AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT GLOW ON DETECTING VEHICLE

MOVEMENT USING SENSOR

Project report on
Automatic Street Light Glow On Detecting Vehicle Movement Using Sensor
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of technology
in
Electronics And Communication Engineering.
By
B.Sreeja(R171233)
Aathkheya Khatun(R170947)

Under the guidence of

Mrs M.Anitha
(Assistant professor)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies
RK Valley-516 330, Idupulapaya, Cuddapah (dist),
Andhra Pradesh.
 A.P.IIIT-RGUKT-R.K.VALLEY,KADAPA
APRIL-2022
Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies
RK-Valley-516330

CERTIFICATE
” Vehicle
This is to certify that this is entitled “Automatic Street Light Glow On Detecting
Movement Using Sensor” submitted by B.Sreeja(R171233),Aathkheya Khatun(R170947)
in the department of “ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING”
in the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering for the Academic Year
2021-2022 Carried out the work under the supervision of

GUIDE Name Head of the Department

Mrs M.Anitha Mr.P.Janardhan Reddy
(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)
Dept of ECE Dept of ECE
 Declaration

We are hereby declare that the project work entitled

“Automatic Street Light Glow On Detecting Vehicle Movement Using Sensor”

is a bonafide work carried out by us under the guidance of Mrs M.Anitha

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Technology”

In Electronics and Communication Engineering

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who

made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement

crown all the efforts success. I am extremely grateful to our

respected Director, Prof. K.SANDHYA RANI for fostering an

excellent academic climate in our institution. I am also express
my sincere gratitude to our respected Head of the Department
Mr.P.JANARDHAN REDDY for his encouragement. I would like to

convey thanks to our Internal guide at college Mrs M.Anitha, for

her guidance, encouragement, co-operation and kindness during the

entire duration of the course and academics.

Our sincere thanks to all the members who helped me

directly and indirectly for the completion of project work.

We express my profound gratitude to all our friends and

family members for their encouragement.
ABSTRACT

Smart Street light is an automated system which automates the street. The main aim
Smart Street light is to reduce the power consumption when there are no vehicle movements
on the road. The Smart street light will glow with high intensity when there are vehicles on
the road otherwise the lights will remain dim. With advancement of technology, things are
becoming simpler and easier for everyone in the world today. Automation is the use
control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in t
production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a ste
beyond mechanization, whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery
to assist the users with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the
need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly
important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automatic systems are being
preferred over manual system. The research work shows automatic control of streetlights as
a result of which power is saved to an extent. The Smart street light provides a solution for
energy saving which is achieved by sensing an approaching vehicle using the IR sensors and
then switching ON a block of street lights ahead of the vehicle with high intensity. As the
vehicle passes by, the trailing lights turn dim automatically. Thus, we save a lot of energy.
So when there are no vehicles on the highway, then all the lights will remain dim.
Introduction

Automation plays an increasingly very important role in the world economy and in daily
life. Automatic systems are being preferred over any kind of manual system. We can also

call it an “SMART STREET LIGHT SENSING”. Intelligent light sensing refers to public street
lighting that adapts to movement by pedestrians, cyclists and cars. Intelligent street lighting,

also referred to as adaptive street lighting, dims when no activity is detected, but brightens
when movement is detected. This type of lighting is different from traditional, stationa

and illumination, or dimmable street lighting that dims at pre-determined times.

The research work shows automatic control of streetlights as a result of which power

saved to some extent. In scope

the ofindustrialization, automation is a step
beyond
mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to

assist the users with muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need
for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Basically, street lighting is one of the

important parts. Therefore, the street lamps are relatively simple but with the development
of urbanization, the number of streets increases rapidly with high traffic density. There are

several factors need to be considered in order to design a good street lighting system such as
night-time safety for community members and road users, provide public lighting at c

effective, the reduction of crime and minimizing it is effect on the environment. At th

beginning, street lamps were controlled by manual control where a control switch is set in

each of the street lamps which is called the first generation of the original street light. After
that, another method that has been used was optical control method done using high

pressure sodium lamp in their system. Nowadays, it is seen that the method is widely used

in the country. The method operates by set up an optical control circuit, change the

resistance by using of light sensitive device to control street lamps light up automatically at
dusk and turn off automatically after dawn in the morning. Due to the technological

development nowadays, road lighting can be categorized according to the installation area
and performance, for an example, lighting for traffic routes, lighting for subsidiary roa

and lighting for urban center and public amenity areas. The WSN helps in improving the
network sensing for street lighting. Meanwhile, streetlight system can be classified

according to the type of lamps used such as incandescent light, mercury vapor light, metal
halide light, high pressure sodium light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light,

compact fluorescent light, induction light and LED light. Different type of light technology
used in lighting design with their luminous efficiency,lamp service life and their

considerations. The LED is considered a promising solution to modern street lighting system
due to its behavior and advantages. Apart from that, the advantages of LED are likel

replace the traditional street lamps such as the incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp a
high-pressure Sodium Lamp in future but LED technology is an extremely difficult process

that requires a combination of advanced production lines, top quality materials and high-
precision manufacturing process.
Therefore, theresearchwork highlights the energy

efficient system of the street lights system using LED lamps with IR sensor interface
controlling and managing.
Theory

