KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

GOLAGHAT
Session:-2022-2023
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT CHEMISTRY

NAME: ADHIRATH SAIKIA

CLASS: XI (A)
ROLL NO: 02
SUBMITTED TO: SRISHTI (PGT CHEMISTRY)

~1~
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project has been made by

ADHIRATH SAIKIA of class XI (A) on the
topic “Determination of the rate of
evaporation of different liquids” under
the guidance of chemistry teacher Mrs. SHRISTI
GAUTAM during the year 2022-2023 and have
completed it successfully.

Signature of Teacher Signature of Principal

~2~
 Index-
Topic Page no.
• Acknowledgement 4
• Objective of project 5
• Introduction 6-7
• Factors influencing rate of Evaporation 8-12
• Application 13
• Theory 14-17
• Experiment no.1 18-19
• Experiment no.2 20-21
• Experiment no.3 22-23
• Experiment no.4 24-25
• Bibliography 26

~3~
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude

to my teacher MRS. SHRISTI GAUTAM as well as
our principal MR. RAVI SHANKAR KHAKHLARY
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic DETERMINATION
OF THE RATE OF EVAPORATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS, which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

~4~
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

In this project, we shall investigate various factors

such as nature of liquid, surface of liquid and
temperature and find their correlation with the rate of
evaporation of different liquids.

~5~
 INTRODUCTION

When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly

escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving the
vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids
can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular
model although there are strong molecular attractive
forces which hold molecules together. The molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into
gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near
the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do
not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction
of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.

~6~
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason
that the molecules which undergo evaporation have
high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the
molecules which are left behind is less.

Since the remaining molecules which are left have

lower average kinetic energy. Therefore, temperature
is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high
molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid
into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open
vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the
liquid evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle.

Solar energy drives evaporation of water from oceans,
lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water.
In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which
involves evaporation within plant stomata) are
~7~
collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is
caused when water is exposed to air and the liquid
molecules.

~8~
 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF
EVAPORATION

1. Concentration of the substance evaporating

in the air-
If the air already has a high concentration of the
substance evaporating, then the given substance will
evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air-

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it
can have a lower capacity forth substance evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance-

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be
faster.

~9~
4. Flow rate of air-
This is in part related to the concentration points
above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the
time, then the concentration of the substance in the air
is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging
faster evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion
have more energy than those at rest, and so the
stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating
power of the air molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces-
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together
in the liquid or solid state the more energy that must
be input in order to evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature-

The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with
temperature. With the increase in the temperature,
fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus,
with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation
~ 10 ~
also increases. Molecules that escape the surface of the
liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore, larger
surface area contributes accelerating evaporation.

6. Nature of Liquids-
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction
in liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker
the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger are the
extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of
evaporation is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

7. Composition of Environment.
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the
flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air
current flowing over the surface of the liquid took
away the molecules of the substance in vapour state
thereby preventing condensation.

~ 11 ~
8. Density-
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates.
In the US, the National Weather Service measures the
actual rate of evaporation from a standardized "pan"
open water surface outdoors, at various locations
nationwide. Others do likewise around the world. The
US data is collected and compiled into an annual
evaporation map. The measurements range from under
30 to over the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
9. Pressure-
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster
because there is less exertion on the surface keeping
the molecules from launching themselves.

~ 12 ~
 APPLICATION

When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though

the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of
water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind.
In a clothes dryer hot air is blown through the clothes,
allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.

~ 13 ~
 THEORY

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be

located near the surface, be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces. Only a
small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria,
so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic
energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature,
evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher
temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape,
the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic
energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus
decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative
cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the
human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more
quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous
and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor
pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will
dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than
~ 14 ~
on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat,
humidity and air movement.

Evaporative equilibrium: -

Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature. 760 Torr = 1

atm.

~ 15 ~
If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the
escaping molecules accumulate as a vapour above the
liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with
returning molecules becoming more frequent as the
density and pressure of the vapour increases. When the
process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium,
the vapour is said to be “saturated,” and no further
change in either vapour pressure and density or liquid
temperature will occur. For a system consisting of
vapour and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium
state is directly related to the vapour pressure of the
substance, as given by the Clausius-Clapeyron
relation:
𝑃2 ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1 1
𝐼𝑛 ( ) = − ( − )
𝑃1 𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1

Where 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 are the vapour pressure at temperature

𝑇1 , 𝑇2 respectively, ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 is the enthalpy of
vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The
rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the
~ 16 ~
vapour pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is
heated, when the vapour pressure reaches the ambient
pressure, the liquid will boil.

The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is

largely based on the amount of kinetic energy an
individual particle may possess. Even at lower
temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can
evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount
of kinetic energy required for vaporization

But vaporization is not only the process of a change of

state from liquid to gas but it is also a change of state
from solid to gas. This process is also known as
sublimation but also be known as vaporization.

~ 17 ~
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone,

benzene and chloroform.

Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of

diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch, acetone
benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as
A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with
stopper similarly pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and
chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and
start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minutes.
Now cover each of the Petri dish and note the volume
of remaining material in them

~ 18 ~
Observation:
Time: 10 min.=600sec
Petri Liquid Volume Vol. Evap. Rate
dishes Taken remaining V=V1-V2 (V/T)
Marked (V1) ml (V2) ml ml./s
A 10 2 8 8/600=
0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=
0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=
0.0100
Results:
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and
chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

~ 19 ~
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of

evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm,

5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop
watch.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A,
B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri
dishes A, B and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min.
vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.

~ 20 ~
Observation:
Time: 10 min.=600sec

Petri Diameter Volume Remaining Evapo-

dishes of taken Vol. rated
Marked P.T.D s (ml) (ml) Volu-
me
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri
dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Conclusion:
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

~ 21 ~
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of

evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm, diameter

each stop watch, 10ml. pipette, thermometer and
thermostat.

Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them
as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri
dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the
other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.

~ 22 ~
Observation:
Time: 10 min.=600sec
Petri Time Temperature Volume Evaporated
dishes (Sec.) (ºC) Taken volume
Marked (ml.) (ml.)
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes
as given Room Temperature < Heating.

Conclusion:
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases
with temperature.

~ 23 ~
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of

evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A
and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under
a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.

Observation:
• Initial Volume 10ml. of Acetone.

~ 24 ~
 Petri Condition Time Volume
dishes (Sec.) Evaporated
Marked (ml.)

A With fan 40 10
B Without 50 10
fan

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri
dishes as given With fan > Without Fan.

Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the
increase in rate of flow of air current.

~ 25 ~
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Internet sources:
• www.google.com
• www.allprojectreports.com
• www.chemistryproject.com

~ 26 ~