TM

Medical Class Companion

Chemistry
For NEET/AIIMS

Module-1

Chapter 1 Nomenclature

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure

Chapter 3 Periodic Table

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Contents
Chapter 1
Classification and Nomenclature

SECTION A : Classification of carbon and SECTION E - Hydro carbons - (Single

hydrogen atoms , Types of alcohols and bonded), unsaturated hydrocarbon,
Amines, Defination of chiral carbon, Functional group having compound -
Olephenic and acetylenic bonds, Vinylic Only are F.G. containing compounds, More
carbon allylic carbon and benzylic carbon than are F.G. containing compounds,
Kekule's Principle 5 Bicyclo a nd spiro

Degree of Carbon 5 Root Word 19

Degree of Hydrogen 5 Suffix 19

Prefix 20
Degree of Alcohol 5
IUPAC Nomenclature of Branched- 21
Degree of Amine 5
chain Alkanes
Chiral Carbon or Asymmetric 6
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes 23
Carbon Atom
Nomenclature of Substituted Alkanes 23
Olephenic and Acetylenic Bonds 6
(Having Two Functional Groups) Or
Vinylic Carbon Allylic Carbon and 6
Nomenclature of Alkanes Having
Benzylic Carbon Secondary Prefix
SECTION B : On the basic of structure, On Nomenclature of Ethers 24
the basic of homology
Nomenclature of Alkenes 24
Based on structure 7 Nomenclature of Alkynes 25
Based on homology 8 Nomenclature Of Hydro-Carbons 26
SECTION C : On the basic of group - Radicals having Double as well as Triple Bonds
of alkanes, Radicals of alkenes and
Nomenclature of Polyfunctional 30
alkynes, Radicals of aromatic hydrocarbon
Compounds
On the basis of group 9
IUPAC Nomenclature 37
Acyclic Hydrocarbon Groups 9 Bicyclic Compounds 41
Alkenyl Group 10 Exercise 44
Alkynyl group 10 Answer Key 66
Alicyclic Hydrocarbon Groups 11
Aromatic Benzeoid Hydrocarbon Groups 11
SECTION D - Comman name system,
Derived Name system
Nomenclature 12
Common or Trivial SYSTEM 12
Derived system 16
Chapter 2
Atomic Structure

SECTION A - Introduction SECTION F - Quantum Number

Discovery of Fundamental Particles 67 Principal quantum number 87
Other Fundamental Particles 70 Represented by "n"
Some important Definations 70 Azimuthal quantum number/Angular 87
Mole Concept 73 quantum number/Secondary quan-tum
Discovery & Their Discoverers 73 number/Subsidiary quantum number
SECTION B - Atomic Models Represented by ""
Thomson's model of atom [1904] 74 Magnetic quantum number / 88
Rutherford's a-Scattering Experiment 74 Orientation quantum number (m)
SECTION C - Electromagnetic waves SECTION G - Shape of s-orbitals
(EM waves) or Radiant Energy Electro-
magnetic radiation Shape of p-orbitals 89
Wavelength  (Lambda) 76 Rules for filling of orbitals 89
Frequency () (nu) 76 Electronic Configuration 90
Time period (T) 76 Solved Example 91
Velocity (c) 76 Exercise 96
Answer Key 113
Wave number (  ) (nu bar) 76
Amplitude (a) 76
Chapter 3
SECTION D - Planck's quantum Theory
Diffraction 77
Periodic Properties
Interference 77 SECTION A - Periodic Properties
Black Body Radiations 77 Introduction 117
Photoelectric Effect 78 Development of periodic table 117
Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic 79 SECTION B - Atomic Radius
Radiation Atomic Radius 122
SECTION E - Bohr's Atomic Model Ionisation Potential Or Ionisation 125
Some Important formulae 80 Energy Or Ionisation Enthalpy (IP/IE)
The important postulates on which 80 SECTION C - Electron Gain Enthalpy
Bohr's Model is based are the following Electron Gain Enthalpy 126
Application of Bohr's Model 81 Electronegativity 128
Some extra points 82 Nature of oxides 129
Hydrogen line spectrum or Hydrogen 82 Exercise 131
spectrum Answer Key 152
Similar words 83
Rydberg formula 83
Limitation of the Bohr's model 84
Sommerfeld Extension of the Bohr's 85
Model
de Broglie concept(Dual nature of matter) 85
Important points concerned with 85
de-Broglie concept
Heisenberg uncertainity principle 86
 Nomenclature | 5

