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    Ashim Biswas
    World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved the Allied Powers, including France, Russia, the UK, and later the US, fighting against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. There was no single cause of the war, but tensions rose due to imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and a system of alliances that drew countries into the fighting. The war was fought on two main fronts - the Western Front between Germany and the Allied Powers in France and Belgium, and the Eastern Front between Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia. After years of trench warfare on the Western Front and shifting battles on the Eastern Front, the US entry into the war

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    Untitled

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    World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved the Allied Powers, including France, Russia, the UK, and later the US, fighting against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. There was no single cause of the war, but tensions rose due to imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and a system of alliances that drew countries into the fighting. The war was fought on two main fronts - the Western Front between Germany and the Allied Powers in France and Belgium, and the Eastern Front between Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia. After years of trench warfare on the Western Front and shifting battles on the Eastern Front, the US entry into the war

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    World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved the Allied Powers, including France, Russia, the UK, and later the US, fighting against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. There was no single cause of the war, but tensions rose due to imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and a system of alliances that drew countries into the fighting. The war was fought on two main fronts - the Western Front between Germany and the Allied Powers in France and Belgium, and the Eastern Front between Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia. After years of trench warfare on the Western Front and shifting battles on the Eastern Front, the US entry into the war

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views2 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Ashim Biswas
    World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved the Allied Powers, including France, Russia, the UK, and later the US, fighting against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. There was no single cause of the war, but tensions rose due to imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and a system of alliances that drew countries into the fighting. The war was fought on two main fronts - the Western Front between Germany and the Allied Powers in France and Belgium, and the Eastern Front between Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russia. After years of trench warfare on the Western Front and shifting battles on the Eastern Front, the US entry into the war

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    World War I (WW I), also known as the Great War, lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

    WW I was fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. : (a)The main members of the Allied
    Powers were France, Russia, and Britain. The United States also fought on the side of the Allies after
    1917.(b)The main members of the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire,
    and Bulgaria.
    Causes of the War
    :There was no single event that led to World War I. The war happened because of several different events
    that took place in the years building up to 1914 (a)The new international expansionist policy of
    Germany: In 1890 the new emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II, began an international policy that sought to turn
    his country into a world power. Germany was seen as a threat by the other powers and destabilized the
    international situation.
    (b)Mutual Defense Alliances: Countries throughout Europe made mutual defence agreements. These
    treaties meant that if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound to defend them.(1)The Triple
    Alliance-1882 linking Germany with Austria-Hungary and Italy.(2)The Triple Entente, which was made up of
    Britain, France, and Russia, concluded by 1907.(3)Thus, there were two rival groups in Europe. Imperialism
    :The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in the confrontation that helped
    push the world into World War I. Militarism :Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in
    this time period. This increase in militarism helped push the countries involved into war. Nationalism: Much
    of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer
    be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. In this way, nationalism led to the War.
    Phases of the WarThe conflict developed on several fronts in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The two main
    scenarios were the Western front, where the Germans confronted Britain, France and, after 1917, the
    Americans. The second front was the Eastern front in which the Russians fought against Germans and
    Austro-Hungarians.

    After a brief German advance in 1914, the western front was stabilized and a long and brutal trench warfare
    started: it was a "war of attrition" (the western front remained immovable). Meanwhile on the Eastern Front
    the Germans advanced but not decisively.
    In 1917, two events changed the course of the war: the United States joined the Allies and Russia, after
    the Russian revolution, abandoned the conflict and signed a separate peace.
    Consequences of the war

    Economic consequences: World War I cost the participating countries a lot of money. Germany and Great
    Britain spent about 60% of the money their economy produced. Countries had to raise taxes and borrow
    money from their citizens. They also printed money in order to buy weapons and other things they needed for
    war. This led to inflation after the war.
    Political Consequences: World War I brought an end to four monarchies: Czar Nicholas II of Russia, Kaiser
    Wilhelm of Germany, Emperor Charles of Austria and the sultan of the Ottoman Empire had to step
    down.(a)New countries were created out of old empires. Austria- Hungary was carved up into a number of
    independent states.(b)Russia and Germany gave land to Poland. Countries in the Middle East were put
    under the control of Great Britain and France.(c)What was left of Ottoman Empire became Turkey.
    Social Consequences: World war changed society completely. Birth rates declined because millions of
    young men died (eight million died, millions wounded, maimed, widows and orphans). Civilians lost their land
    and fled to other countries.
    The role of women also changed. They played a major part in replacing men in factories and offices. Many
    countries gave women more rights after the war had ended, including the right to vote.
    The upper classes lost their leading role in society. Young middle and lower class men and women demanded
    a say in forming their country after the war. However, the war also brought other important social and
    ideological changes The U.S., which had won the war but had not experienced the conflict on its
    territory, became a first world power.
    World War II, also called Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the
    years 1939–45.The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France,
    Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China. It was the biggest conflict in history
    that had lasted almost six years. Nearly some 100 million people had been militarised, and 50 million had been killed
    (around 3% of the world's population).

    Causes of War :The major causes of World War II were numerous. They include the impact of the Treaty of Versailles
    following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of militarism in Germany and
    Japan, and the failure of the League of Nation. Treaty of Versailles : (a)Following World War I, the victorious Allied
    Powers met to decide Germany’s future. Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles.(b)Under this treaty,
    Germany had to accept guilt for the war and to pay reparations. Germany lost territory and was prohibited from having a
    large military.(c)The humiliation faced by Germany under this treaty, paved the way for the spread of Ultra-Nationalism
    in Germany.Failure of the League of Nations: (a)The League of Nations was an international organization set up in 1919
    to keep world peace. (b)It was intended that all countries would be members and that if there were disputes between
    countries, they could be settled by negotiation rather than by force. (c)The League of Nations was a good idea, but
    ultimately a failure, as not all countries joined the league. (d)Also, the League had no army to prevent military aggression
    such as Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in Africa or Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in China.Rise of Fascism: (a)Victors’
    stated aims in World War I had been “to make the world safe for democracy,” and postwar Germany was made to adopt a
    democratic constitution, as did most of the other states restored or created after the war.(b)In the 1920s, however, the
    wave of nationalistic, militaristic totalitarianism known by its Italian name, fascism.(c)It promised to minister to peoples’
    wants more effectively than democracy and presented itself as the one sure defense against communism.(d)Benito
    Mussolini established the first Fascist, European dictatorship during the interwar period in Italy in 192

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