Smart Street Lighting

Street lights are doing more than ever in today’s smart cities. With digital networks a

embedded sensors, they collect and transmit information that help cities monitor and
respond to any circumstance, from traffic and air quality to crowds and noise. They c

detect traffic congestion and track available parking spaces. Those very same networks can
remotely control LED lights to turn on and off, flash, dim and more, offering cities a chance

to maximize low-energy lighting benefits while also improving pedestrian and bicyclist
safety. With street lights creating a network canopy, those networks of data can be used by

more than just lighting departments, empowering even schools and businesses via a lighting
infrastructure that brightens the future of the digital city.

Smart lighting helps cities save energy, lower costs, reduce maintenance—all while be

serving citizens and reducing energy use and CO2 emissions. Automation and networked
control can further increase your energy savings and reduce maintenance

spending. Networked street lighting built on a scalable platform can reduce crime up to 10%
and make roadways safer
through improved visibility.
Leveraging intelligent control

systems can rapidly increase lighting efficiencies and traffic management.

List Of Components

1.Aurdino uno
2.IR Sensor
3.LDR
4.LED
5.Breadboard
6.Resistor
7.Multimeter
8.Wires
9.Ultrasonic distance sensor
1.Arduino Uno R3
It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino is an open-source,

prototyping platform and its simplicity makes it ideal for hobbyists or novice to use as well
as professionals. The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used

as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support th

microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Arduino Uno R3 uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or

FTDI found on previous generations). This

allows for faster transfer rates and more
memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (in file for Windows is needed and included

in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a keyboard, mouse,
joystick, etc. The Arduino Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the

FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 microcontroller chip

programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two

new pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the

voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for fu
purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which

use these additional pins.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1
Preferred quality and originals are made in Italy. The Arduino Uno and version 1.0 will be

the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.
Features of the Arduino UNO:

 Microcontroller: ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: 5V

 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

 Input Voltage (limits): 6-18V

 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 Analog Input Pins: 6

 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)

 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

2. IR sensor
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion

as well as the presence of an object due to intervention or interruption. These type of sensors
measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.

Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor.

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR

LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and these output voltages,
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

An IR sensor is a device which detects IR radiation falling on it. There are numerous

types of IR sensors that are built and can be built depending on the application. Proximity
sensors (Used in Touch Screen phones and Edge Avoiding Robots), contrast sensors (Used

in Line Following Robots) and obstruction counters/sensors (Used for counting goods and in
Burglar Alarms) are some examples, which use IR sensors.

Working Mechanism
An IR sensor is basically a device which consists of a pair of an IR LED and a photodiode
which are collectively called a photo-coupler or an opto-coupler. The IR LED emits IR

radiation, reception and/or intensity of reception of which by the photodiode dictates the
output of the sensor. Now, there are so many ways by which the radiation may or may not

be able to reach the photodiode.

Direct incidence
We may hold the IR LED directly in front of the photodiode, such that almost all the

radiation emitted, reaches the photodiode. This creates an invisible line of IR radiation

between the IR LED and the photodiode. Now, if an opaque object is placed obstructing this
line, the radiation will not reach the photodiode and will get either reflected or absorbed by

the obstructing object. This mechanism is used in object counters and burglar alarms.
 Indirect Incidence
High school physics taught us that black color absorbs all radiation, and the color white

reflects all radiation. We use this very knowledge to build our IR sensor. If we place the IR
LED and the photodiode side by side, close together, the radiation from the IR LED will get

emitted straight in the direction to which the IR LED is pointing towards, and so is the
photodiode, and hence there will be no incidence of the radiation on the photodiode. Please

refer to the right part of the illustration given below for better understanding. But, if we

place an opaque object in front the two, two cases occur:

Reflective Surface
If the object is reflective, (White or some other light color), then most of the radiation will get

reflected by it, and will get incident on the photodiode. For further understanding, please
refer to the left part of the illustration below.

Non-reflective Surface
If the object is non-reflective, (Black or some other dark color), then most of the radiation

will get absorbed by it, and will not become incident on the photodiode. It is similar to there
being no surface (object) at all, for the sensor, as in both the cases, it does not receive any

radiation.

Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor IR Sensor

3. Light Dependant Resistor Circuit

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000000 ohms,

when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. Electronic onto sensors
are the devices that alter their electrical characteristics, in the presences of visible or invisible

light. The best-known devices of this type are the light dependent resistor (LDR), the photo
diode and the phototransistors. Light dependent resistor as the name suggests depends on

light for the variation of resistance. LDR are made by depositing a film of cadmium sulphide
or cadmium selenide on a substrate of ceramic containing no or very few free electro

when not illuminated .The longer the strip the more the value of resistance. When light falls

on the strip, the resistance decreases. In the absence of light the resistance can be in the ord

of 10K ohm to 15K ohm and is called the dark resistance. Depending on the exposure of light
the resistance can fall down to value of 500 ohms. The power ratings are usually smaller and

are in the range 50mw to .5w. Though very sensitive to light, the switching time is very high
and hence cannot be used for high frequency applications. They are used in chopper

amplifiers. Light dependent resistors are available as discs 0.5cm to 2.5cm. The resist
rises to several Mega ohms under dark conditions. The device consists of a pair of metal film

contacts separated by a snakelike track of cadmium sulphide film, designed to provide the

maximum possible contact area with the two metal films. The structure is housed in a clear

plastic or resin case, to provide free access to external light. Practical LDRs are available in
variety of sizes and packages styles, the most popular size having a face diameter of roughly

10mm.

When an LDR is brought from a certain illuminating level into total darkness, the resistance

does not increase immediately to the dark value. The recovery rate is specified in k
ohm/second and for current LDR types it is more than 200k ohm/second. The recovery rate

is much greater in the reverse direction, e.g. going from darkness to illumination level of 300
lux, it takes less than 10ms to reach a resistance which corresponds with a light level of 400

lux. A LDR may be connected either way round and no special precautions are requir
during the time of soldering.

Darkness: Maximum resistance, about 1Mega ohm.

 Very bright light: Minimum resistance, about 100 ohm. The LDR is a variable resistor

whose resistance decreaseswith the increase in light intensity. Two cadmium

photoconductive cells with spectral response are very similar to that of the human eye. The

cell resistance falls with increasing light intensity. Some of its features: 1) High reliability. 2)
Light weight. 3) Wide spectral response. 4) Wide ambient temperature range.

LDR Circuit Light Dependant Resistor

4. Light Emitting Diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is p-n junction

diode that emits light when activated. The long terminal is positive and the short terminal is

negative. When a suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recomb
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is

called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typical

small (less than 1 mm2) and integratedoptical componentsmay be used to shape

the radiation pattern.

LEDs are versatile semiconductor with a number of attributes which make them perfect for

most applications. Their features include:

 Long Life: LEDs can last over 100,000 hours (10+ years) if used at rated current

 No annoying flicker as we experience with fluorescent lamps.

 LEDs are impervious to heat, cold, shock and vibration.

 LEDs do not contain breakable glass.

 Solid-State, high shock and vibration resistant

 Extremely fast turn on/off times

 Low power consumption puts less load on the electrical systems increasing battery

life.

Here we have used the most common 5mm white light. White LEDs are perfect for replacing
inefficient incandescent bulbs in night lights and path lights.

SPECIFICATION:

Intensity: 28,500mcd Voltage: 3.0v-3.3v

Color Freq: x=31 y=32 Typical: 3.1v

Viewing Angle: 48º Current: 20mA

Lens: Water Clear
CAUTIONS:

LEDs produce a focused light source and extra care should be used for your eyes ,thou
intensity is not very high. While testing the LEDs a resitance must be applied to it.Al

being a semiconductor device, they are sensitive to static charges.

LED Structure LED

 5.Bread-Board

A breadboard or a protoboard is a construction base of prototyping based electronics.Beacuase the

solderless breadboard doesnot require any soldering it is reuasble .This makes it easy to use for

Creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.A common use in the system

On a chip(SoC) era is to obtain microcontroller (MCU) on a pre-assembled preinted circuit board

(PCB) which exposes an array if input/output(IO) pins in a header suitable to plug into a breadboard
,
and then to prototype a circuit which exploits one or more of the MCU’s pheripherals,such as general
-
Purpose input/output(GPIO),UART?USART serial transceivers ,analog to digital convertor(ADC),digital

to analog convertor (DAC),pulse -width modulation (PWM;used in motor control),serial pheripheral

Interface (SPI),or PC

Bread-Board
6.Resistors

It is a passive two-terminal component that implements resistance as a circuit element. The

electrical input power passes through these resistors and then to the sensors to avoid damage.

Resistor

7.Multimeter

It is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functioin one unit.

Multimeter
8.Jumper Wires

The conducting wire is a component of a circuit that carries the current in the circuit. It is made out of a

current conducting material like copper or tungsten. The wire is covered by an insulating material like

rubber for protection as well as to avoid loss of Current. Conducting wires are represented by different

colours in a circuit to distinguish their function. Green is for grounding wire, black is for neutral and red

usually is for the live wire.