Nomenclature
CHAPTER
1
SECTION A 3. Degree of Hydrogen
Degree of carbon on which that hydrogen attached.
Classification of carbon and hydrogen there are three types
atoms , Types of alcohols and Amines, 1. Primary hydrogen (1° hydrogen)
Defination of chiral carbon, Olephenic and 2. Secondary hydrogen (2° hydrogen)
3. tertiary hydrogen (3° hydrogen)
acetylenic bonds, Vinylic carbon allylic Ex. How many 1°, 2° & 3°H atoms are present in
carbon and benzylic carbon CH3

1. Kekule's Principle [Toluene] respectively..

(a) Carbon has four valencies.
(b) Carbon has a property of catenation. It can make (A) 3, 0, 5 (B) 3, 5, 0
(C) 4, 3, 0 (D) 0, 5, 3
a large chain with addition of other carbons.
Ans. B
(c) A carbon atom can share 2, 4 or 6 electrons
4. Degree of Alcohol
with other carbons & can form single, double or
Degree of carbon on which alcohol atom attached.
triple bond. There are three types.
(d) For a carbon atom, it is not possible to make 1. Primary alcohol (1° alcohol)
more than 3 bonds with adjacent carbon atom 2. Secondary alcohol (2° alcohol)
3. tertiary alcohol (3° alcohol)
because a carbon atom complete its octet from
Ex. CH3—CH2—OH (1° alcohol)
overlapping which consists directional property.
CH3—CH—OH (2° alcohol)

2. Degree of Carbon CH3

No. of carbon attached to carbon atom is called CH3
degree of carbon CH3—C—OH
(3° alcohol)
there are four types : – CH3
1. Primary carbon (1° carbon)
5. Degree of Amine
2. Secondary carbon (2° carbon) They are named according to the number of carbons
3. Tertiary carbon (3° carbon) attached to nitrogen. there are three types.
1. Primary Amine (1° Amine)
4. Quaternary carbon (4° carbon)
2. Secondary Amine (2° Amine)
3. tertiary Amine (3° Amine)
1°
CH3 Ex. –NH2 1° Amine
1°
1° 2°
CH3—CH 2—CH—C—CH3
3° 4°
–NH— 2°–Amine
Ex.
—N—
CH3 CH3 3°–Amine
1° 1°

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6. Chiral Carbon or Asymmetric C. BENZYLIC CARBON :

Carbon Atom A benzylic carbon is a saturated carbon that is
Chiral carbon or asymmetric carbon atom is a directly attached to a benzene ring.
carbon atom that is attached to four different types
Benzylic
of atoms for groups of atoms
OH CH3 carbon
F C
CH3
*C Ex.
Ex. Br I
Cl

