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Aim of The Experiment:: Sl. No. Name of Apparatus Specification Quantity

The document describes an experiment to test the performance of a single phase transformer by conducting open circuit and short circuit tests. The open circuit test is used to determine no load loss and parameters like leakage reactance and resistance. The short circuit test is used to determine full load copper loss and calculate equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer. Test procedures and calculations to determine efficiency and regulation at different loads are provided. Discussion questions related to transformer core material, KVA rating, types of core losses, step up/down transformers and constant core loss are also included.

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Devansh Mankar
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97 views4 pages

Aim of The Experiment:: Sl. No. Name of Apparatus Specification Quantity

The document describes an experiment to test the performance of a single phase transformer by conducting open circuit and short circuit tests. The open circuit test is used to determine no load loss and parameters like leakage reactance and resistance. The short circuit test is used to determine full load copper loss and calculate equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer. Test procedures and calculations to determine efficiency and regulation at different loads are provided. Discussion questions related to transformer core material, KVA rating, types of core losses, step up/down transformers and constant core loss are also included.

Uploaded by

Devansh Mankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To perform the open circuit and short circuit test of a single phase transformer and to
calculate the voltage regulation & efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Name Of Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Single phase transformer 3KVA,230/230V,50 HZ 1
2 Wattmeter UPF Type,150V,20A 1
3 Wattmeter LPF Type,250V,2.5A 1
4 Ammeter MI,0-1A 1
5 Ammeter MI,0-25A 1
6 Voltmeter MI,0-300V 1
7 Voltmeter MI,0-75V 1
8 Single Phase Variac 0-270V, 15A 1

THEORY:
The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of its equivalent circuit
which contains four main parameters, the equivalent resistance R01 as referred to primary( or
secondary R02), the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary, the core-loss
conductance G0 and the magnetizing susceptance B0. These constants or parameters can be easily
determined by two test i.e. open circuit test and short circuit test. These are very economical and
convenient, because they furnish the required information without actually loading the
transformer.
O.C. Test:-
The purpose of O.C. test is to determine no load loss or
core loss and no load I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0.
One winding of the transformer whichever is convenient but
usually high voltage winding is left open and the other is
connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A
wattmeter (W), Voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) are connected
in the low voltage winding i.e. primary winding in the present
case. With normal voltage applied to the primary, normal flux
will be setup in the core, hence normal iron loss will occur
which are recorded by the wattmeter. As the primary no load
current I0 is small, Cu loss is negligibly small in primary and
nil in secondary. Hence, the wattmeter reading represents
practically the core loss under no load condition.

S.C. Test:-
For short circuit test, one winding usually the low voltage winding, is solidly short-
circuited by a thick conductor (or through an ammeter which may serve the additional purpose of
indicating rated load current).
A low voltage (usually 5 to 10% of normal primary voltage) at rated frequency (though for Cu
losses it is not essential) is applied to the primary and is cautiously increased till full- load
current is flowing both in primary and secondary (as indicated by the respective ammeters).
Since, in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage, the mutual flux
ɸ produced is also a small percentage of its normal value. Hence, core loss is very small with the
result that the wattmeter reading represents the full load Cu loss or I2R loss for the whole
transformer i.e. both primary Cu loss and secondary Cu loss. If Vsc is the voltage required to
circulate rated load current, then Z01= Vsc/I.
A two winding transformer can be represented by means of an equivalent circuit as
shown below

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Precautions:
1. Don’t switch on power supply without concerning teachers.
2. Single phase auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential point before switch on
the experiment.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST PROCEDURE:


1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Open circuit the secondary side and
apply rated voltage to the primary side through a Variac. The cupper loss is negligible
since there is only no load current is flowing. Hence, power consumed, is the core loss of
the transformer.
2. Note voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.

Observation table:

V I0 W IW= COS
IM=√
(in volt) (in amp) (in watt)

W=VI0COS
IW= , IM=√ , ,

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST PROCEDURE:


1. Connect as shown in the circuit diagram. Short circuit the secondary side and apply a
low voltage to the primary side through an auto transformer. The iron loss is
negligible since the flux will be very low in both side of the transformer.
2. Increase the voltage gradually till full load current flows in the primary side. Note
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading.

Observation table:

V Isc Wc
(in Volt) (in amp) (in watt)

Let the total equivalent resistance of primary and secondary referred to primary side be
R01 ohms and the total equivalent leakage reactance referred to primary side be X01 ohms.
Wc = Isc2R01
Hence R01 = Wc / Isc2 Also V /Isc = Z01 and X01 = √
Calculation:
1. Now draw the equivalent circuit diagram.
2. Determine the regulation of the transformer at various loads for an assumed load
power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Regulation percent = X 100


Where Vo = No load voltage of Transformer.
3. Calculate efficiency at power factor 0.8 lagging.

Conclusion:
To be written by the student.

Discussion QUESTIONS:
1. Why iron is chosen as the material for the core of the transformer? Why not we use
aluminum?
2. Why transformer is rated in KVA?
3. What is the difference between Hysteresis loss & Eddy current loss?
4. What is the difference between step up & step down transformer?
5. Why core loss is constant in a transformer?

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