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"The Good, the bad and the ugly of inertia response"

Presentation · September 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26135.70561

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 2
1
THE

OF

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
THE

BAD
AND THE

21st September 2021

10:00 Peru Time | 16:00 British Time
INERTIA RESPONSE
GOOD UGLY

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

“Who is …?”
REGISTRATION

Prof. Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD, FHEA, SMIEE

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10/4/2021

1
 4
3

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

Disclaimer
Who is this person?

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg
10/4/2021

2
 6
5
THE

OF

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
THE

BAD
AND THE

21st September 2021

10:00 Peru Time | 16:00 British Time
INERTIA RESPONSE
GOOD UGLY

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

REGISTRATION

Prof. Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD, FHEA, SMIEE

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg
10/4/2021

3
 8
7
•
•
•
•

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

IN
Agenda

FREQUENCY RESPONSE
•
•
•
•
•

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
•
•
•
•
•

TRADITIONAL ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

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10/4/2021

4
 9

10
•
•

•
•





Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt







  =

=
 
 
+  =

=

 −
−

=

=
Synchronous Machine



 
=

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Electro-mechanical Dynamic

 −

 =
 


 −
 =
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10/4/2021

5
 10/4/2021

Frequency Dynamic: Swing Equation

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
Energy Conversion S ystems
AC
Control S ystem Turbine Generator grid

H
Frequency Shaft
control

AC voltage
control DC

= − =

(estimated as some ~550,000 consumers)

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

11

Rotational Inertia: Definition

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
=

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

12

6
 15
14

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Kinetic Energy

=



Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems





All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg
10/4/2021

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17

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
Why do we concern about low rotational inertia?

•
•
•
•

•
•
•

SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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10/4/2021

8
 20
19

•
•
•
•
•

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Frequency Response (FR)

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Frequency Response: Who can provide it?

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10/4/2021

9
 22
21
•
•
Frequency, f [Hz]

f0

fss

fmin

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Δfmax

Frequency Control
ROCOF =
df
dt
Frequency Response Indicators

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
•
•
•
•
df/dt

Frequency nadir (f min )

Steady-State frequency (f ss)

Frequency deviation (f max)

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10/4/2021

10
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23

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

Frequency Control Processes

Frequency Control Processes

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Tmec
Telec

Pmec
Pelec

PL
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10/4/2021

11
 27
26
f
fn

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
+

+
−
−
f

f ref

Ptie
r
+

−
ACE

INERTIA RESPONSE
PI
Frequency Control Processes (10/10)

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
ref
Pref

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10/4/2021

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28
•

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
THE
Inertial Response

GOOD
Inertia Power and Inertial Energy

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
THE
=

BAD
−
=

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021. http:www.fglongatt.o rg
10/4/2021

13
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Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Power electronic converter applications

POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER
ENABLING FREQUENCY RESPONSE

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10/4/2021

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 10/4/2021

Overview of IBR

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
AC/DC

Grid-connected
power converter
Grid

Wind Turbine DC/DC

PV

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

32

BAD
Control at inverted based resources

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
GOOD
THE

Power
AC
THE

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Control System converter
DC grid
Energy source
Frequency and/or
control storgage

AC voltage
control

DC voltage
control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

33

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 10/4/2021

Grid-Tied converter: PV applications

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•
AC

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DC side
grid
Grid-connected Filter
Photovoltaic
DC/DC power converter
Array
iabc vabc
Firing
PLL Q
Current
P
Control

Reactive Power
AC Control Qref
System
Iac

BAD
Active Power
Iref Z + Control Pref
THE

Vac
Udc DC voltage
- Control
Udc,ref

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

34

Frequency Response: DFIG (2/3)

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•

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Double-fed
induction
generator
Is Grid
Us

DC
Gearbox
Ur link

Ic BAD
THE

Ir ac/dc dc/ac
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

35

16
 10/4/2021

Frequency Response: PMSG (3/3)

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•

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•

PMSG
DC Grid
Us Is
N Ur link
N N

BAD
N
ac/dc dc/ac

THE
Ir

BAD STOP!
THE

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

36

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
Solution: Enabling frequency response controllers
Frequency
Pref f

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Control

PMSG
DC/AC
AC/DC DC Us Is
N Ur link
N N
N
AC
AC
grid Ir Pref grid
Frequency f
f
Control
Pref

GOOD
Frequency
Control

GOOD
THE
THE

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

37

17
 10/4/2021

Maximum Power Problem (1/2)

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•
•

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MPPT
P
Operating
Point

Power
 min , vw0

r
Rotor Speed 1 , vw0

De-loading the Generation Unit is needed!

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

38

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (BESS)
Frequency
• f
controller Pac*

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Pac PQ
Vac controllers
id*, p iq*,q
Charge
controler
id*,s iq*,s
id Current SOC
• iq controller
md mq
Vac , f
U dc
Battery
Pac , i
Model
I dc

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

39

18
 10/4/2021

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
INERTIA EMULATION CONTROL
CLASSIC APPROACH
DERIVATIVE-PROPORTIONAL CONTROL

 = =
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

40

“Hidden” Inertia Emulation

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
•

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•
•

Hidden inertia emulation

d sys
BAD sys d 

Pin = 2 H sys
THE

Filter 2H dt
dt 
1 J sm
2
H=
r ,ref r 2 Sbase
P
PMPPT Pref
Pmeas PI Converter
MPP T r
+ −
r ,meas
G. Ramtharan , J. B. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, "Frequency support fromdoubly fed induction generator wind turbines," lET Renew. Power Gener., vol. I, pp. 3 -9,2007.
J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, "Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed -speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in netw ork freq uency ," IEEE Trans. En erg y Convers., vol. 19, no. 4, pp.800--802, Dec. 2004.
J. Morren , S W. H. de Haan, W. L. Kling, and J. A. Ferreira, "Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control,“ IEEE Trans. Po wer Syst., vol. 21, no. I, pp. 433 -434, Feb. 2006.

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

41

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 10/4/2021

http:www.fglongatt.o rg


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
ALTERNATIVE:
CLASSIC APPROACH
FAST POWER RESERVE EMULATION

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

42

Fast Power Reserve Emulation

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
• Similar functions to “hidden” inertia emulation

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• To compensate the power loss for a short period and save time for other slower
generators to participate in the frequency control
t Pconst
P r ,0 r ,ref r Pref
Pmeas
−−
PI Conterter
MPPT r +
r ,meas
1 1 Pconst
Pconst t = J r20 − J rt2 r ,ref = rt = r20 − 2 t
2 2 J
A. Teninge, C. Jecu , D. Roye, S. Bacha, J. Du v al, an d R Belhomme, "Contribution to frequency control through wind turbine inertial energy storage," lET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3, pp. 358 -370,2009
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

43

20
 45
44

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

ROCOF


( )
=
=


Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ENERCON: Fast Power Reserve Emulation

INERTIA EMULATION CONTROL

− −
−( )− (
)
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10/4/2021

21
 47
46

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

Real Frequency
Frequency: Real Signal from a PMU

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

−−
( )− (
THE

−)
BAD
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10/4/2021

22
 49
48

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

ROCOF calculation
ROCOF calculation

ti = 4 msec

ti = 500 msec

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
−
−
( )− ( − )

THE
THE

THE
BAD

THE
BAD
ti = 500 msec
ti = 4 msec

BAD
BAD
ti = 4 msec

ti = 500 msec

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10/4/2021

23
 51
50

•
•
•

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt


Derivative control action


CONVERTER LIMITS

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems


=



INERTIA EMULATION CONTROL






=
()

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10/4/2021

24
 10/4/2021

http:www.fglongatt.o rg


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
INERTIA EMULATION CONTROL
STATE OF ENERGY

( )
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

52

BAD

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
State of Energy
THE

Frequency
f

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controller Pac*

Pac PQ
Vac controllers
id*, p iq*,q
Charge
controler
id*,s iq*,s
id Current SOC
iq controller
md mq
Vac , f
U dc
Battery
Pac , i
Model
I dc

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

53

25
 10/4/2021

http:www.fglongatt.o rg


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
INERTIA EMULATION CONTROL
ACTIVATION CONTROL

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

54

()

DIgSILENT
Hidden Inertia Trigger f: Trigger by Under Frequency

 =

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
Activation Mechanism Synthetic Inertia Control
Detector

DIgSILENT
fmin Trip_Signal

•
1.0061 0.8803
y_max
GS: Active Power (p.u.)

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Fmeas 1/K s dwdt Limit.. dwdtLI.. 1/(1+sT) DELTA_.. 2H

•
0
0.9996 fn 0.7902
Tfilter H

Derivate 1st Order Filter Inertia Pin

y_min

0.9931 WT: Rotor Speed (p.u.)wr 0.7000

 = 
Pref
1 Lmax
P_mppt


0.9866 2
wr_ref 0.6098
- Dwr {Kp+Ki/s}
Kp,Ki

 = 
P Sink
3
Lmin
0.9800 0.5197
Evaluation of Trip Schemes for Synthetic Inertia Project:
fglongatt
Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt Graphic: Graphic
Hidden Inertia Controller. Trigger: dfdt Date: 12/6/2012
PowerFactory 14.1.3 December 2012 Annex:

• 0.9735
0.9215 1.8235 2.7255 3.6275 4.5295 [s] 5.4315
0.4295
0.9215 1.8235 2.7255 3.6275 4.5295 [s] 5.4315

0.4955 0.9827
WT: Active Power (p.u.)


2.021 s

 
0.4839 0.9808
0.486 p.u. Scheme III

 =   1.710 s
0.482 p.u. Scheme I

  
0.4723 0.9790 2.071 s Scheme I
1.048 s 0.976


0.475 p.u. Scheme II 2.025 s Scheme III
0.975

 
0.4607 0.9772

 = 
2.139 s Scheme II


0.975

  
0.4491 0.9753

System Frequency (p.u.)

0.4375 0.9735
0.9215 1.8235 2.7255 3.6275 4.5295 [s] 5.4315 0.9215 1.8235 2.7255 3.6275 4.5295 [s] 5.4315

Evaluation of Trip Schemes for Synthetic Inertia Results(2) Date: 12/7/2012

fglongatt Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD Comparison Annex: 1 /14

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

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 10/4/2021

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

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NO ONLY INERTIA RESPONSE!
P = K f − K
d f
p d

A SOLUTION…
dt

THE FAST ACTIVE POWER INJECTION (FAPI)


 =  −
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

56

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
Fast Active Power Control
Frequency
f
• controller Pac*

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Pac PQ
• controllers
Vac
id*, p iq*,q
•
Charge
controler
id*,s iq*,s
id Current SOC
iq controller
 Vac , f md mq
 =  − U dc
Battery
Pac , i
Model
I dc

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

57

27
 59
58

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt

CLOSURE
AN ALTERNATIVE!!!

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems
WE DO NOT HAVE TIME TODAY
GRID FORMING CONTROLLERS

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10/4/2021

28
 10/4/2021

Conclusion

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Frequency
f
controller Pac*

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Controller Pac
Vac
PQ
controllers

and settings id*, p

Charge
iq*,q

controler
id*,s iq*,s

Technology id
iq
Current
controller
SOC

md mq
Vac , f
U dc
Pac , i
I dc
Gen/
Storage Technology
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

60

http:www.fglongatt.o rg
GOOD UGLY All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2021.
AND THE
THE

BAD REGISTRATION
THE

OF INERTIA RESPONSE
Prof. Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD, FHEA, SMIEE
21st September 2021
10:00 Peru Time | 16:00 British Time
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Unveiling the Character of the Frequency in Electrical Power Systems

61

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