Experimental System Design of Wireless Power Transfer based on Witricity Technology

Yang li1,2, Qingxin Yang1,2,Haiyan,Chen1,Xian Zhang1,2, Zhuo Yan1

1. School of Electrical Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tian jin, China 2. School of Electrical Engineering & Automation Tianjin Polytechnic University Tian jin, China [email protected]
AbstractWireless power transfer based on witricity technology is a new technology which energy can be transferred via coupled magnetic resonances in the nonradiative near-field. In order to verify its feasibility, coupled mode theory and power transfer system structure was proposed in this paper. Based on these analysis, The wireless power transfer experimental device is designed. Experimental results shows that the power can be transmitted is up to 30W, the transfer efficiency is more than 60%, the maximum distance of energy transfer can reach to 450mm. (Abstract) Keywords- Wireless power transfer; Magnetic resonance; witricity(key words)

I.

INTRODUCTION

In the same way as the requirement of wireless communications, people are looking forward to a future when the energy supply could slipped the leash of the electrical wire. So wireless energy transmission is a dream of human beings. Therefore, a series of methods were researched which can be divided into three types: Far-field techniques, RF broadcast methods, Inductive coupling (or near-field) techniques, magnetically coupled resonators. Far-field techniques use propagating electromagnetic waves that transfer energy the same way radios transmit signals. This method has been successfully used to power UHF(frequency>300MHz) RFID tags, which have no batteries and an operating range of ~10 meters [1], [2]. When proper controls are put on the transfer antenna and receiver antenna, the energy transfer can be highly directional in such a high frequency field. However, any extraneous object between the antennas could cause disruption of proper transfer. Furthermore, the design of the antenna controller would be extremely complicated if it is used for mobile objects. RF broadcast methods, which transmit power in an omni-directional pattern, allow for power transfer anywhere in the coverage area. In this case, mobility is maintained, but end to end efficiency is lost since power density decreases with a 1/r2 dependence, resulting in received power levels many orders of magnitude less than what was transmitted[3]. Inductive coupling (or near-field) techniques is transferring energy by loosely coupled transformer device of which primary side is separated from secondary side. Much more power can be transferred in this way. But it is restricted to very close range (often in a few millimeter),

which is not suitable for long distance transfer to some extent. magnetically coupled resonators, commonly called witricity(wireless electricity) was reported in Science[4], which used for wireless power transfer have shown the potential to deliver power with more efficiency than farfield approaches[5][10], and at longer ranges then traditional inductively coupled schemes. However, this prior work is limited to a fixed distance and orientation, with efficiency falling off rapidly when the receiver is moved away from its optimal operating point. In contrast to all the above schemes, magnetically coupled resonators have some essential merits : the transmission distance is longer, which break through the distance limit of only 1cm by induction coupling; the transmission power is bigger, which is the power level from a few watts to several hundreds watts comparing to the milliwatts level by radio wave. Therefore, esonance coupling is expected as a new technology of having longer transmission distance and bigger power transferred. II. THEORY OF WITRICITY SYSTEM As a new wireless power transfer technology, witricity is based on the concept of near-field, strongly coupled magnetic resonance. The fundamental principle is that resonant objects exchange energy efficiently, while nonresonant objects interact weakly. Resonance is a trend that one physical system in its natural frequency tends to absorb more energy from the environment. In other words, it is a phenomenon that one object vibrates which cause the other one with the same frequency vibrates. Resonances can transfer energy. As shown in Fig. 1, the basic version of the witricity system consists of two resonators (labeled as Source and Device), a driving loop, and an output loop. The source resonator is coupled inductively with the driving loop linked to an oscillator to obtain the energy for the system. Similarly, the device coil is coupled inductively with the output loop to supply power to an external load.

