11

General
Mathematics
Module 1: INTRODUCTION
TO FUNCTIONS
LESSON

1REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Write a Function Rule
In many situations, data is collected by conducting a survey or an experiment. To
visualize the data, it is arranged into a table. Most often, a function rule is needed to
predict additional values of the independent variable.

Example: Try to notice the trend of each variable.

Cost (Php) 24

Solution:
Number of CDs
You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That
means that each CD costs Php 12. We can write the function rule.
�������� = ��ℎ�� 12 × ������������ ���� ������ or ��(��) =
������
Example Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of 11 .95 and a
 connection fee of 0 .50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function of
connection time.
Solution:
Let �� = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.

�� = Maya’s monthly cost.

The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours. The function is

�� = ��(��) = ����. ���� + ��. ������.

Definition

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set
of values (called the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (��, ��).

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (��, ��) such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write ��(��) = ��, read
as “�� ���� �� ���� ���������� ���� ��.” In particular, if (1, 2) is an
ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that ��(2) = 1.

Here is a video to introduce functions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk7
What’s More
Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of values,

mapping diagram and rule or equations. Determine which of the following represents functions.
1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1 . Which of the following relations are functions?
�� = (1, 3), (4, 1), (2, 0), (7,2) �� = (3, 2), (4,4), (3, 3), (8, 9)

Solution:
ℎ = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)

The relations �� and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have
the
same x-value but different y-values. Meanwhile, �� is not a function
because (3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but
different y values.
2. Table of values
Example 2
Answer:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4
 y 10 5 2 1 2 5 6 x 1 1 1 2 4

y 1 2 3 4 5

A
Function
B . This is a many-to- one correspondence.

Answer: mere relation. This is a one- to- many correspondence. Looking at the
table, there is duplication in the domain. The element “1” in x is matched to three
elements in y.
3. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping

�� ℎ
diagrams represent functions?

��

Solution. The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a
specific value of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at least one
element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y value. For example, ��
= 2 corresponds to �� = 20 or 40.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the
Cartesian plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test.
 The Vertical Line Test
A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.
Example 4. Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

2. 3.

1.

4. 5.

Solution. Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they
do not pass the vertical line test.
Important Concepts.
Relations
are rules
that
relate
two
values,
one from
a set of inputs and the second from the set of outputs.

Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the set
of inputs.

The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.

Example 5. Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation. a. �� =
2 − 4�� =1
3�� − 2 b. �� = 3�� c. ��2 + ��2 d. �� = √�� − 4 e. �� =2��+1
��−1f. �� = ⌊��⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function.

Solution. The domains for the relations are as follows:

a. {��: �� ∈ ��} b. {��: �� ∈ ��} c. {��: �� ∈ ��, −�� ≤ �� ≤ ��}
 d. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≥ ��} e. {��: �� ∈ ��, �� ≠ ��} f. {��: �� ∈
��}

Piecewise Functions.
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.

Example 6. A user is charged ��300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which
includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function ��(��), where m is
the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function

��(��) = {300 , ���� 0 < �� ≤ 100

300 + �� , ���� �� > 100

Example 7. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional
integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.
Solution.
The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
��(��) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be
represented as follows:

��(��) = {8.00 , ���� 0 < �� ≤ 4

8 + 1⌊��⌋ , ���� �� > 4

Note that ⌊��⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives
the largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ = ⌊4⌋
Activity 1.
1. For which values of k is the set of order pairs (2, 4), (��, 6), (4, 0 ) a
function? 2. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is NOT a
function?

3. Give the domain of �� = √6 − �� using set builder notation.

4. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary
S as a function of the number n of days that the person works.

5. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300
meters (or a fraction thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function
to represent the taxi fare in terms of the distance d in meters
 6. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than
10 pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a
piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate
bars bought.

Evaluating Functions
Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at �� = 1.5:

4��
a. ��(��) = 3�� − 2 b. ��(��) = 3��2 − c. ℎ(��) = √��
+ 4 d. ��(��) =2��+1
��−1e.
��(��) = ⌊��⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function
Solution: a. �� = 3�� − 2 = 3(1.5) − 2 = 4.5 − 2 = 2.5
b. �� = 3��2 − 4�� = 3(1.5)2 − 4(1.5) = 3(2.25) − 6 = 6.75 − 6 = 0.75
c. �� = √�� + 4 = √1.5 + 4 = √5.5 = 2.34
2(1.5)+1
��−1=
d. �� =2��+1 4
0.5= 0.5= 8
3+1
1.5−1=
e. �� = ⌊��⌋ + 1 = ⌊1.5⌋ + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
Example 2. Evaluate the following functions, where f and q are as defined in

a) ��(2�� + 1) b) ��(4�� − 3)

