21MAB102T

Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

Unit II -Vector Calculus

Dr. P. GODHANDARAMAN & Dr. S. SABARINATHAN

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203.

1
Scalar and Vector Fields:

• A physical quantity expressible as a continuous function and which can assume one
or more definite values at each point of a region of space, is called point function in
the region and the region concerned is called a field.

• Point functions are classified as scalar point function and vector point function
according as the nature of the quantity concerned is a scalar or a vector.

• At each point P of the field if the function denoted by f(P) is a scalar, it is known as
scalar point function while if 𝑓 𝑃 is a vector, then the function 𝑓 𝑃 is called a
vector point function. The concerned field is called a scalar field or a vector field
respectively.
2
Example of Scalar Fields:

• The temperature distribution in a medium, the gravitational potential of a system

of masses and the electrostatic potential of a system of charges.

Example of Vector Fields:

• The velocity of a moving particle, the electrostatic, the magneto static and
gravitational fields.

3
Vector Differential Operator DEL 𝜵 :

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻= 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Gradient:

Let 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 defines a differentiable scalar field. (i.e) 𝜙 is differentiable at

each point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a certain region of space. Then the gradient of 𝜙 denoted by
𝛻𝜙 (or) grad 𝜙 is defined by

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝜙= 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 = 𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

4
Divergence :

If 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is defined and differentiable vector point function at each point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

is a certain region of space, then the divergence of 𝐹 denoted by 𝛻. 𝐹 (or) div𝐹 is

defined by

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐹
div𝐹 = 𝛻. 𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝐹= 𝑖.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
If 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘, then div𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3

div𝐹 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

5
Solenoidal :

If 𝐹 is a vector such that 𝛻. 𝐹 = 0 for all points is a given region, then it is said to be
a solenoidal vector in that region.

Curl :

If 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a differentiable vector point function in a certain region of space, then

the curl or rotation of 𝐹 denoted by 𝛻 × 𝐹 (or) curl 𝐹 (or) rot 𝐹 is defined by

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
6
Irrotational :

If 𝐹 is vector such that 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 0 for all points in the region, then it is called an
irrotational vector (or) Lamellar vector in that region.

𝛻𝜙.𝑎
Directional derivation :
𝑎

𝛻𝜙
Unit normal vector : 𝑛 =
𝛻𝜙

Angle between the surfaces :

𝛻𝜙1 . 𝛻𝜙2
cos 𝜃 =
𝛻𝜙1 𝛻𝜙2
7
Problem: 1
If 𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, find 𝛻𝜙 at 1, 2, 3
Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑗 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 𝑖 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑗 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦

𝛻𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘v

𝛻𝜙 1,2,3 = 6𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 2𝑘.
8
Problem: 2

Prove that 𝛻 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟

Solution:

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 𝑟𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖 𝑟𝑛 + 𝑗 𝑟𝑛 +𝑘 𝑟𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑖 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑗 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑘 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑛 𝑛−1 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝛻 𝑟 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

9
 𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

𝑟. 𝑟 = 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2𝑟 = 2𝑥 2𝑟 = 2𝑦 2𝑟 = 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
= = = (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

Sub (2) in (1),

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝛻 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝛻 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟.

10
Problem: 3

Find the directional derivative of 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 at 1, 2, 3 in the

direction of 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘.
Solution:
𝛻𝜙.𝑎
Directional derivation =
𝑎

Given 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝛻𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘

𝛻𝜙 1,2,3 = 54𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 28𝑘

11
Let 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘

𝑎 = 22 + 12 + −1 2

𝑎 = 6

𝛻𝜙.𝑎
Directional derivation =
𝑎

54𝑖+6𝑗+28𝑘 . 2𝑖+𝑗−𝑘
Directional derivation =
6

86
Directional derivation =
6

12
Problem: 4

Find a unit normal to the surface 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 2 = 8 at the point 1, 0, 2 .

Solution:

Let 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑧 2 − 8

𝛻𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 4𝑥𝑧𝑘

𝛻𝜙 1,0,2 = 8𝑖 + 𝑗 + 8𝑘

𝛻𝜙 = 82 + 12 + 82 = 129

𝛻𝜙 8𝑖+𝑗+8𝑘
Unit normal= 𝑛 = = .
𝛻𝜙 129
13
Problem: 5

Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9

at (2, -1, 2).
Solution:

Given 𝜙1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 − 3

𝛻𝜙1 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 − 𝑘

𝛻𝜙1 2, −1, 2 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 𝑘

𝛻𝜙1 = 21
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 𝜙2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9

𝛻𝜙2 = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘

𝛻𝜙2 2, −1, 2 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝛻𝜙2 = 6
𝛻𝜙1 .𝛻𝜙2
cos θ =
(𝛻𝜙1 )(𝛻𝜙2 )

4𝑖− 2𝑗−𝑘 .(4𝑖− 2𝑗+4𝑘)

=
( 21) (6)

8
cos θ =
3 21
8
𝜃= cos −1
3 21

15
Problem: 6

If 𝛻𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘 , find 𝜙.

Solution:

𝛻𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜙
= 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥

function not involving 𝑥.

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𝜕𝜙
= 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎, function not involving 𝑦.

𝜕𝜙
= 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎, function not involving 𝑧.

From the last three statements,

we conclude

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎 is a constant.
17
Problem: 7

If 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘, then find 𝛻 . 𝐹 and 𝛻 × 𝐹.

Solution:

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 .𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 . 𝑥2𝑖 + 𝑦2𝑗 + 𝑧2𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑥 2 ) + (𝑦 2 ) + (𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛻 . 𝐹 = 2x + 2y + 2z

18
 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝐹=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑧2 − (𝑦 2 ) − 𝑗 𝑧2 − 𝑥2 + 𝑘 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

=𝑖0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 0

𝛻 × 𝐹 = 0.

19
Problem: 8

Prove that the vector 𝐹 = 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 is solenoidal.

Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 .𝐹 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 . 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑧) + (𝑥) + (𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛻 .𝐹 = 0

∴ 𝐹 is solenoidal.

20
Problem: 9

If 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑥 + 𝜆𝑧)𝑘 is solenoidal, find the value of 𝜆.

Solution:

𝛻 .𝐹 = 0

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

1+1+𝜆 =0

𝜆 = −2.

21
Problem: 10

Show that 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦𝑘 is irrotational.

Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝛻 × 𝐹= 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑥𝑦 − (𝑥𝑧) − 𝑗 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝛻 × 𝐹=0

∴ 𝐹 is irrotational.
22
Laplace operator :

2 2 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻2 = 2
+ 2+ 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Problem: 11

Prove that 𝛻 2 r 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)r 𝑛−2 where 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 and 𝑟 = | 𝑟 | and

2 1
deduce 𝛻 .
𝑟

Solution:

𝑟= 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

23
r2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
= ; = ; =
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
𝜕2 𝑛 𝜕 𝜕𝑟
𝛻2r𝑛 = 2
r = nr 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝜕
= nr = nr 𝑛−2 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑟
= 𝑛 (n − 2)r 𝑛−3 𝑥 + r 𝑛−2
𝜕𝑥

𝑛−3 𝑥
= 𝑛 (n − 2)r 𝑥 + r 𝑛−2
𝑟
24
 = 𝑛 x 2 (n − 2)r 𝑛−4 + r 𝑛−2

= 𝑛(n − 2)r 𝑛−4 x 2 + 𝑛r 𝑛−2

= 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)r 𝑛−4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 3nr 𝑛−2

= 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)r 𝑛−4 𝑟 2 + 3nr 𝑛−2

= 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)r 𝑛−2 + 3nr 𝑛−2

= 𝑛r 𝑛−2 [𝑛 − 2 + 3]

𝛻 2 (r 𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)r 𝑛−2 .

25
 Line Integral
Problem: 12
Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑗 − 𝑧𝑘
from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1 along the cone 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 3 .
Solution:

Work done = 𝑐
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟

𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑗 − 𝑧𝑘

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘

𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑑𝑧

26
 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 𝑦=𝑡 𝑧 = 4𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧 = 12𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 48 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + 16 𝑡 5 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 48 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑐
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 0
16 𝑡 5 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1
𝑡6 𝑡2
= 16 −
6 2 0

16 1
= −
6 2

13
=
6
27
 Surface Integrals
𝐹.𝑛
𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅 𝑛.𝑘
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦

Problem: 13

Evaluate 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 and 𝑆 is the surface of the cylinder

𝑆

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 included in the first octant between the planes 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 2.

Solution :

𝐹 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 𝑦2𝑧 𝑘
𝜑 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 1

28
𝛻𝜑 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 2
𝛻𝜑
𝑛=
𝛻𝜑

2𝑥 𝑖+2𝑦 𝑗
=
2

𝑛 = 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗

𝐹. 𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 . 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦

𝐹.𝑛
𝑆
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑅 𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

29
Where 𝑅 is the projection of 𝑆 on 𝑦𝑧 plane.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑅
𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑥

= 𝑅
𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 1
= 0 0
(𝑧 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

1
2 𝑦2
= 0
𝑧𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
2 0

2 1
= 0
(𝑧 + ) 𝑑𝑧
2

2
𝑧2 𝑧
= + = 3.
2 2 0
30
 Volume Integrals
Problem: 14

If 𝐹 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 − 4𝑥𝑘. Evaluate 𝑣

𝛻 × 𝐹𝑑𝑣 where 𝑣 is the region
bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4.
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑧 −2𝑥𝑦 −4𝑥

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 𝛻 × 𝐹 = 𝑗 − 2𝑦𝑘

2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦
𝑣
𝛻 × 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 = 0 0 0
𝑗 − 2𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦
= 0 0
𝑧𝑗 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

2 2−𝑥
= 0 0
4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑗 − 2𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2−𝑥
2 2𝑦 2 4𝑦 3
= 0
4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 − 4𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
2 3 0

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 2 2 2
= 0
4 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 𝑗− 4 2−𝑥 −

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 Thank You

Dr. P. GODHANDARAMAN & Dr. S. SABARINATHAN

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603 203.

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