7. Olephenic and Acetylenic Bonds EXAMPLE 1

A. Olephenic bond : How many 1º carbon atom will be present in a
Alkenes are also called olefins because they form simplest hydrocarbon having two 3º & one 2º carbon
oily liquids on reaction with chlorine gas. An alkene atom?
consists of atleast one double bond. This double bond
(A) 3 (B) 4
is known as the olefinic bond.
(C) 5 (D) 6
Ex. CH 3 CH=CH 2 Propene
Sol. B
B. Acetylenic bonds :
Acetylene, also called ethyne, the simplest and best- CCCCC
known member of the hydrocarbon series containing | |
C C
one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by triple
bonds, called acetylenic bond. 2, 4 - dimethyl pentane is the compound having
Ex. CHCH Ethyne 2 – 3º carbon & 1 – 2º carbon atom & 4-1º carbon
atoms.
8. Vinylic Carbon Allylic Carbon and
Benzylic Carbon EXAMPLE 2
A. Vinylic Carbon : In which of the following tert. carbon is absent -
Vinylic carbon is a carbon that is involved in a double (A) Iso octane (B) Triptane
bond with another carbon. It is sp2 hybridized.
(C) Isopropyl amine (D) Isopentane
Vinylic carbon makes a double bond with another
carbon which is also sp2 hybridized. Both carbons Sol. C
involved in this bond are vinylic carbons.
C
|
Ex. —CH=CH 2 Vinyl Iso Octane C  C  C *C  C (1 – 3º carbon atom)
| |
C C
B. ALLYLIC CARBON :
Allylic carbon can be described as the carbon atom
*
that is adjacent to the double bond. This carbon atom Triptane C  C (1 – 3º carbon atom)
|
is the nearest to the double bond, but it is not a part C
of the double bond.
The carbon atoms in the double bond are sp 2 Isopropyl amine C  C  NH2 (no tert. carbon atom)
hybridized. But the allylic carbon is sp3 hybridized. |
It is bonded to the sp2 hybridized carbon atom C
through a single bond.
Isopentane C  C*  C  C  C (1 - tert. carbon atom)
Ex. —CH2 —CH=CH 2 Allyl |
C

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 Nomenclature | 7

EXAMPLE 3 SECTION B
Indicate the following as 1°, 2°, and 3°. On the basic of structure, On the basic of
homology
i. N—H ii. N—Me
(A) based on structure
Ans. i  2°, ii  3°
Organic Compounds

EXAMPLE 4 Open chain Closed chain

Indicate the following as 1°, 2°, and 3°. or or
Acyclic Cyclic
Ph or or
Me
i. NH ii. Et3N Aliphatic compound Ring compound
Ph
Ans. i  2°, ii  3° Saturated Unsaturated Homocyclic Heterocyclic

EXAMPLE 5 2.1 Aliphatic or Open chain compounds

Indicate the following as 1°, 2°, and 3°. Those compounds in which first & last carbon atoms
are not connected with each other. Branched or
NH Me
i. Me NH2 ii.
Me
unbranched chains are possible in these compounds.
Me Me For example : -
Ans. i  1°, ii  2° C–C–C–C ,

C
EXAMPLE 6 |
C–C–C C – C – C – C,
Indicate the following as 1°, 2°, and 3°.
| |
Me C C
Me
i. OH ii. OH (unbranched) (branched)
There are two varieties in these compounds -
Ans. i  2°, ii  3°
2.1.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons :–
(a) In such type, adjacent carbons are attached with
EXAMPLE 7 single bonds.
Indicate the following as 1°, 2°, and 3°. Ex. CH3 – CH2 – CH3
(b) General formula of these compounds is
OH CnH2n + 2
Me
Me
i. Me OH ii. (c) These are also called as paraffins (Parum +
Me Me Affinis i.e. little reactivity) because these are less
Me
reactive due to absence of –bonds.
Ans. i  1°, ii  2°
2.1.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : –
(a) There will be a double bond or a triple bond
EXAMPLE 8
between any two carbon atoms,
Indicate the following as 1°, 2°, and 3°. CH2 = CH – CH3 (Propene),
OH CH  C – CH3 (Propyne)
H 3C C CH3 (b) Gen. formula is CnH2n or CnH2n – 2 .
(c) Alkenes are also called as olefins because they
Me
reacts with halogens to form oily substances olefins
i. Me Me ii.
OH (Oleum + fines i.e. Oil forming).
(d) Due to presence of  bonds these are more
Ans. i  2°, ii  3° reactive.

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2.2 Closed chain compounds : – The general characterstics of a homologous series

In these compounds first & last carbons are attached are :
with each other. (i) General formula same
(ii) General methods of preparation same.
Ex. cyclopropane .
(iii) Chemical properties same
These are of two types –
(iv) Type of functional group must be same.
2.2.1 Homocyclic compounds : – (v) Physical properties different.
These are the compounds in which the complete e.g. the Homologous series of monohydric alcohols
ring is formed by carbon atoms only. These are also can be represented by the general formula
of two types - CnH2n + 1 OH. The formula of various homologous
can be writtne by giving the values 1, 2, 3, .... to n.
(a) Alicyclic compounds : –
These are the compounds having the properties like n CnH2n+1OH The molecular formula
1 CH3OH of each member differs
aliphatic compounds. These may be saturated or 2 C2H5OH CH2 from the mem bers
unsaturated like aliphatic compounds. 3 C3H7OH CH2 above and below it by
4 C4H9OH CH2 one CH2 group
Cyclopropane, Cyclopropene, Cyclobutene
(b) Aromatic compounds : –
These compounds consist of at least one benzene EXAMPLE 9
ring i.e. a six-membered carbcyclic ring having Which of the following is not an Aliphatic compound -
alternate single and double bonds. These compounds (A) iso propane (B) butane
have some fragrant odour and hence, named as (C) hexane (D) None of these
aromatic (greek word aroma means sweet smell) Sol. D
All are aliphatic compound, because according to
the definition all the hydrocarbons having straight
or branched chain of carbon is aliphatic.
Ex. Benzene Toluene

EXAMPLE 10
Which of the following is an unsaturated compound -
(A) Ethane (B) Ethene
Styrene
(C) Ethyne (D) both B & C.
Sol. D
Compounds having carbon-carbon double or triple
2.2.2 Heterocyclic Compounds : –
bond is known as an unsaturated compound.
These are cyclic compounds having ring or rings
built up of more than one kind of atoms.
EXAMPLE 11
Which of the following is the pair of homocyclic &
Furan Thiophene heterocyclic compound -
(A) cyclopropane and cyclohexane
(B) Based on homology (B) cycloethane and oxyrane
(C) pyridine and thiophene
If the difference of CH2 or 14 molecular weight is
(D) cyclo pentane and furane
present between successive members of a series
Sol. D
of organic compounds then this is known as
Cyclopentane and furane is a pair of homocyclic &
homologous series, Members are known as heterocyclic compound. In which cyclopentane is
Homologous & overall concept is known Homology. homocyclic and furane is hetrocyclic.

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 Nomenclature | 9

EXAMPLE 12 SECTION C
Alicyclic compounds are : On the basic of group - Radicals of alkanes,
(A) aromatic compounds Radicals of alkenes and alkynes, Radicals
(B) aliphatic cyclic compounds of aromatic hydrocarbon
(C) heterocyclic compounds (C) On the basis of group
(D) None of the above (a) Functional Group
Ans. B (1) it is responsible for chemical behaviour or
properties of any organic compound.
EXAMPLE 13 (2) It is made up of single atom or group of atoms
eg. —O—, —OH, —COOH etc.
Which one of the following is the heterocyclic
(b) Hydrocarbon Groups
compound?
If one hydrogen (or more hydrogen atoms in some
(A) Pyrene (B) Thiophene
cases) is taken out from a hydrocarbon, the group
(C) Phenol (D) Aniline left is known as a hydrocarbon group.Hydrocarbons
Ans. A are of three major types, hydrocarbon groups too
belong to three main class; these are ;
EXAMPLE 14
(1) Acyclic hydrocarbon groups
(2) Alicyclic hydrocarbon groups
A group closely related compounds which can be
(3) Aromatic benzenoid hydrocarbon groups
expressed by a general formula and in which two
consecutive members differ by 14 in their molecular Acyclic Hydrocarbon Groups
masses is called : Alicyclic hydrocarbon groups are of three types :
(A) a homologous series (i) Alkyl groups (ii) Alkenyl groups
(B) a homogeneous series (iii) Alkynyl groups
(i) Alkyl groups :
(C) a heterogeneous series
These are univalent groups or radicals obtained by
(D) an electrochemical series
the removal of one hydrogen atom from a molecule
Ans. A
of an alkane. The symbol 'R' is often used to repre-
sent an alkyl group. The general formula of an alkyl
EXAMPLE 15 group is CnH2n+1.
Which one is not correct for a homologous series ? R – H  –H
 R –