Solution: a. ��(2�� + 1) = 3(2�� + 1) − 2 = 6�� + 3 − 2 = ���� + ��

b. ��(4�� − 3) = 3(4�� − 3)2 − 4(4�� − 3)
= 3(16��2 − 24�� + 9) − 16�� + 12
= 48��2 − 72�� + 27 − 16�� + 12
= 48��2 − 88�� + 39
Example 3 Evaluate ��(�� + ��) where ��(��) = 4��2 − 3�� .
Solution. ��(�� + ��) = 4(�� + ��)2 − 3(�� + ��) = 4(��2 + 2���� + ��2) −
3�� − 3��
= 4��2 − 3�� + 8���� − 3�� + 4��2
Example 4. Suppose that �� (��) is the top speed (in km per hour) of a runner when
the temperature is T degrees Celsius. Explain what the statements ��(15)
= 12 and ��(30) = 10 mean.
Solution. The first equation means that when the temperature is 15°��, then the top
speed of a runner is 12 km per hour. However, when temperature rises to
30°��, the top speed is reduced to 10 km per hour.

Example 5 The velocity �� (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward �� seconds after the ball
was thrown is given by ��(��) = 20 – 9.8��. Calculate ��(0) and
��(1), and explain what these results mean.

Solution ��(0) = 20 – 9.8(0) = 20 and ��(1) = 20 – 9.8(1) = 10.2. These results

indicate that the initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s. After 1 second, the ball
 is traveling more slowly, at 10.2 m/s.
Activity 2: Check it out
a) Evaluate the following functions at �� = −3
1. ��(��) = ��3 − 64 2. ��(��) = |��3 − 3��2 + 3�� − 1| 3. ��(��) = √3 − 2�� 4.
��(��
)
=3��+1
2
�� +7��
+10

b) Given ��(��) = ��2 − 4�� + 4, solve for:

)
1. ��(3 2. ��(�� + 3)
c) A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for
the first two hours and an additional P10.00 per hour for each
succeeding hour. Find how much you would pay if you used one of their
computers for:
1) 40 minutes 2) 3 hours 3) 150 minutes

Operations on Functions & Composition of Functions

Example 1. Find the sum of ����and ����
Solution. The LCD of the two fractions is 15.
2 5 6 5+6
3+ 5= 15+ 15=
1
11
15= 15
1
Example 2. Find the sum of
2
��−3and
��−5

Solution. The LCD of the two fractions is (�� − 3)(�� − 5) = ��2 −

8�� + 15 �� − 3+2

1
�� − 5=1(�� − 5)
��2 − 8�� + 15 +2(�� − 3)
��2 − 8�� + 15 =�� − 5 + 2�� − 6
��2 − 8�� + 15 =3�� − 11
��2 − 8�� + 15

Example 3. Find the product of 10

15
21 and 8.
Solution. Express the numerators and denominators of the two fractions into
their prime factors. Multiply and simplify out common factors in the
numerator and the denominator to reduce the final answer to lowest
 terms. 10
15
21● 8=2 ● 5

3 ● 7●3 ● 5
25
2 ● 4= 28
Example 4. Find the product of ��2−4��−5
��2
�� −3��+2 and
2
−5��+6

�� −3��−10 .
2

Solution. Express the numerators and denominators of the two rational

expressions into their prime factors. Multiply and simplify out common
factors in the numerator and the denominator to reduce the final
answer to lowest terms. Note the similarity in the process between this
example and the previous one on fractions.
��2 − 4�� − 5
��2 − 3�� + 2●��2 − 5�� + 6
��2 − 3�� − 10 =(�� + 1)(�� − 5)

(�� − 1)(�� − 2)●(�� − 2)(�� − 3)

(�� − 5)(�� + 2)

=(�� + 1)
(�� − 1)●(�� − 3)
(�� + 2)=��2 − 2�� − 3
��2 + �� − 2
Example 5. Divide 2�� +��−6
�� −2��−8
2�� +7��+5 and
2

2
2�� −3��−20
Solution: 2��2 + �� − 6
2��2 + 7�� + 5÷��2 − 2�� − 8

2��2 − 3�� − 20 =2��2 + �� − 6

2��2 + 7�� + 5●2��2 − 3�� − 20
��2 − 2�� − 8

=(2�� − 3)(�� + 2)

(2�� + 5)(�� + 1)●(2�� + 5)(�� − 4)

(�� + 2)(�� − 4)=(2�� − 3)
(�� + 1)

Definition. Let �� and �� be functions.

