
specialt
font printed on special for the
used bybankingindustry
nea..
ink characters primarily ing cheques
MICR is used to read magnetic es.
allows the user to point to displaro
pen shaped pointing
device and ects or dra
Light Pen is a light-sensitive
the screen.
A bar code reader is used to read printed barcodes.
in dig1tal torm.
Digttal camera records and store photographic images
AMonitor shows the result returned by the computer.
CRT (Cathode Rays Tube) is similar to television. It is bigger in size and heavy in weight.
LCD iquid Crystal Display) and L.ED (Light Emitting Diode) is thin monitor.
Printer is an output device which gives the output on the paper.
Dot matrix, Drum, Daisy wheel etc. are
Impact printer and Inkjet and Laser Printer are Non-impact printer.
Plotter is used.for printing
high-quality graphics in engineering and architectural drawings. There are two types o
plotters: flatbed plotter and drum plotter.
Speakers are used to generate sound.
Storage devices are used to store the data or information in the
computer so that we can use it later.
Primary memory is needed by the computer for its own
working.
Secondary memory devices are used to store the work
on the done
The Hard Disc is a common computer permanently.
storage device for the computer.
The CD-ROM is an
etc.
optical Disc that can store
information or data like
video, audio, text, images,
DVD Digital Versatile Disc or games, soiwatc
Digital Video Disc) is a
popular
Blu-ray Disc is a new optical disc which looks similar to a
optical disc format, which is CD.
The Pen Drive is a USB
rapidly replacing DVD.
data from one (Universal Serial Bus) flash
computer to another. memory device for
Memory Stick is
storing and
transferring audio, video, a
music players and
a
removable flash memory card
camcorders. format, digital data storage
bcing used in digital cameras, dig
Work Out Time
Solved Questions
1.
What is the use of
Ans. input unit?
Input unit is used to feed the data and 2. How many
instructions to the give some keyboard?
types of keys are
available
computer. on the
Ans. )
Alphanumeric keys (i) Numeric
n) Control keys keys
(iv) Function
(v) Navigation keys keys