S H E A R F O R C E AND BENDING

MOMENT DIAGRAMS
[SFD & BMD]

Department of Architecture
AASTU
• Beams - structural members supporting loads at various points
along the member.
• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as concentrated
loads or distributed loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a shear

force (from the shear stress distribution) and a bending couple
(from the normal stress distribution)

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Classification of Beam Supports

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 ANALYSIS OF BEAM AND FRAME STRUCTURES

In the case of trusses all bars were subjected to only axial loads. In beams and frames, this is not
the case. Loads act everywhere therefore besides axial force, there is shear and bending moment.
They are not constant. Their value change along the axis of the member.

Flexural structures

V(x)=Shear

M(x)=Moment Internal force components

N(x)=Axial a Section at a

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element at a
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Sign Conventions

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Positive bending moment compresses the upper part of the beam and a
negative bending moment compresses the lower part of the beam.

Sign conventions for stress resultants are called deformation sign conventions
because they are based upon how the material is deformed.

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 Shear Force and Bending Moment
 Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of the vertical forces
acting to the left or right of a cut section along the span
of the beam

 Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of the moment

of the forces to the left or to the right of the section
taken about the section
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 Moment and Bending moment

Moment: It is the product of force and perpendicular

distance between line of action of the force and the point
about which moment is required to be calculated.

Bending Moment (BM): The moment which causes the

bending effect on the beam is called Bending Moment. It is
generally denoted by ‘M’or ‘BM’.
 Bending of Beams
 It is important to distinguish
between pure bending and
non-uniform bending.

 Pure bending is the

deformation of the beam under
a constant bending moment.
Therefore, pure bending
occurs only in regions of a
beam where the shear force is
zero, because V = dM/dx.

 Non-uniform bending is
deformation in the presence of
shear forces, and bending
moment changes along the axis
of the beam.
What the Bending Moment does to the Beam

 Causes compression on one face and tension on

the other

 Causes the beam to deflect

How much
compressive stress?

How much
How much deflection? tensile stress?
 How to Calculate the Bending Stress

 It depends on the beam cross-section

 We need some particular properties of the section

how big & what shape?

is the section we are using as a beam

 Sign Convention for shear force

F
F

F
F

+ ve shear force - ve shear force

 Sign convention for bending moments:

The bending moment is considered as Sagging Bending

Moment if it tends to bend the beam to a curvature having
convexity at the bottom as shown in the Fig. given below.
Sagging Bending Moment is considered as positive bending
moment.

Convexity

Fig. Sagging bending moment [Positive bending moment ]

 Sign convention for bending moments:
Similarly the bending moment is considered as hogging
bending moment if it tends to bend the beam to a
curvature having convexity at the top as shown in the
Fig. given below. Hogging Bending Moment is
considered as Negative Bending Moment.

Convexity

Fig. Hogging bending moment [Negative bending moment ]

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams (SFD & BMD)

Shear Force Diagram (SFD):

The diagram which shows the
variation of shear force along the
length of the beam is called Shear
Force Diagram (SFD).

Bending Moment Diagram (BMD):

The diagram which shows the
variation of bending moment
along the length of the beam is
called Bending Moment Diagram
(BMD).
 Relationship between load, shear force and
bending moment
x x1 w kN/m

x x1
dx L

Fig. A simply supported beam subjected to general type loading

The above Fig. shows a simply supported beam subjected to a general

type of loading. Consider a differential element of length ‘dx’between
any two sections x-x and x1-x1 as shown.
 w kN/m
x x1
V+dV

M M+dM
vx
dx O x1

Fig. FBD of Differential element of the beam

Taking moments about the point ‘O’ [Bottom-Right corner of the

differential element ]
- M + (M+dM) – V.dx – w.dx.dx/2 = 0
Neglecting the small quantity of higher order
dM
V.dx = dM  v
dx It is the relation between shear force and BM
 w kN/m
x x1
V+dV

M M+dM
vx
dx O x1

Fig. FBD of Differential element of the beam

Considering the Equilibrium Equation ΣFy = 0

- V + (V+dV) – w dx = 0  dv = w.dx 

dv
w 
dx It is the relation Between intensity of Load and
shear force
dV Slope of shear diagram at a point =
 intensity of distributed load at that point
d

dM Slope of bending moment diagram at a

d point = shear at that point

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 Sections for Shear Force and Bending Moment Calculations:
Shear force and bending moments are to be calculated at various
sections of the beam to draw shear force and bending moment diagrams.
These sections are generally considered on the beam where the
magnitude of shear force and bending moments are changing abruptly.
Therefore these sections for the calculation of shear forces include
sections on either side of point load, uniformly distributed load or
uniformly varying load where the magnitude of shear force changes
abruptly.
The sections for the calculation of bending moment include position
of point loads, either side of uniformly distributed load, uniformly
varying load and couple
Note: While calculating the shear force and bending moment, only the
portion of the udl which is on the left hand side of the section should
be converted into point load. But while calculating the reaction we
convert entire udl to point load
Problem-1: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams.

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Problem-2: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams.

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Problem-3: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams.

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Problem-4: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams. Where (W= 20 KN/m, and L=10m)

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Problem-5: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams. Where (P= 15 KN, and L=10m)

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Problem-6: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams.

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Problem-7: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams. Where (W= 10 KN/m, a= 3m, and L= 9m)

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Problem-8: Construct shear force and bending moment diagrams for the given system.
Show the critical values on the diagrams. Where (P= 15 KN, and L=10m)

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