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Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2CR
Chemistry
 

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2CR

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• Fill in theis boxes
If pencil used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centre number andat candidate
the top of this page with your name,
number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may questions
Answer the in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

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• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
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• your answers if you have time at the end.

Turn over

*P71895A0124*
P71895A
©2023 Pearson Education Ltd.

J:1/1/1/
 2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P71895A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
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Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 In this question the answer to each part is a number.

(a) Give the pH value of a neutral solution.
(1)

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(b) Give a pH value of a weakly acidic solution.

(1)

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(c) Give the number of the Group in the Periodic Table that contains the elements
that do not readily react.
(1)

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(d) Give the number of different elements present in glucose, C6H12O6

(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

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2 The solubility of a solid depends on the solvent used.
(a) State one other factor that affects the solubility.
(1)

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(b) A student wants to find the solubility of a salt in water.

The steps in the student’s method are not in the correct order.
Step A  gently heat the evaporating basin and solution to remove all the water
Step B  filter to obtain 50.0 cm3 of saturated solution
Step C  record the mass of the evaporating basin and salt solution
Step D  record the mass of an empty evaporating basin
Step E  record the mass of the evaporating basin and the dry salt
Step F  put 50.0 cm3 of water into a beaker
Step G  add the salt to the water a little at a time and stir until no more dissolves
Step H  pour the 50.0 cm3 of saturated salt solution into the evaporating basin

(i) The flowchart shows the correct order of some of the steps.
Complete the flowchart by putting the remaining steps in the correct order.
(2)

F B D E

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(ii) These are the student’s results.

mass of empty evaporating basin = 60.5 g
mass of evaporating basin and dry salt = 78.1 g
Calculate the solubility of the salt in grams per 100 g of water.
cm3 of water has a mass of 1.00 g]
[1.00 
(2)

solubility = .............................................................. grams per 100 g of water

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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3 When 10.0 kg of a solid fuel is burned, the heat energy produced is 3.28 × 105 kJ.

(a) Calculate the heat energy, in kJ/mol, produced by the fuel.

You should assume that the fuel is pure carbon.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
[for carbon, Ar = 12]
(3)

heat energy = ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  kJ/mol

(b) The fuel actually contains some impurities, including sulfur.

There is 600 g of sulfur in 20 kg of fuel.
(i) Calculate the percentage of sulfur in the fuel.
(2)

percentage of sulfur = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

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(ii) When the fuel burns, the 600 g of sulfur produces sulfur dioxide gas.

S + O2 → SO2

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of sulfur dioxide gas that would be produced at

room temperature and pressure (rtp) when the fuel burns.
[for a gas, molar volume = 24 dm3 at rtp]
(3)

volume of sulfur dioxide = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  cm3

(iii) State the name of the environmental problem caused by sulfur dioxide in

the atmosphere.
(1)

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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4 (a) Hand sanitiser liquids are used regularly to reduce the spread of infections.
Three compounds P, Q and R are often present in these liquids.

P Q R

H H H H H H
CH3CH2OH H C C C O H H C C C H

H H H H O H

(i) What type of formula is shown for P?

(1)
A a displayed formula

B an empirical formula
C a molecular formula

D a structural formula

(ii) Compounds P, Q and R are members of the same homologous series.

Give two properties of a homologous series.
(2)

1 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Name the homologous series that contains compounds P, Q and R.

(1)

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(iv) Give the name of compound Q.

(1)

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(b) Diols and dicarboxylic acids react together in polymerisation reactions to

form polyesters.
(i) Explain the name given to the type of polymerisation that occurs in
these reactions.
(2)

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(ii) Complete the equation for the polymerisation reaction by giving the
displayed formula of the repeat unit of the polymer.
(2)

   
   
   
H H H    
   
n H O C C C O H    
   
H H H    
   
   
    n

+ +

O O

n H O C C O H 2n H2O

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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5 This question is about the element phosphorus and some of its compounds.
(a) The atomic number of phosphorus is 15
Give the electronic configuration of an atom of phosphorus.
(1)

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(b) Calcium phosphide is an ionic compound used in pest control.

The formula of a calcium ion is Ca2+
Explain why the formula of calcium phosphide is Ca3P2
(2)

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(c) Calcium phosphide can be produced by heating calcium phosphate with carbon.
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction.
(1)

Ca3(PO4)2 + ....................... C → Ca3P2 + ....................... CO

(ii) Explain the role of carbon in the reaction.

(2)

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(d) Calcium phosphide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and

phosphine, PH3
Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

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(e) Explain why calcium phosphide has a high melting point.

You should refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(3)

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(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

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6 Iron metal was discovered several thousand years ago. Iron is produced industrially
from iron(III) oxide by extraction using carbon.
Sodium is a metal in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. Sodium was discovered by
Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. It is produced industrially by the electrolysis of
sodium chloride.
(a) (i) Explain, using the reactivity series, why carbon can be used to extract iron
from iron(III) oxide.
(2)

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(ii) Suggest why sodium was not discovered until 1807.

(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows a simplified version of the Downs cell, which can be used to
produce sodium industrially. The electrolyte is molten sodium chloride.

sodium chloride added chlorine gas

electrolyte molten sodium

steel cathode
steel cathode

carbon anode

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(i) Explain why the molten electrolyte conducts electricity.

(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What is the formula of the cation in the electrolyte?

(1)
A H+

B Cl–

C Na+

D OH–

(iii) During the production of sodium, small explosions can be heard.

Explain why using sodium chloride that is not completely dry could cause
these small explosions.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Give ionic half-equations for the reactions at the anode and cathode.
(2)

anode . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

cathode .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Explain why the reactivity of metals in Group 1 increases from lithium
to potassium.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

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7 A student is asked to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid by doing
a titration.
The student is provided with sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of
0.350 mol/dm3
These are the first four steps in the student’s method.
• use a pipette to add exactly 25.0 cm3 of the nitric acid solution to a conical flask
placed on a white tile
• add a few drops of indicator to the flask
• use a burette to add sodium hydroxide solution to the flask until the indicator has
changed colour
• record the volume needed for the indicator to change colour

(a) Give the reason for using the white tile.

(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Universal indicator is not a suitable indicator to use in a titration.

Complete the table to show the name of a suitable indicator and its final colour in
this titration.
(2)

Indicator Final colour in titration

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(c) The student wants to obtain an accurate value for the volume of
sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralise the 25.0 cm3 of nitric acid.
Describe all the further steps the student should take.
(5)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) This is a summary of the student’s results.
volume of HNO3 used = 25.0 cm3
concentration of NaOH solution = 0.350 mol/dm3
volume of NaOH solution needed for neutralisation = 18.80 cm3
The equation for the reaction is

HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH that reacts.

(1)

amount of NaOH = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  mol

(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of HNO3 that reacts.

(1)

amount of HNO3 = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the HNO3

(1)

concentration = .................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .  mol/dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

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8 This question is about reactions involving nitrogen.

(a) In a car engine, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide.
The equation for the reaction is

N2 + O2 → 2NO    ΔH = +181 kJ

Draw a labelled reaction profile diagram showing ΔH and the activation energy
for the reaction.
(4)

Energy

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(b) In the Haber process, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia.
This equation represents the reaction.

N N + 3 H H → 2 H N H

The table gives values of some bond energies.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

N N 944

H H 436

N H 391

(i) Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, needed to break the bonds in
the reactants.
(1)

energy needed = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  kJ

(ii) Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, released in forming the bonds in
the product.
(1)

energy released = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  kJ

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.

You should include a sign in your answer.
(2)

ΔH = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  kJ
(Total for Question 8 = 8 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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