Jumper Wires
9.Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to measure distance to an object. It offers excellent range

accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use package. It operation is not affected by sunlight or black

material like sharp range finders are (soft materials like cloth can be difficult to detect). Working

Voltage: 5V (DC). Static Current: Less than 2mA Output Signal Electric frequency signal, high level SV,

low level 0V Sensor Angle Not more than 15 degrees. Detection Distance 2 to 450 cm. High Precision: Up to

0.3cm. Input Trigger Signal: 10us TTL impulse. Echo Signal: Output TTL PWL signal mode of connection,

VCC, trig (T), echo(R), GND. The basic operation principle is below use IO port TRIG to trigger ranging
.
It needs 10 us highlevel signal at least module will send eight 40 kHz square wave automatically and will

test if there is any signal retumed. If there is signal retumed, output will be high level signal via IO port ECHO

The duration of the high level signal is the time from transmitter to receiving with the ultrasonic Testing

distance = duration of high level x sound velocity (340m/s)/2

UltrasonicDistance Sensor
Procedure
1. In Automated Street light system the leds will turn during the night time and will remain off during day time

2. we implemented this using an ldr and that is when i move the slider towards left that is I’m decreasing the light

intensity the leds glow and when i slide it towards right then the leds off

3. we have also used a multimeter across an led to show the voltage across the leds

4. Also made a system in which if the vehicles are near the leds will glow brightly or else the leds will glow dim

we have implemented this using ultrasonic distance sensor that is if the vehicle is farther from the leds then it is

day

5. you can see the voltage it is 600 millivolts but when i take the vehicle near the leds you can see the led glows

bright and the voltage also increases that is 2 volts

6.In the hardware part four leds here are connected to the pwm pins the ultrasonic sensor vcc is connected to

the five volt and power supply the eco and trick pin are connected to the arduino d2 and d3 pins the ldr is also

Having a 5 volt power supply and also i am taking the input through the analog a0
Circuit
 Coding
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
int value;
float time,dist;
int ldr_pin = A0;
int trig = 3;
int echo = 2;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldr_pin,INPUT);
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
pinMode(trig,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
value = analogRead(ldr_pin);
if(value>280)
// day
{digitalWrite(11,LOW);
digitalWrite(10,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
}
else
// night
{
digitalWrite(trig,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trig,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(8);
digitalWrite(trig,LOW);
time = pulseIn(echo,HIGH);
dist = (time*0.0343)/2;
if(dist<=160)
// vehicle is near
{
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
delay(200);
}digitalWrite(11,LOW);
digitalWrite(10,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
}
else
// night
{
digitalWrite(trig,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trig,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(8);
digitalWrite(trig,LOW);
time = pulseIn(echo,HIGH);
dist = (time*0.0343)/2;
if(dist<=160)
// vehicle is near
{
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
delay(200);
}
Application and Advantages

 The street light control circuit can be used in normal roads, highways, express ways

etc.
 The project can also be used in parking areas of malls, hotels, industrial lighting, etc.

 If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can be

reduced as the life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights which

are normally used as street lights.

 As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, huge amount of energy can be

saved.
 This system less costly, less installation and maintenance cost and more efficient as

compared to the others system

Limitations and Future Work

 This system can be used for only one way traffic. A highway might be covered by this

system on dual system installation on both side.

 The system does not have any automatic fault detector.

 Pole damage detection with the addition of suitable sensor can be implemented.
Conclusion
By using Smart Street light, one can save surplus amount of energy which is done by
replacing sodium vapor lamps by LED and adding an additional feature for security

purposes. It prevents unnecessary wastage of electricity, caused due to manual switching of

streetlights when it’s not required. It provides an efficient and smart automatic streetlight

control system with the help of IR sensors. It can reduce the energy consumption and
maintains the cost. The system is versatile, extendable and totally adjustable to user needs.

The system is now used only for One way traffic in highways.

Continuous uses of LDR and IR sensors even in day time.

Not switched on before the sunset.

The Smart light system can be further extended to make the current system in two-
way traffic, making the system more flexible in case of rainy days and introduction of ways

to control the lights through GSM based service.

References

1. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Website: www.ijircce.com
Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2017
Smart Street Light Using Arduino Uno Microcontroller
2. S. Suganya, R. Sinduja, T. Sowmiya& S. Senthilkumar, Street light glow on detecting vehicle movement
using sensor

3. K.Santha Sheela,S.Padmadevi, Survey on Street Lighting System Based On Vehicle Movements

4. Srikanth M, Sudhakar K N,ZigBee Based Remote Control Automatic Street Light System

5. M.Abhishek, Syed ajram shah, K.Chetan, K,Arun Kumar, Design and implementation of traffic flow based
street light control system with effective utilization of solar energy, International journal of Science Engineering
and Advance Technology, IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue