18MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and complex Analysis

Module 3: Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform
• What is transformation?
Transformation: In mathematics, the transformation is a process,
which transforms a hard problem into a single / sequence of simple
problems.
Integral Transformation: Any transformation which is defined through
the integral is called integral transformation. For example
b

 k ( s, t ) f (t )dt                          (1)
a

The above transformation (1) defined through the integral sign.

Laplace Transform
here k ( s , t ) of the transformation and f(t) is the input function. The
integration gives the output in the form of function of the variable s.
We denote this as F(s). That is,
b
F ( s )   k ( s, t ) f (t )dt                       (2)
a

Laplace Transform: If we set a  0; b  ; k ( s, t )  e  st then the above

transformation (2) can be written as

F ( s )   f (t )e  st dt                       (3)
0

Also It is denoted as L[f(t)]=F(s).

• A natural question arise here that, whether all the input functions f(t)
can be transformed through the integral transform (3)?
• The answer is no.
• Then what are the criteria / conditions on the input functions, so that
we can apply the integral transform (3).
The following states the conditions on f(t):
1. The function f(t) should be piecewise continuous on the domain of
definition.
2. The function f(t) should be exponential order
Piecewise Continuous Function
• The definitions of piecewise continuous and exponential order are as
follows:
• Let us consider the domain (a,b) of the input function f(t). Also
consider the set of points a  t  t  ...  t  b in (a,b) . The
1 2 n

function f(t) is said to be piecewise continuous on (a,b) if it is

continuous on each subdomain a  t  t1 ; t1  t  t2 ;...; tn  t  b
• Note: Every continuous function is piecewise continuous function but
the piecewise continuous function need not be a continuous
function.
• For example:
1. 0, 0  t  1.5 is piecewise continuous function but not
f (t )  
 1,1.5  t  3
continuous function.
2. f (t )  1; 0  t  10 is continuous function and also piecewise

continuous function.
3. f (t )   sin t , 0  t   Is piecewise continuous function but not
cos t ,   t  2

continuous function.
Exponential Order
• We say that the function f(t) is of exponential order as 𝑡 → ∞ if there
exist real constants K>0, c and T such that
| f (t ) | Ke , t  T                  (4)
ct

or
e  ct | f (t ) | K , t  T                  (4)
as 𝑡 → ∞.
From the above condition (4) we observe the following: The set of
exponential order functions do not grow exponentially as 𝑡 → ∞
Exponential order function examples
The following are examples of exponential order function:
1. Every constant function is exponential order, since
𝐶 ≤ 𝐾𝑒 0𝑡 = 𝐾
2. 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 𝑡 is an exponential order function, since | sin 𝑡 | ≤ 1.
3. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 is an exponential order function
𝑡 2
4. 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 is not an exponential order function
Existence of the Laplace Transform
Theorem 1.1. If f(t) is exponential order and piecewise continuous then
the Laplace transform of f(t) exists, and
∞
𝑳𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒕)𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟎
Note: To obtain the Laplace transform of input function f(t), we should
check the following:
• Whether f(t) is exponential order or not
• Whether f(t) is piecewise continuous or not
Simple Problems
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 5.
Solution:
We know that the constant function is continuous and
exponential order, then by the Theorem 1.1, we conclude that the
Laplace transform exists.
∞ ∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞
−𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 5
𝐿5 = 5𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 5 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 5 =
0 0 −𝑠 0 𝑠
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 .
Solution:
We know that 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 is continuous and exponential order,
then by the Theorem 1.1, we conclude that the Laplace transform
exists.
∞ ∞ −(𝑠−2)𝑡 ∞
2𝑡 2𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 −(𝑠−2)𝑡
𝑒 1
𝐿𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = =
0 0 −(𝑠 − 2) 0 𝑠−2
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = cos 3𝑡.
Solution:
We know that 𝑓 𝑡 = cos 3𝑡 is continuous and exponential
order, then by the Theorem 1.1, we conclude that the Laplace
transform exists.
∞ −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 cos 3𝑡 = 0
cos 3𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
we know that
𝑒 𝐴𝑥
𝑒 𝐴𝑥 cos 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2
𝐴 cos 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝐵𝑥
𝐴 +𝐵
 ∞ ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 cos 3𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 cos 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑠 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡
0 𝑠2 +32 0
𝑠
= 2
𝑠 + 32
𝑠
In general 𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 = 2 for any constant 𝑎
𝑠2 +𝑎
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 5𝑡.
Solution:
We know that 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 5𝑡 is continuous and exponential order,
then by the Theorem 1.1, we conclude that the Laplace transform
exists.
∞
𝐿 sin 5𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑒 𝐴𝑥
we know that 𝑒 𝐴𝑥 sin 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵 cos 𝐵𝑥
𝐴2 +𝐵2
 ∞ ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 sin 5𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑠 sin 5𝑡 − 5 cos 5𝑡
0 𝑠2
+ 52 0
5
= 2
𝑠 + 52

Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 𝜋𝑡

Solution:
∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝑒 𝜋
𝐿 sin 𝜋𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 2
−𝑠 sin 𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑡 = 2
0 𝑠 +𝜋 0
𝑠 + 𝜋2
𝑎
In general 𝐿 sin 𝑎𝑡 = for any constant 𝑎
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
Find 𝐿[𝑡]
Solution:
∞
𝐿 𝑡 = 0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 integration by parts gives
∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑡
−1
𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑑 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
0 𝑠 0
∞
−1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
1 1
= 𝑡𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑠 𝑠 0 𝑠
Bernoulli’s formula
𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 − ⋯ where
𝑑𝑢 𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑3 𝑢
𝑢′ = , 𝑢′′ = 2 , 𝑢′′′ = 3 , ….
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥, 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣3 = 𝑣2 𝑑𝑥 , … .
Note:
Choose u= polynomial type function
v = any integrable function
Find 𝐿[𝑡 2 ]
Solution:
∞ 2 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 𝑡2 = 0
𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 integration by parts gives
∞
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 2
+2 3
0 −𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
0
2
= 3
𝑠
Find 𝐿[𝑡 3 ]
Solution:
3 ∞ 3 −𝑠𝑡
𝐿 𝑡 = 0 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 integration by parts gives
∞
∞ −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 2
+ 3.2. 𝑡 3
− 3.2 4
0 −𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
0

3!
=
𝑠4
𝑚!
In general 𝐿 𝑡𝑚 = where m is a positive integer
𝑠𝑚+1
Properties of Laplace Transform
Laplace transform possess some properties. The properties of the Laplace
transform are as follows:
Property 1: Laplace transform is linear.

𝐿 𝛼𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝛽𝑓2 (𝑡) = 𝛼𝐹1 𝑠 + 𝛽𝐹2 (𝑠)

Proof: Let 𝐿 𝑓1 𝑡 = 𝐹1 𝑠 and 𝐿 𝑓2 𝑡 = 𝐹2 𝑠 then

∞
𝐿 𝛼𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝛽𝑓2 (𝑡) = 𝛼𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝛽𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞ ∞
=𝛼 0
𝑓1 (𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +𝛽 0
𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝛼𝐹1 𝑠 + 𝛽𝐹2 (𝑠)
Property 2: Change of Scale Property
1 𝑠
If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) then 𝐿 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐹 , a≠0
𝑎 𝑎
∞
Proof: Given that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =𝐹 𝑠 = 0
𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡. Then
∞
𝐿 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 = 0
𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡. Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑑𝑡 .
𝑠𝑡
∞ −𝑎 1 1 𝑠
If 𝑎 > 0, then 𝐿 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 = 0
𝑓 𝑢 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
A similar result can be proved for 𝑎 < 0.
Property 3: Shifting Property
If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) then 𝐿 𝑒 ±𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠 ∓ 𝑎)
∞
Proof: Let 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =𝐹 𝑠 = 0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡, then
∞ ∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0
= 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Similarly one can prove that 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)
 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 ,𝑡 > 𝑎
Property 4: If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 ,𝑔 𝑡 = , then
0, 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝐿𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠).
∞
Proof: 𝐿 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡
0 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
= 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑎
∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞
=0+ 𝑎
𝑓 𝑡−𝑎 𝑒 𝑑𝑡= 0 𝑓 𝑢 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑢+𝑎) 𝑑𝑢 where 𝑢 = 𝑡 − 𝑎
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
Property 5: If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) then 𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑓(0)
Proof:
∞ ′
𝐿 𝑓′ 𝑡 = 0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 by integration by parts
∞
= 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
0 − −𝑠 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
= 𝑠𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑓(0)
Similarly we can prove that
𝐿 𝑓′′ 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑓 0 − 𝑓′(0)
Property 6: Laplace transform of integral
𝑡 𝐹(𝑠)
If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 , then 𝐿 0
𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑠
𝑡
Proof: Let 𝑔 𝑡 = 0
𝑓𝑢 𝑑𝑢, then 𝑔′ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 .
𝐿 𝑔′ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 𝑔 𝑡 − 𝑔(0)
𝑡
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑠𝐿 𝑓
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑔 0 but 𝑔 0 = 0
0
𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] 𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = =
0 𝑠 𝑠
Property 7: Derivative of Laplace transform
−𝑑
If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =𝐹 𝑠 , then 𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠
∞
Proof: 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑑 𝑑 −𝑠𝑡
𝜕
𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (−𝑡)𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 0 0 𝜕𝑠 0
𝑑
𝐹 𝑠 = −𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡
𝑑𝑠
Similarly one can prove that
𝑑2 2𝐿 𝑡 2𝑓 𝑡
𝐹 𝑠 = (−1)
𝑑𝑠 2
• In general
𝑑 𝑛
𝐿 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 𝑡 = (−1)𝑛 𝑛 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠
Property 8: Initial Value Theorem
If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 , then lim 𝑓 𝑡 = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

Property 9: Final Value Theorem

If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠 , then lim 𝑓 𝑡 = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
Simple Problems
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝑒 −3𝑡
Solution:
∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
By linear property, we have
∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞
= 0 𝜋𝑒 𝑑𝑡+ 0 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 2
= +
𝑠 𝑠+3
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = cos 𝜋𝑡 + 5𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡
Solution:
∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = cos 𝜋𝑡 + 5𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞ −𝑠𝑡 ∞
= 0
cos 𝜋𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡+ 0 5𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−3𝑡
= 𝐿 cos 𝜋𝑡 + 5𝐿[𝑡𝑒 ]
By shifting and linear properties we have
𝑠 1 𝑠 1
= 2 2
+5 2 = 2 2
+5
𝑠 +𝜋 𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+3 𝑠 + 𝜋 (𝑠 + 3)2
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 2𝑡 + cos 7𝑡
Solution:
𝑎 𝑠
We know that 𝐿 sin 𝑎𝑡 = and 𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 =
𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
Then by linear property
2 𝑠
𝐿 sin 2𝑡 + cos 7𝑡 = 𝐿 sin 2𝑡 + 𝐿[cos 7𝑡]= 2 2 + 2 2
𝑠 +2 𝑠 +7
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = sinh 2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡 cos 7𝑡
Solution:
𝑒 2𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡
We know that sinh 2𝑡 = . By linear property and shifting
2
property we have
𝐿 sinh 2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡 cos 7𝑡 = 𝐿 sinh 2𝑡 + 𝐿[𝑒 3𝑡 cos 7𝑡]
𝑒 2𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠−3
= 𝐿 + 2 2 =𝐿 −𝐿 +
2 𝑠 +7 𝑠→𝑠−3 2 2 (𝑠−3)2 +72
2 𝑠−3
= +
𝑠2 −22 (𝑠−3)2 +72
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = cosh 5𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 2
Solution:
𝑒 5𝑡 +𝑒 −5𝑡
We know that cosh 5𝑡 = . By linear property and shifting
2
property we have
𝐿 cosh 5𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝐿 cosh 5𝑡 + 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 2 ]
𝑒 5𝑡 +𝑒 −5𝑡 2! 𝑒 5𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡 2
= 𝐿 + 3 =𝐿 +𝐿 +
2 𝑠 𝑠→𝑠−2 2 2 (𝑠−2)3
𝑠 2
= +
𝑠2 −52 (𝑠−2)3
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡
Solution:
1
We know that sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)] therefore
2
1
sin 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 = [sin 5𝑡 − sin 𝑡]
2
1 1 1
𝐿 sin 5𝑡 − sin 𝑡 = 𝐿 [sin 5𝑡] − 𝐿[sin 𝑡]
2 2 2
1 1 5 1
= 𝐿 [sin 5𝑡] − 𝐿 sin 𝑡 = 2 2
−
2 2 2 𝑠 +5 2(𝑠 2 + 12 )
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡
Solution:
We know that sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 ;
3 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 = [3 sin 2𝑡 − sin 6𝑡]
4
3 3 1
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡]= 𝐿[sin 2𝑡] − L[sin 6𝑡]
4 4
3 2 1 6
= 2 2
− 2
4𝑠 + 2 4 𝑠 + 62
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 sin 2𝑡
Solution:
𝑑
𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝑡 = − 𝐿[sin 2𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
2
𝐿 sin 2𝑡 = 2
𝑠 + 22
𝑑 2 2 −2𝑠 4𝑠
− 2 2
=− 2 2 2
= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 2 𝑠 +2 𝑠 + 22 2
4𝑠
𝐿 𝑡 sin 2𝑡 = 2
𝑠 + 22 2
Find the Laplace transform of sinh 2𝑡 cosh 2𝑡
Solution:
𝑒 2𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 +𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 4𝑡 −𝑒 −4𝑡
We know that sinh 2𝑡 cosh 2𝑡 = =
2 2 4
1
𝐿 sinh 2𝑡 cosh 2𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 ] − 𝐿[𝑒 −4𝑡 ]]
4
1 1 1
= −
4 𝑠−4 𝑠+4
Find the Laplace transform of sinh 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡
Solution:
𝑒 2𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡
We know that sinh 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 = cos 3𝑡
2
1
𝐿 sinh 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡] − 𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 3𝑡]]
2
1 𝑠 1 𝑠
= −
2 𝑠2 +9 𝑠→𝑠−2 2 𝑠2 +9 𝑠→𝑠+2

1 𝑠−2 1 𝑠+2
= −
2 (𝑠−2)2 +9 2 (𝑠+2)2 +9
Find the Laplace transform of cosh 2𝑡 sin 𝑡
Solution:
𝑒 2𝑡 +𝑒 −2𝑡
We know that cosh 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = sin 𝑡
2
1
𝐿 cosh 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 = [𝐿 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 sin 𝑡]]
2
1 1 1 1
= +
2 𝑠2 +1 𝑠→𝑠−2 2 𝑠 2 +1 𝑠→𝑠+2

1 1 1 1
= +
2 (𝑠−2)2 +1 2 (𝑠+2)2 +1
Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 sin 5𝑡
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑 5 10𝑠
𝐿 𝑡 sin 5𝑡 = − 𝐿 sin 5𝑡 = − 2
= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 25 (𝑠 + 25)2
2𝑡
10𝑠
𝐿 𝑡𝑒 sin 5𝑡 =
(𝑠 2 + 25)2 𝑠→𝑠−2
10(𝑠 − 2)
=
((𝑠 − 2)2 +25)2
Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 cos 2𝑡
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠 4 − 𝑠2
𝐿 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 = − 𝐿 cos 2𝑡 = − 2
= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 4 (𝑠 + 4)2
2
4 − 𝑠
𝐿 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 =
(𝑠 2 + 4)2 𝑠→𝑠−1
4 − (𝑠 − 1)2
=
((𝑠 − 1)2 +4)2
Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 cos 2𝑡
Solution:
𝑑2
We know that 𝐿 𝑡 2𝑓𝑡 = 2 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠
𝑑 2 𝑠
2
𝐿 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 = 2 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 22
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
=
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 + 22
𝑑 4 − 𝑠2 𝑠2 + 4 2
−2𝑠 − 4𝑠(4 − 𝑠 2 )(𝑠 2 + 4)
= 2 2
=
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 + 4) (𝑠 2 + 4)4
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 5 𝑒 −10𝑡
Solution:
𝑛!
We know that 𝐿 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 =
(𝑠+𝑎)𝑛+1
5 −10𝑡
5!
𝐿𝑡 𝑒 =
(𝑠)5+1 𝑠→𝑠+10
5!
=
(𝑠 + 10)6
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 10 sinh 𝑡
Solution:
𝑡 𝑛𝑒 𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑡
We know that 𝑡 𝑛 sinh 𝑡 = −
2 2
𝑡 10 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡 10 𝑒 −𝑡
𝐿 𝑡 10 sinh 𝑡 = 𝐿 - 𝐿
2 2
10! 10!
= 11
−
2(𝑠 − 1) 2(𝑠 + 1)11
Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 −1 2

Solution:
∞
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝑳 𝒕 𝟐 = 𝒕 𝟐 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝒖 𝒅𝒖
Let 𝒔𝒕 = 𝒖, then 𝒕 = and 𝒅𝒕 = .
𝒔 𝒔
Also 𝒕 → 𝟎 implies → 𝟎 ; 𝒕 → ∞ implies 𝒖 → ∞. We have
∞ ∞
−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒕 𝟐 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒖 𝟐𝒔 𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟎
 −𝟏 ∞ −𝟏 √𝝅
=𝒔 𝟐
𝟎
𝒖 𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒕 =
√𝒔

∞ −𝟏
since 𝟎
𝒖 𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒕 = √𝝅 by gamma function
 𝟏
Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝟐

Solution:
∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳 𝒕 𝟐 = 𝒕 𝟐 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝒖 𝒅𝒖
Let 𝒔𝒕 = 𝒖, then 𝒕 = and 𝒅𝒕 = .
𝒔 𝒔
Also 𝒕 → 𝟎 implies → 𝟎 ; 𝒕 → ∞ implies 𝒖 → ∞. Then We have
 ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑
𝒕 𝟐 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒖 𝟐𝒔 𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
−𝟑 ∞ 𝟑 −𝟏 √𝝅
=𝒔 𝟐
𝟎
𝒖 𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐
𝟑
𝒔 𝟐
∞ −𝟏
since 𝟎
𝒖 𝟐 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒕 = √𝝅 by gamma function
 𝟑
Find the Laplace transform of 𝟏 + √𝒕
Solution:
We know that (𝐴 + 𝐵) 3 = 𝐴3 + 3𝐴2 𝐵 + 3𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵3
3
1 + √𝑡 = 1 + 3 𝑡 + 3𝑡 + 𝑡 3 2
3
𝐿[ 1 + √𝑡 ] = 𝐿 1 + 3𝐿 𝑡 + 3𝐿[𝑡] + 𝐿[𝑡 3 2 ]
1 3√𝜋 3 3√𝜋
= + 3 + 2+ 5
𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑠 4𝑠 2
 𝟑
Find the Laplace transform of 𝟏 + √𝒕
Solution:
We know that (𝐴 + 𝐵) 3 = 𝐴3 + 3𝐴2 𝐵 + 3𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵3
3
1 + √𝑡 = 1 + 3 𝑡 + 3𝑡 + 𝑡 3 2

3
𝐿[ 1 + √𝑡 ] = 𝐿 1 + 3𝐿 𝑡 + 3𝐿[𝑡] + 𝐿[𝑡 3 2 ]

1 3√𝜋 3 3√𝜋
= + 3 + 2+ 5
𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑠 4𝑠 2
Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 10𝑒 −6𝑡 + 5 sin 𝜇𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 +
(𝑡 + sin 𝑡)2
Solution:
−6𝑡
1
𝐿𝑒 =
𝑠 + 6𝜇
𝐿 sin 𝜇𝑡 = 2
𝑠 + 𝜇2
2𝑡
1
𝐿 𝑡𝑒 =
(𝑠 − 2)2
We know that (𝑡 + sin 𝑡)2 = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡

𝐿 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 2 = 𝐿[𝑡 2 ] + 2𝐿[𝑡 sin 𝑡] + 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡]

2 2𝑠 1
= 3+ 2 2
+ 𝐿[1 − cos 2𝑡]
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 2
2 2𝑠 1 1 𝑠 2𝑎𝑠
= + + − Since 𝐿 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 = and
𝑠3 (𝑠2 +1)2 2 𝑠 𝑠2 +4 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
𝑠
𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
Therefore

𝐿 10𝑒 −6𝑡 + 5 sin 𝜇𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 2

= 10𝐿 𝑒 −6𝑡 + 5𝐿 sin 𝜇𝑡 + 𝐿 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐿[ 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 2 ]

10 5𝜇 1 2 2𝑠 1 1 𝑠
= + 2 2
+ 2
+ 3+ 2 2
+ − 2
𝑠+6 𝑠 +𝜇 (𝑠 − 2) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 2 𝑠 𝑠 +4
 Find Laplace transform of f (t )  t 2 cos 25t
d  d  s 
L[ t 2 cos 25t ]   2 2 
ds   ds  s 25  
d  252  s 2 
  
ds  ( s 2  252 ) 2 
( s 2  252 ) 2 ( 2 s )  (252  s 2 )2( s 2  252 )2 s

( s 2  252 ) 4
( s 2  252 )( 2 s )  (252  s 2 )4 s

( s 2  252 )3
2 s 3  2 s 252  4 s 252  4 s 3

( s 2  252 )3
2 s 3  6 * 252 s

( s 2  252 )3
Find Laplace transform of f (t )  e2t  cos3t  2sin 3t 
Solution:
L e2t  cos3t  2sin 3t   L[e2t cos3t ]  2 L[e2t sin 3t ]
𝑎
We know that 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) and 𝐿 sin 𝑎𝑡 = 2 2 ; 𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 =
𝑠 𝑠 +𝑎
2
𝑠 +𝑎2 , then

L[e 2t cos 3t ]  2 L[e 2t sin 3t ]  L[cos 3t ]s  s  2  2 L sin 3t s  s  2

 s   3 
 2  2
 s  9  s  s  2  s 2  9 
ss 2

s2 6
  .
( s  2)  9 ( s  2)  9
2 2
Find the Laplace transform of et  3sinh 2t  5cosh 2t 

Solution:
𝑎
We know that 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠−𝑎 and sin ℎ𝑎𝑡 = ;
𝑠 𝑠 2 −𝑎2
𝐿 cos ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 2 then we have
𝑠 −𝑎2
L[3sinh 2t  5cosh 2t ]  3L[sinh 2t ]  5 L[cosh 2t ]
 2   s 
 3 2   5 2 
 s 4  s 4
6 5s
 2  2
s 4 s 4
L[et (3sinh 2t  5cosh 2t )]   L  3sinh 2t  5cosh 2t  ss 1
 6 5s 
 2  2 
 s  4 s  4  ss 1
6 5( s  1)
 
( s  1)  4 ( s  1)2  4
2
Find the Laplace transform of 7e3t  4cos t  5sin 3t  3t 3  5e2t  7.
Solution:
Using the Linear property L[a 1 f1 (t )  a 2 f 2 (t )]  a1L[ f1 (t )]  a2 L[ f 2 (t )]
We have
L[7e3t  4cos t  5sin 3t  3t 3  5e 2t  7]  7 L[e3t ]  4 L[cos t ]  5 L[sin 3t ]
 3L[t 3 ]  5L[e2t ]  7 L[1]
𝑎𝑡 1 𝑠 𝑎 𝑛 𝑛!
𝐿𝑒 = ; 𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 = ; 𝐿 sin 𝑎𝑡 = ;𝐿 𝑡 = .
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠 𝑛+1
Then
 2 t
7 L[e ]  4 L[cos t ]  5L[sin 3t ]  3L[t ]  5 L[e ]  7 L[1]
3t 3

 1   s   3   3!   1   1 
 7   4 2   5 2   3 4   5   7 
 s  3   s 1   s  9   s   s  2   s 
7 4s 15 18 5 7
  2  2  4  .
s  3 s 1 s  9 s s  2 s
 0, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 =
1, 1 < 𝑡 < ∞
Solution:
∞ 1 ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑠𝑡 ∞ 0 0 1
𝑒 𝑒 −𝑠
= =
−𝑠 1
𝑠
 𝟏, 𝟎<𝒕<𝟏
𝟐, 𝟏<𝒕<𝟐
• Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇 𝒕 =
𝟑, 𝟐<𝒕<𝟑
𝟎, 𝟑<𝒕<∞
Solution:
𝐿𝑓 𝑡
∞ 1 2 3 ∞
= 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 1 2 0 3 1 2 3
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= +2 +3
−𝑠 0 −𝑠 1 −𝑠 2
1 − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 − 𝑒 −3𝑠
= +2 +3
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
 𝑡, 0<𝑡<1
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 2 − 𝑡, 1 < 𝑡 < 2
0, 2<𝑡<∞
Solution:
∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 0 2 ∞
= 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 − 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 1 2

1 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= −𝑡 − + (2 − 𝑡) +
𝑠 𝑠2 0
−𝑠 𝑠2 1
 1 − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑠
= 2
+
𝑠 𝑠2
𝑡, 0<𝑡<1
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = sin 𝑡 , 1 < 𝑡 < 2
∞ 0, 2<𝑡<∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 0 2 ∞
= 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + sin 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 1 2
 1 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= −𝑡 − + −𝑠 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠2 0
𝑠2 +1 1

1 − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
= 2
− + 2 𝑠 sin 1 + cos 1
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +1

𝑒 −2𝑠
− 2 𝑠 sin 2 + cos(2)
𝑠 +1
 𝑡, 0 < 𝑡 < 2
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡
∞
𝑒 , 2<𝑡<∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
2 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 2 − 𝑠−1 𝑡 ∞
−𝑠𝑡 𝑡 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
= 𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑡 − 2 +
0 2 𝑠 𝑠 0
−(𝑠 − 1) 2

1 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −2(𝑠−1)
= 2
−2 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−1
 𝑒 −𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 10
Find Laplace transform of 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 10 < 𝑡 < 100
∞
0, 100 < 𝑡 < ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
10 0 100 ∞
= 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 10 100

−(𝑠+1)𝑡 10 − 𝑠−1 𝑡 100

𝑒 𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −10(𝑠+1) 𝑒 −10(𝑠−1) − 𝑒 −100(𝑠−1)
= + = +
−(𝑠 + 1) 0
−(𝑠 − 1) 10
𝑠+1 𝑠−1
 1, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
Find Laplace transform 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 , 1 < 𝑡 < 2
∞ 0, 2 < 𝑡 < ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 0 2 ∞
= 1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 1 2

1 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 − 𝑒 − 𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 2𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠
= + −𝑡 − 2 = + −
−𝑠 0
𝑠 𝑠 1
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2
 𝑡, 0 < 𝑡 < 2
Find Laplace transform of 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) where 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡
∞
𝑒 , 2<𝑡<∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
2 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 2 − 𝑠−1 𝑡 ∞
−𝑠𝑡 𝑡 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒
𝑒 𝑒
= 𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑡 − 2 +
0 2 𝑠 𝑠 0
−(𝑠 − 1) 2

1 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −2(𝑠−1)
= 2
−2 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−1
We know that 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑠→𝑠+𝑎 . Then

−2𝑠 −𝑠 −2(𝑠−1)
1 − 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 2
−2 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 − 𝑒 −2(𝑠+2) 𝑒 −(𝑠+2) 𝑒 −2(𝑠+1)
= 2
−2 +
(𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 + 2) 𝑠+1
 𝑒 −𝑡 , 0 < 𝑡 < 10
Find Laplace transform of 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) where 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 10 < 𝑡 < 100
∞
0, 100 < 𝑡 < ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
10 0 100 ∞
= 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 10 100

−(𝑠+1)𝑡 10 − 𝑠−1 𝑡 100

𝑒 𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −10(𝑠+1) 𝑒 −10(𝑠−1) − 𝑒 −100(𝑠−1)
= + = +
−(𝑠 + 1) 0
−(𝑠 − 1) 10
𝑠+1 𝑠−1
We know that 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑠→𝑠−𝑎 . Then

1−𝑒 −10(𝑠+1) 𝑒 −10(𝑠−1) −𝑒 −100(𝑠−1)

𝐿 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = +
𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠→𝑠−3

1 − 𝑒 −10(𝑠−2) 𝑒 −10(𝑠−4) − 𝑒 −100(𝑠−4)

= +
𝑠−2 𝑠−4
 1, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
Find Laplace transform of 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) where 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 , 1 < 𝑡 < 2
∞ 0, 2 < 𝑡 < ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 0 2 ∞
= 1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 1 2

−𝑠𝑡 1 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 2

𝑒 𝑒
𝑒
= + −𝑡 − 2
−𝑠 0
𝑠 𝑠 1
 1 − 𝑒 − 𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 2𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠
= + −
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2
We know that 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑠→𝑠+1 . Then

1 − 𝑒 − 𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 2𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠
𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = + −
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 − 𝑒 − (𝑠+1) 𝑒 −(𝑠+1) − 2𝑒 −2(𝑠+1) 𝑒 −(𝑠+1) − 𝑒 −2(𝑠+1)

= + −
(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1)2
 1, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
Find Laplace transform of 𝑡𝑓(𝑡) where 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 , 1 < 𝑡 < 2
∞ 0, 2 < 𝑡 < ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 0 2 ∞
= 1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 1 2

−𝑠𝑡 1 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 2

𝑒 𝑒
𝑒
= + −𝑡 − 2
−𝑠 0
𝑠 𝑠 1
 1 − 𝑒 − 𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 2𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠
= + −
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2
𝑑
We know that 𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠

𝑑 1 − 𝑒− 𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑠 + 𝑠𝑒 − 𝑠 − 1
=
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2

𝑑 𝑒 − 𝑠 − 2𝑒 −2𝑠 6𝑒 −2𝑠 − (𝑠 + 1)𝑒 − 𝑠

=
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2
𝑑 𝑒 − 𝑠 −𝑒 −2𝑠 2𝑠2 𝑒 −2𝑠 +2𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 −𝑠2 𝑒 −𝑠 −2𝑠𝑒 −𝑠
= . Therefore
𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠4

𝑒 − 𝑠 + 𝑠𝑒 − 𝑠 − 1 6𝑒 −2𝑠 − 𝑠 + 1 𝑒 − 𝑠
𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 =− 2
+
𝑠 𝑠2

2𝑠2 𝑒 −2𝑠 +2𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 −𝑠 2 𝑒 −𝑠 −2𝑠𝑒 −𝑠

+
𝑠4
 0, 0 < 𝑡 < 1
Find the Laplace transform of t𝑓 𝑡 where 𝑓 𝑡 =
1, 1 < 𝑡 < ∞
Solution:
∞ 1 ∞
𝐿𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 1𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑠𝑡 ∞ 0 0 1
𝑒 𝑒 −𝑠
= =
−𝑠 1
𝑠
 𝑑
We know that 𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = − 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠

𝑑 𝑒 −𝑠 −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑠
=
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2

𝑠𝑒 −𝑠 + 𝑒 −𝑠
𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠2
 sin 𝑎𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution:

∞
sin 𝑎𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
∞ 𝑎 𝑠 ∞
= 𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎 𝑠
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠/𝑎 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠/𝑎
2
 sin 2𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution:

∞
sin 2𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
∞ 2 𝑠 ∞
= 𝑠 𝑠2 +22
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 𝑠
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ −1
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑠/2 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠/2
2
 sin 𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution:
∞
sin 𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
∞ 1
= 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 ∞
𝑠
𝑠 +1
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠
2
 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution
∞
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠∞
∞
= 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞ ∞𝑠
1 1
= 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠 𝑠+𝑏
∞
𝑠 + 𝑎
= log 𝑠 + 𝑎 − log(𝑠 + 𝑏) ∞
𝑠 = log
𝑠+𝑏 𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠→∞ 𝑠+𝑏 𝑠→𝑠 𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑏
 𝑒 −2𝑡 −𝑒 −3𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution
−2𝑡 ∞
𝑒 − 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠∞
∞
= 𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞ ∞𝑠
1 1
= 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠 𝑠+3
∞
𝑠 + 2
= log 𝑠 + 2 − log(𝑠 + 3) ∞
𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠+3 𝑠
𝑠+2 𝑠+2 𝑠+2
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠→∞ 𝑠+3 𝑠→𝑠 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
 2 sinh 𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution
∞
2 sinh 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡
=𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑡 𝑠
∞ ∞
= 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞ 𝑠∞
1 1
= 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠 𝑠+1
∞
𝑠 − 1
= log 𝑠 − 1 − log(𝑠 + 1) ∞
𝑠 = log
𝑠+1 𝑠
𝑠−1 𝑠−1 𝑠+1
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠→∞ 𝑠+1 𝑠→𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠−1
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠∞
∞
= 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞ 𝑠
∞
𝑠 𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +𝑎
𝑠 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠 ∞+ 𝑏
1 2𝑠 1 2𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 +𝑎 2 𝑠 𝑠 +𝑏
 1
= log 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 − log 𝑠 2 + 𝑏 2 ∞ 𝑠
2 2 2 ∞
1 𝑠 +𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠 + 𝑏2 𝑠
1 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠→∞ 𝑠 +𝑏 𝑠 + 𝑏2
1 𝑠2 +𝑎2 −1 𝑠2 +𝑎2
= 0 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log 2 2
2 𝑠2 +𝑏 2 2 𝑠 +𝑏
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠∞
∞
= 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞ 𝑠
∞
𝑠 𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +𝑎
𝑠 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠 ∞+ 𝑏
1 2𝑠 1 2𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 +𝑎 2 𝑠 𝑠 +𝑏
 1
= log 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 − log 𝑠 2 + 𝑏 2 ∞ 𝑠
2 2 2 ∞
1 𝑠 +𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠 + 𝑏2 𝑠
1 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠→∞ 𝑠 +𝑏 𝑠 + 𝑏2
1 𝑠2 +𝑎2 −1 𝑠2 +𝑎2
= 0 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log 2 2
2 𝑠2 +𝑏 2 2 𝑠 +𝑏
 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡
• Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠∞
∞
= 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡)𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞ 𝑠
∞
𝑠 𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +2
𝑠 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠 ∞+ 5
1 2𝑠 1 2𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 −
2 𝑠 𝑠 +2 2 𝑠 𝑠 2 + 52
 1
= log 𝑠 2 + 22 − log 𝑠 2 + 52 ∞ 𝑠
2 2 2 ∞
1 𝑠 +2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠 + 52 𝑠
1 𝑠 2 + 22 𝑠 2 + 22
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠→∞ 𝑠 +5 𝑠 + 52
1 𝑠 2 + 22 −1 𝑠2 + 4
= 0 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
= log 2
2 𝑠 +5 2 𝑠 + 25
 2sin 4𝑡 sin 𝑡
Find 𝐿
𝑡
Solution:
We know that 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵). Therefore
2 sin 4𝑡 sin 𝑡 = cos 3𝑡 − cos 5𝑡
∞
cos 3𝑡 − cos 5𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 cos 3 𝑡 − cos 5𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
∞ ∞
= 𝐿(cos 3𝑡)𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿(cos 5𝑡)𝑑𝑠
𝑠 ∞ 𝑠 ∞
𝑠 𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 +3 𝑠 𝑠 +5
 1 ∞ 2𝑠 1 ∞ 2𝑠
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 +3 2 𝑠 𝑠 +5
1
= log 𝑠 2 + 32 − log 𝑠 2 + 52 ∞ 𝑠
2 2 2 ∞
1 𝑠 +3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠 + 52 𝑠
1 𝑠 2 + 32 𝑠 2 + 32
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠→∞ 𝑠 +5 𝑠 + 52
1 𝑠 2 + 32 1 𝑠 2 + 52
= 0 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 𝑠 +5 2 𝑠 + 32
 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
Evaluate 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
Solution:
∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠2
0
𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑡 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠=1
∞
= 𝑠 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑠
∞ ∞
= 𝑠 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑠 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑠 ∞ 𝑠
= 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +25 𝑠 +1
 ∞ 𝑠 ∞ 𝑠
= 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +25 𝑠 +1
1 ∞ 2𝑠 1 ∞ 2𝑠
= 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 +25 2 𝑠 +1
1 1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 + 25 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 1
2
2 2 2
1 𝑠 + 25
= − log
2 𝑠2 + 1 𝑠=1
1
= − log(13)
2
 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡
Evaluate 0
dt
𝑡
Solution
∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑡
0
dt = L
𝑡 𝑡
𝑠=1
∞ 5
= 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +5
∞
−1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠/ 5) 𝑠
𝑠
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 1
5
𝜋
= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1/ 5)
2
 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Evaluate 0 𝑡
Solution:
∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
0
𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑡 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠=1
∞
= 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑠 ∞
= 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 𝑑𝑠 − 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
 ∞ 4 ∞ 3
= 𝑠 𝑠2 +16
𝑑𝑠
− 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 +9
𝑠 𝑠 ∞
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
4 3 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
4 3 𝑠=1
1 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
3 4
 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
• Find 𝐿[ ]
𝑡
Solution
∞
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
∞
= 𝐿 1 − 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑠∞
1 𝑠
= − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +𝑎
 ∞
1 2𝑠
= − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 2(𝑠 + 𝑎 )
∞
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )
2 𝑠
𝑠 ∞
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log
𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠
 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑡
Find 𝐿[ ]
𝑡
Solution
∞
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑡
𝐿 = 𝐿 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
∞
= 𝐿 1 − 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 ∞
1 𝑠
= − 2 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +𝜋
 ∞
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 𝜋 2 )
2 𝑠
𝑠 ∞
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠2 +𝜋2 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
= lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠→∞ 𝑠2 +𝜋2 𝑠→𝑠 𝑠2 +𝜋2
𝑠 2 +𝜋2
= log
𝑠
 ∞ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
Evaluate 0
dt
𝑡
Solution
∞ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
0
dt = L
𝑡 𝑡
𝑠=1
∞ 2
= 𝑠 𝑠2 +2
𝑑𝑠
∞
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠/ 2) 𝑠
𝑠
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 1
2
𝜋
= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1/ 2)
2
Inverse Laplace Transformation
• Why Inverse transform?
We know that transformation transform the hard problem into
single and sequence of simple problems in terms of other variables. But
we need the solution in terms of the original variable. So we need the
inverse transformation.
• Fourier representation
Consider the piecewise differentiable function 𝑓(𝑡) which
vanishes t < 0 . We can express 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) as complex Fourier
representation
 ∞ ∞
1
𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑐𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑖𝛼𝑡 𝑒 −𝑐𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝛼
2𝜋 −∞ 0
For any real constant c. Then
1 ∞ (𝑐+𝑖𝛼)𝑡 ∞
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −(𝑐+𝑖𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝛼
2𝜋 −∞ 0
Let 𝑠 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝛼 then
1 𝑐+𝑖∞ 𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1 𝑐+𝑖∞
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐−𝑖∞ 0 2𝜋𝑖 𝑐−𝑖∞
So what we observe that, if 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) then 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 .
Properties of Inverse Laplace transform
Property 1: Inverse Laplace transform is linear, that is 𝐿−1 [𝛼𝐹1 𝑠 +
Property 2: Shifting Property
If 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡), then 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
Proof:
∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒− 𝑠−𝑎
𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
0
𝐿−1 𝐿 𝑎𝑡
𝑒 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 ]
That is 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡
• Property 3:
𝐹(𝑠) 𝑡
If 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡), then 𝐿−1 = 0
𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑠

• Property 4:
If 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡), then 𝐿−1 𝐹′(𝑠) = −𝑡𝑓(𝑡).

In general 𝐿−1 𝐹 (𝑛) = (−1)𝑛 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡).

Property 5:
If 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑡 , then
0, 𝑡<𝑎
𝐿−1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹
𝑠 =𝑈 𝑡−𝑎 𝑓 𝑡−𝑎 = where
𝑓 𝑡−𝑎 , 𝑡 >𝑎
0, 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑈 𝑡−𝑎 =
1, 𝑡 > 𝑎
• Cauchy Residue theorem
If C is a simple closed, positively oriented contour in the complex plane
and f is analytic except for some points 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , … , 𝑧𝑛 inside the contour
C, then 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑛𝑘=1 𝑅𝑒𝑠(𝑓(𝑧𝑘 )) , where 𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧𝑘 =
lim (𝑧 − 𝑧𝑘 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑧𝑘
1 𝑑 𝑚−1
• If 𝑧𝑘 is pole of order m then 𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 𝑧𝑘 = lim (𝑧 −
𝑚−1 ! 𝑧→𝑧𝑘 𝑑𝑧 𝑚−1
 10
• Find 𝑓(𝑡) such that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠
• Solution:
10 10 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
• 𝐹(𝑠) = , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue
𝑠 2𝜋𝑖 𝑠
theorem
𝑒 𝑠𝑡
•𝑓 𝑡 = 10𝑅𝑒𝑠( ) at 𝑠 = 0.
𝑠𝑡 𝑠
𝑒 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑠 = lim 𝑠 =1
𝑠 𝑠→0 𝑠
• 𝑓 𝑡 = 10
 1
Find 𝑓(𝑡) such that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠2
Solution:
1 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝐹(𝑠) = then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠
2 , = 2 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue
𝑠 2𝜋𝑖 𝑠
theorem
𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( 2 ) at 𝑠 = 0 and 𝑠 = 0 is double pole. Therefore
𝑠
𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑑 2 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠 2 = lim 𝑠 2 = 𝑡 lim 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠→0 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠→0
 1
Find 𝑓(𝑡) such that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠−1
Solution:
1 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝐹(𝑠) = , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue
𝑠−1 2𝜋𝑖 𝑠−1
theorem
𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( ) at 𝑠 = 1.
𝑠−1
𝑓 𝑡 = lim 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑠→1
 1
Find 𝑓(𝑡) such that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠2 +22
Solution:
1
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 2 , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠 +2
𝑠𝑡
1 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue theorem
2𝜋𝑖 𝑠2 +22 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠+𝑖2)(𝑠−𝑖2)
𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( )
at 𝑠 = 𝑖2 + 𝑅𝑒𝑠( at 𝑠 = −𝑖2 )
(𝑠+𝑖2)(𝑠−𝑖2) (𝑠+𝑖2)(𝑠−𝑖2)
𝑒 𝑖2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑖2𝑡 𝑖2 sin 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = − = =
4𝑖 4𝑖 4𝑖 2
 1
Find 𝑓(𝑡) such that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠2 +𝑎2
Solution:
1
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 2 , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠 +𝑎
𝑠𝑡
1 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue theorem
2𝜋𝑖 𝑠2 +𝑎2 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)(𝑠−𝑖𝑎)
𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( ) at
𝑠 = 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑅𝑒𝑠(
at 𝑠 = −𝑖𝑎 )
(𝑠+𝑖𝑎)(𝑠−𝑖𝑎) (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)(𝑠−𝑖𝑎)
𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡
𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 𝑖2 sin 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = − = =
2𝑖𝑎 2𝑖𝑎 2𝑖𝑎 𝑎
 𝑠
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝑠2 +𝑎2
Solution:
𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠𝑡2 +𝑎2
1 𝑠𝑒 1 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue theorem
2𝜋𝑖 𝑠2 +𝑎2 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)(𝑠−𝑖𝑎)
𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( ) at
𝑠 = 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑅𝑒𝑠(at 𝑠 = −𝑖𝑎 )
(𝑠+𝑖𝑎)(𝑠−𝑖𝑎) (𝑠+𝑖𝑎)(𝑠−𝑖𝑎)
𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 2 cos 𝑎𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = + = = cos 𝑎𝑡
2 2 2
 𝑠
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝑠2 +32
Solution:
𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠𝑡2 +32
1 𝑠𝑒 1 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue theorem
2𝜋𝑖 𝑠2 +32 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠+𝑖3)(𝑠−𝑖3)
𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( ) at 𝑠 = 𝑖3 + 𝑅𝑒𝑠( at 𝑠 = −𝑖3 )
(𝑠+𝑖3)(𝑠−𝑖3) (𝑠+𝑖3)(𝑠−𝑖3)
𝑒 𝑖3𝑡 𝑒 −𝑖3𝑡 2 cos 3𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = + = = cos 3𝑡
2 2 2
 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝑠𝑛+1
Solution:
1 1 𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑛+1, then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑠 by Cauchy Residue
𝑠 2𝜋𝑖 𝑠
theorem
𝑒 𝑠𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠( 𝑛+1)
at 𝑠 = 0 and 𝑠 = 0 is a pole of order 𝑛 + 1.Therefore
𝑠 𝑛 𝑠𝑡
1 𝑑 𝑒
𝑓 𝑡 = lim 𝑛 (𝑠 − 0)𝑛+1
𝑛! 𝑠→0 𝑑𝑧 (𝑠 − 0)𝑛+1
𝑛
1 𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 = lim 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 =
𝑛! 𝑠→0 𝑛!
 −1 1 4 1
Find 𝐿 + +
𝑠2 𝑠2 +16 𝑠2 −81
Solution:
We know that inverse Laplace transform is linear.
−1
1 4 1 −1
1 −1
4 −1
1
𝐿 2
+ 2 + 2 =𝐿 2
+𝐿 2
+𝐿
𝑠 𝑠 + 16 𝑠 − 81 𝑠 𝑠 + 16 𝑠 2 − 81
−1
1 −1
4 1 −1 9
=𝐿 2
+𝐿 2
+ 𝐿
𝑠 𝑠 + 16 9 𝑠 2 − 100
sinh 9𝑡
= 𝑡 + sin 4𝑡 +
9
 2 3
Find 𝐿−1 +
𝑠(𝑠−5) 𝑠(𝑠2 +9)
Solution:
2 3
−1
2 3 −1 (𝑠 − 5) (𝑠 2 +9)
𝐿 + 2
=𝐿 +
𝑠(𝑠 − 5) 𝑠(𝑠 + 9) 𝑠 𝑠
1 3
(𝑠 − 5) (𝑠 2 +9)
= 2𝐿−1 + 𝐿−1
𝑠 𝑠
−1 𝐹 𝑡
We know that 𝐿 = 0
𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑠
 1
−1 (𝑠−5) 𝑡 5𝑢 5𝑡 1
𝐿 = 0
𝑒 𝑑𝑢 where 𝐿 𝑒 =
𝑠 𝑠−5
1
(𝑠 − 5) 𝑒 5𝑡 − 1
𝐿−1 =
𝑠 5
3 𝑡
(𝑠 2 +9) 1 − cos 3𝑡
𝐿−1 = sin 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑠 0 3
2 3 𝑒 5𝑡 − 1 1 − cos 3𝑡
𝐿−1 + 2
= +
𝑠(𝑠 − 5) 𝑠(𝑠 + 9) 5 3
 𝑠
Find inverse Laplace transform of
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
Solution:
1
We know that 𝐿 sin 𝑡 =
𝑠2 +1
𝑑 𝑑 1 −2𝑠
𝐿 sin 𝑡 = 2
= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 1 (𝑠 + 1)2

𝑠 −1 −2𝑠 −1 1
= = 𝐹′(𝑠) where 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠2 +1)2 2 (𝑠2 +1)2 2 𝑠2 +12
 𝑠 −1 −1 −2𝑠 −1 −1
𝐿−1 2 2
= 𝐿 2 2
= 𝐿 𝐹′(𝑠)
(𝑠 + 1) 2 (𝑠 + 1) 2
−1 −1
= 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 sin 𝑡
2 2
−1
That is 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 sin 𝑡
2
 𝑎2 −𝑠2
Find inverse Laplace transform of
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
Solution:
𝑠
We know that 𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠 𝑎2 − 𝑠 2
𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 = 2 2
= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 𝑎 (𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2
𝑎2 −𝑠2 𝑠
= 𝐹′(𝑠) where 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 𝑠2 +𝑎2
 −1 𝑑𝐹
We know that 𝐿 = −𝑡𝑓(𝑡).
𝑑𝑠
Therefore
𝑎2 − 𝑠 2 𝑠
𝐿−1 2 2 2
−1
= 𝐿 𝐹′(𝑠) = −𝑡𝐿−1
(𝑠 + 𝑎 ) 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2

= −𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡
That is 𝑓 𝑡 = −𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡
 22 −𝑠 2
Find inverse Laplace transform of
(𝑠 2 +22 )2
Solution:
𝑠
We know that 𝐿 cos 𝑎𝑡 = 2 2
𝑠 +2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠 22 − 𝑠 2
𝐿 cos 2𝑡 = 2 2
= 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 2 (𝑠 + 22 )2
22 −𝑠 2 𝑠
= 𝐹′(𝑠) where 𝐹(𝑠) = 2 2
(𝑠 2 +22 )2 𝑠 +2
2
2 −𝑠 2 𝑠
𝐿−1 −1
= 𝐿 𝐹′(𝑠) = −𝑡𝐿 −1
2 2
(𝑠 + 2 ) 2 𝑠 2 + 22
= −𝑡 cos 2𝑡
That is 𝑓 𝑡 = −𝑡 cos 2𝑡
 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
Find 𝑓(𝑡) such that 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 =
𝑠
Solution:
1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 1
𝑠

𝐿−1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 =𝑈 𝑡−𝑎 𝑓 𝑡−𝑎

0, 𝑡 < 𝑎
=𝑈 𝑡−𝑎 =
1, 𝑡 > 𝑎
 𝑠𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝑠2 +𝑏 2
Solution:
𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 2 , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = cos 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 +𝑏

𝐿−1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 =𝑈 𝑡−𝑎 𝑓 𝑡−𝑎

0, 𝑡<𝑎
=
cos 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑎) , 𝑡 > 𝑎
 𝑠𝑒 −5𝑠
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝑠2 +22
Solution:
𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = , then 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝐹 𝑠 = cos 2𝑡
𝑠 2 +22

𝐿−1 𝑒 −5𝑠 𝐹 𝑠 =𝑈 𝑡−5 𝑓 𝑡−5

0, 𝑡<5
=
cos 2(𝑡 − 𝑎) , 𝑡 > 5
  1 
• Find L 
1

 s ( s 2
 9) 

Solution:
 1  1  1  1 s  1
   1  cos 3t  .
1
L  2 L    2
 s ( s  9)   9  s s  9  9
• Find L  30  8  .
1

s
7
s4
Solution:
1  6!   1 
1
We know that L  s 7  t 6
and L   e 4t

   s  4 

1 30 8  1  1  1  1 
L  7    30 L  7   8 L 
s s  4 t  s t  s  4 
 1 6! 
 30 L1  . 7   8e 4t
 6! s  t
30 1  6!  30 1 6
 L  7   8e 
4t
t  8e 
6 4t
t  8e 4t
6!  s t 6.5.4.3.2 24
• Evaluate L1 
 2
3s 

 s  2s  8 
Solution
1 3s  1  3( s  1  1) 
L  2 L  2 
 s  2 s  8   ( s  1) 2
 3 
1  3( s  1)  1  3 
L  2 
L  2 
 ( s  1) 2
 3   ( s  1) 2
 3 
 3 e  t cosh 3t  sinh 3t.e  t
 e 3t
 e 3t
  e 3t
 e 3t

 3 et    e t
 
 2   2 
3 ( e 2 t  e 2 t )  (e 2 t  e 4 t )

2
• Evaluate L1  3s  7 
  2s  3 
2
s
Solution:
 3s  7 
1 1  3( s  1)  3  7 
L  2 L  2 
 s  2s  3   ( s  1)  2 
2

 3( s  1)
1 10 
L   2 
 ( s  1) 2
 2 2
( s  1) 2
 2 
 3( s  1)  1  1 
 L1  2 
 10 L  2 
 ( s  1) 2
 2   ( s  1) 2
 2 
 2 
 3 et cos h 2t  5 L1  2 
 ( s  1)  2 
2

 3 et cos h 2t  5 et sinh 2t
 
1 s2  6 
Find L  2 2 
 ( s  1)( s 2
 2 )
Solution:
1  s 2
6 
L  2 2 
 ( s  1)( s 2
 2 )
1  1 ( s 2
 1)  ( s 2
 4) 7 1 
L   2 
 2 ( s  1)( s  2 ) 2 ( s  1)( s  2 ) 
2 2 2 2 2

1  1 ( s 2
 1)  1  1 ( s 2
 4) 
L  2 
L  2 
 2 ( s 2
 1)( s 2
 2 )   2 ( s 2
 1)( s 2
 2 )
1 7 
 L1  2 
 2 ( s  1)( s  2 ) 
2 2
 1
1 1  1  1 1  1  1 7 
L  2 
L   L  2 
 2 (s  2 )   2 ( s  1)   2 ( s  1)( s  2 ) 
2 2 2 2

1  1 1  1  1 1  1  7 [( s 2
 2 2
)  ( s 2
 1)] 
L  2 
L   L  
 2 ( s 2
 2 )   2 ( s 2
 1)   2 3 ( s 2
 1)( s 2
 2 2
) 
1  1 1  1  1 1  1  7 [( s 2
 2 2
)] 
L  2 
L   L  2 
 2 ( s 2
 2 )   2 ( s 2
 1)   2.3 ( s 2
 1)( s 2
 2 )
1  7 [( s 2
 1 2
)] 
L  2 
 2.3 ( s  1)( s  2 ) 
2 2
 11 1  1  1 1  1  7 1 
L  2 
L   L  
 2 (s  2 )   2 ( s  1)   6 ( s  1) 
2 2 2

1  7 1 
L  2 
 6 ( s 2
 2 )
sin 2t sin t 7 sin t 7 sin 2t
   
4 2 6 12
5sin t sin 2t
 
3 3
  s2 
• Evaluate 1
L  3
 ( s  2) 
Solution:

1 s2  1  ( s  2)  4( s  2)  4 
2
L  3 
L  
 ( s  2)   ( s  2) 3

1  ( s  2)  1  4( s  2)  1  
2
4
L  3 
 L  3 
 L  3 
 ( s  2)   ( s  2)   ( s  2) 
 1  1  4  1  4 
 L1    L  2 
 L  3 
 ( s  2)   ( s  2)   ( s  2) 
1  1 
 e 2 t  4e 2 t L1  2   4e 2 t L1  3 
s  s 
 2! 
 e 2 t  4e 2 t t  4e 2 t L1  3 
 2! s 
 e 2 t  4e 2 t t  2e 2 t t 2