Fig. 1 Basic components of witricity system

978-1-4577-0860-2/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

The coupled mode theory [11] can be employed to explain the physical system behind the wireless power transfer. A system with two resonators obeys the following coupled mode equations: da S (t ) (1) = (i S S ) a S (t ) + ik SD a D (t ) + FS (t ) dt da D (t ) (2) = (i )a (t ) + ik a (t ) a (t )
dt
D D D DS S L D

Where aS (t)and aD (t) are the field amplitudes of the source and device, respectively, whose squared absolute values equal the energy; S and D are the individual resonant angular frequencies of the source and device, k = k ds = k is the coupling coefficient respectively; sd between the source and device, and S , D and L are the decay rates of the transmitter, receiver and the equivalent decay rate of the load; FS (T ) is the external Field. If one assumes a S = AS e jwS t kept by role of FS (t ) , a D (t ) then has the following solution [3]:

The power amplifier and a driving loop, outputs a 9MHz sine wave. For convenience of measurement, we use a light as the load and measure its voltage to calculate its power. Note that the load resistor is not optimized for efficiency, we believe that the optimized efficiencies are greater than those shown in Fig. 3. Experimental result shows that the power can be transferred is up to 30W, the transfer efficiency is more than 60%, and the maximum distance of energy transfer can reach to 450mm.

Fig. 3 Photograph of the transmitter and receiver used in wireless power system

IV.

CONCLUSION

a D (t ) =
Equation

jkAS e j S t j S j D + D + S
(3)

(3)

indicates that maximum energy exchange occurs when S = D (the same resonance . So the key interaction occurs frequency) and between the device and the source each of which is a highQ LCR tank resonator. the transmit and receive coils share a mutual inductance which is a function of the geometry of the coils and the distance between them.
S D

>> 1

The theory analysis and the experimental result proved that energy transfer is completely feasible using the technology of magnetic coupling resonance and which will excite more application. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of research and experimental work(such as impedance matching, critical coupling, power, efficiency, distance) to be done to make this technology more practical. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express their appreciation to Professor Mingui Sun and his associates.The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 50977062 REFERENCES
[1] S. Ahson and M. Ilyas, RFID handbook : applications, technology, security, and privacy. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008. [2] A. Sample, D. Yeager, P. Powledge, A. Mamishev, and J. Smith, Design of an rfid-based battery-free programmable sensing platform, Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 57, no. 11, pp.26082615, Nov. 2008. [3] A. Sample and J. Smith, Experimental results with two wireless power transfer systems, in Radio and Wireless Symposium, 2009. RWS 09.IEEE, Jan. 2009, pp. 1618. [4] A. Karalis, J. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljacic, Efficient wireless nonradiative mid-range energy transfer, Annals of Physics, vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 34 48, 2008, january Special Issue 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WB14NKJ0J9-1/2/a898006221e6436e8d84aaf3837d00a6 [5] A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljacic, Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances, Science, vol. 317, no. 5834, pp. 8386, 2007. [Online]. Available:http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/317/5834/ 83 [6] B. Cannon, J. Hoburg, D. Stancil, and S. Goldstein, Magnetic resonant coupling as a potential means for wireless power transfer to multiple small receivers, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 24,no. 7, pp. 18191825, July 2009. [7] C. Zhu, K. Liu, C. Yu, R. Ma, and H. Cheng, Simulation and experimental analysis on wireless energy transfer based on magnetic resonances, in Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2008. VPPC 08. IEEE, Sept. 2008, pp. 14. [8] Z. N. Low, R. Chinga, R. Tseng, and J. Lin, Design and test of a high power high-efficiency loosely coupled planar wireless power

III.

EXPERIMENT

Fig. 2 shows a diagram of a wireless power system using magnetically coupled resonators. The transmit antenna consists of a single turn drive loop and a multiturn spiral coils. When the amplifier powers the drive loop the resulting oscillating magnetic field excites the Source coil which stores energy in the same manner as a discrete LC tank. The receive side functions in a similar manner, although a load replaces the power source.

Fig. 2 Sketch of the magnetically coupled resonant wireless power system

The energy transfer experimental device is showed by Fig.3. The parameters of source and device resonance coils are same. The diameter of inductance coil is 200mm, the diameter of conductor section is 2mm and the coil turn is 9. The parameter of capacitor connected with the inductance coil is 2.2nF used to tune the system resonant frequency to 9MHz.

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