Introduction

to SQL
A Guide to MySQL
Objectives
• Describe the basic commands and functions of SQL.
• Use SQL statements in creating, updating, and deleting
databases and tables.
• Use SQL aggregate functions in problem-solving.
• Integrate the database concepts learned into a project concept.
• Create models and incorporate SQL based on given
case/business rules.

A Guide to MySQL 2
Introduction
• Structured Query Language (SQL):
• Popular and widely used language for retrieving and manipulating
database data

• Developed in mid-1970s under the name SEQUEL

• Renamed SQL in 1980

• Used by most DBMSs

A Guide to MySQL 3
Structured Query Language (SQL)
A database language allows you to
create database and table structures,
perform basic data management cores
(add, delete, modify) and perform complex
queries designed to transform the raw data
into useful information.

A Guide to MySQL 4
Two Categories of SQL Functions
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

SQL includes commands to create database objects

Examples: CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY

A Guide to MySQL 5
Two Categories of SQL Functions
2. Data Manipulation Language

SQL includes commands to insert, update, delete,

Examples: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, COMMIT, ROLLBACK

A Guide to MySQL 6
Common SQL Data Types

A Guide to MySQL 7
 Obtaining Help in MySQL

• Type \h at MySQL> prompt

• Type “help” followed by name of command

• help contents

• help union

A Guide to MySQL 8
A Guide to MySQL 9
Using MySQL Reference
Manual to Get Help
• Click MySQL Manual - Table of Contents on MySQL
4.1 submenu

• Can access online

A Guide to MySQL 10
A Guide to MySQL 11
 Access the
MySQL
command line
with XAMPP
for Windows

A Guide to MySQL 12
A Guide to MySQL 13
Online Editor for SQL

https://paiza.io/en/projects/new?language=mysql

A Guide to MySQL 14
A Guide to MySQL 15
Basic SQL Statement: Creating a
Database

• Must create a database before

A Guide to MySQL 16
Creating a Database (continued)

A Guide to MySQL 17
Changing the Default Database
• Default database: database to which all subsequent
commands pertain
• USE command, followed by database name:
• Changes the default database
• Execute at the start of every session

mysql> USE PREMIERE;

• Use CREATE TABLE command

• TABLE is followed by the table name

• Follow this with the names and data types of the

• Data types define type and size of data

A Guide to MySQL 19
 Table and Column Name
Restrictions
• Names cannot exceed 18 characters

• Must start with a letter

• Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores (_)

• Cannot contain spaces

A Guide to MySQL 20
Creating the REP Table

A Guide to MySQL 21
Entering Commands in MySQL
• Commands are free-format; no rules stating specific words in specific
positions

• Press ENTER to move to the next line in a command

• Indicate the end of a command by typing a semicolon

• Commands are not case sensitive

A Guide to MySQL 22
Running SQL Commands

A Guide to MySQL 23
Editing SQL Commands
• Statement history: stores most recently used command

• Editing commands:
• Use arrow keys to move up, down, left, and right
• Use Ctrl+A to move to beginning of line
• Use Ctrl+E to move to end of line
• Use Backspace and Delete keys

A Guide to MySQL 24
Errors in SQL Commands

A Guide to MySQL 25
Editing MySQL Commands
• Press Up arrow key to go to top line

• Press Enter key to move to next line if line is correct

• Use Right and Left arrow keys to move to location of error

• Press ENTER key when line is correct

• If Enter is not pressed on a line, line not part of the revised command

A Guide to MySQL 26
Dropping a Table
• Can correct errors by dropping (deleting) a table and starting over

• Useful when table is created before errors are discovered

• Command is followed by the table to be dropped and a semicolon

• Any data in table also deleted

A Guide to MySQL 27
Nulls
• A special value to represent situation when actual value is not known
for a column

• Can specify whether to allow nulls in the individual columns

• Should not allow nulls for primary key columns

A Guide to MySQL 28
Implementation of Nulls
• Use NOT NULL clause in CREATE TABLE command to exclude the
use of nulls in a column

• Default is to allow null values

• If a column is defined as NOT NULL, system will reject any attempt

A Guide to MySQL 29
Adding Rows to a Table
• INSERT command:
• INSERT INTO followed by table name
• VALUES command followed by specific values in parentheses
• Values for character columns in single quotation marks

A Guide to MySQL 30
The Insert Command

A Guide to MySQL 31
 Modifying the INSERT Command

• To add new rows modify previous INSERT command

• Use same editing techniques as those used to correct errors

A Guide to MySQL 32
Adding Additional Rows

A Guide to MySQL 33
 The INSERT Command with
Nulls
• Use a special format of INSERT command to enter a null value in a
table

• Identify the names of the columns that accept non-null values, then list
only the non-null values after the VALUES command

A Guide to MySQL 34
The INSERT Command with Nulls
• Enter only non-null values
• Precisely indicate values you are entering by listing
the columns

A Guide to MySQL 35
The INSERT Command with Nulls
(continued)

A Guide to MySQL 36
Viewing Table Data
• Use SELECT command to display all the rows and columns in a table

• SELECT * FROM followed by the name of the table

• Ends with a semicolon

A Guide to MySQL 37
Viewing Table Data
(continued)

A Guide to MySQL 38
Viewing Table Data
(continued)

A Guide to MySQL 39
Next Topic:

Correcting Errors In the Database

A Guide to MySQL 40
Summary
• Use MySQL Command Line Client window to enter commands
• Type \h or help to obtain help at the mysql> prompt
• Use MySQL Reference Manual for more detailed help

A Guide to MySQL 41
Summary (continued)
• Use the CREATE DATABASE command to create a database

• Use the USE command to change the default database

• Use the CREATE TABLE command to create tables

• Use the DROP TABLE command to delete a table

A Guide to MySQL 42
Summary (continued)
• CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, DECIMAL, INT and SMALLINT data
types
• Use INSERT command to add rows
• Use NOT Null clause to identify columns that cannot have a null value
• Use SELECT command to view data in a table

A Guide to MySQL 43
Summary (continued)
• Use UPDATE command to change the value in a column
• Use DELETE command to delete a row
• Use SHOW COLUMNS command to display a table’s structure

A Guide to MySQL 44
-end-
☺
A Guide to MySQL 45