1. Their sum, denoted by �� + �� , is the function denoted by
 (�� + ��)(��) = ��(��) + ��(��)
2. Their difference, denoted by �� − �� , is the function denoted
by (�� − ��)(��) = ��(��) − ��(��)
3. Their product, denoted by ��●�� , is the function denoted by
(��●��)(��) = ��(��)●��(��)
4. Their quotient, denoted by ���� , is the function denoted by
(����) (��) =��(��)
��(��) , excluding the values of x where ��(��) = 0.

Example 6. Determine the following functions.

) d) (�� − ��)(��)
a) (�� + ��)(��) b) (�� ● ��)(��) c) (�� + ℎ)(�� e) (����)
(��)
Solution: a. (�� + ��)(��) = (x2 +5x + 4) + (x2 + 2x
− 8) = ��2 + 5�� + 4 + ��2
+ 2�� − 8
= 2��2 + 7�� − 4
b. (�� ● ��)(��) = (�� + 3)(2�� − 7) =
2��2 − �� − 21 c. (�� + ℎ)(��) = (�� + 3)

+��+��
��−��
2
=6 − �� − �� + �� +
=(�� + 3)(2 − ��) 7
2 − ��=(�� + 3)(2 − 13 − ��2
��) + �� + 7 2 − ��=

2 − ��+�� + 7 2 − ��
2
2 − ��=�� − 13
�� − 2
d. (�� − ��)(��) = (2�� − 7) − (�� + 3) = 2�� − 7 −
�� − 3 = �� − 10 e. (vg) (x) =x2+5x+4
2 (x+1)(x+4)
x +2x−8=
(x+1)
(��−2)(��+4)=
(��−2)

For examples 7 to 10, use the following functions:

�� + 1
��(��) = 2�� + 1 ��(��) = √ ��(��) =2��+1
Example 7: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (��) ⌊��⌋ + 1
2
��−1��(��) = �� − 2�� + 2 ��(��) =

Solution: �� ○ �� (��) = ��(2�� + 1) = √2�� + 1 + 1 = √2�� + 2

Example 8: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (��)
2
Solution: �� ○ �� (��) = (2�� + 1) − 2(2�� + 1) + 2
 = 4��2 + 4�� + 1 − 4�� − 2 + 2
= 4��2 + 1
Example 9: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (��)

Solution: �� ○ �� (��) = 2 (2�� + 1

�� − 1) + 1 =(4�� + 2) + (�� − 1)

�� − 1=5�� + 1
�� − 1
Example 10: Find and simplify �� ○ �� (5)
Solution:
�� ○ �� (5) = ⌊2(5) + 1
11
5 − 1⌋ + 1 = 4+ 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
Activity 3:

a) Let f and g be defined as ��(��) = �� − 5 and ��(�� ) = ��2 − 1

. Find, 1. �� + �� 4. ��
2. �� − �� �� 5. ����
3. ��●��

b) Let ��(��) = ��2 − 1 and ��(��) =1��, find

2. �� ○ ��(−1)
1. �� ○ �� (��) 3. �� ○ ��(��) 4. �� ○ ��(5) .
c) Evaluate the following composition of functions.
��(��) = 5��2 1.
Given : ��(��) = 2�� + 1 ℎ(��) = �� + 3

(�� ∘ ��)(��)
2. (�� ∘ ��)(��) 3. (ℎ ∘ ��)(��) 4. (�� ∘

ℎ)(��)
Activity 2

a. Item
1. ��(��) = ��3 − 64 = (−3)3 − 64 = −27 − 64 = 91
2. ��(��) = |��3 − 3��2 + 3�� − 1| = 64
3. ��(��) = √3 − 2�� = 3
4. ��(��) =3��+1= 4
2
�� +7��+10

b. Given ��(��) = ��2 − 4�� + 4, solve for:

1. ��(3) = 1 2. �� (�� + 3) = ��2 + 2�� + 1
c. A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first
two hours and an additional P10.00 per hour for each succeeding hour. Find
how much you would pay if you used one of their computers for:
6.67 Pesos 2) 3 hours = 30 Pesos
1) 40 minutes = 203= 3) 150 minutes = 25 Pesos