(A) All members have a general formula CnH2n + 2  –H

 Cn H2n + 1–
(B) All members have same chemical properties Alkyl groups are of five types :
(C) All members have same physical properties (a) Normal Alkyl group :
(D) All members have same functional group This is formed by the removal of one primary hy-
Ans. C drogen atom from the straight chain alkane. A nor-
mal alkyl group is written as n-alkyl group is com-
mon naming system and in its IUPAC namenclature,
EXAMPLE 16
the prefix n – is dropped.
The formula CnH2n – 2 shows - Some examples are :
(A) Alkene & Alkyne (B) Alkyne & Alkadiyne R Common IUP AC

(C) Alkane & Alkadiene(D) Alkyne & Alkadiene Name Name

Ans. D CH3–CH2 –CH2– n-Propyl Propyl

(n–Pr) (Pr)
Sol. For Acetylene & Allene
CH3–CH2 –CH2–CH2– n-Butyl Butyl
HC  CH CH2 = C = CH2 (n-Bu) (Bu)
(C 2H2 ) (C 3H4 ) CH3–CH2 –CH2–CH2–CH2– n-Pentyl s-Pentyl

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(b) Secondary alkyl group : This is formed CH 3 – CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 –

by the removal of one hydrogen from the second- |
ary carbon atom from alkane. It is denoted by sec CH 3
– alkyl or S - alkyl group in both of the system of
Isohexyl group
nomenclature.
(e) Neoalkyl group : A neoalkyl group contains
Some examples are given below :
CH3
Structure Common IUPAC
name name one CH2 – group on one end and one CH3 – C –
CH3–CH2–CH–CH3 Sec-butyl 1-methyl CH3
(S-Bu) propyl group on the other end with no other branching in
(c) Tertiary alkyl group : This group is formed the chain.
by the removal of one hydrogen from the tertiary CH3 CH3
carbon of the corresponding alkane. It is denoted
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 –
by tert or t-alkyl group in both system of nomencla-
ture. Some example are : CH3 CH3
Neopentyl group Neohexyl group
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3 – C –
CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 –
CH3
tert - pentyl CH3
Tert butyl (t-Bu)
Neoheptyl group
(d) Isoalkyl group : An alkyl group containing Note : Methylene group : If two hydrogen atoms
one terminal CH2 – group are removed from methane then the group obtained
is methylene group, i.e., – CH2 –
and CH3 – CH – group on the other end with no
| Alkenyl Group
CH3 Hydrocarbon group containing carbon-carbon
other branching is said to be an isoalkyl group or i- double bond is called alkenyl group. Their common
alkyl group. names are accepted in IUPAC system in most of
the cases. Some examples are :
CH2 = CH – Vinyl group
CH3 – CH – CH2
| CH2 = CH – CH2 – Allyl group
One end has – CH2 group
CH3 CH3 – CH = CH – Propenyl group
CH3 – CH = Ethylidene
CH3 – CH2 – CH = Propylidene
Other end has CH3 – CH – group
| CH3–C=
CH3 1-methyl ethylidene
CH3
Hence, it is isoalkyl group, i.e., isobutyl group.
Alkynyl group
CH3—CH2—CH—CH3 Hydrocarbon group containing carbon-carbon triple
monovalent carbon is not CH2— bond may be called an alkynyl group. Their com-
mon names are accepted in IUPAC system in most
It is not isobutyl group of the case. Some examples are :
Structure Common IUPAC
CH3 – CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – name name

| C Methynyl Methynyl
CH  C – Ethynyl Ethynyl
CH3
CH  C – CH2 – Propargyl Propargyl
Isopentyl (or Isoamyl group)
CH3 – C  C – Propynyl Propynyl

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 Nomenclature | 11

Alicyclic Hydrocarbon Groups Sol. 1, 1 - dibromo propane

These are obtained when one hydrogen atom is re-
moved from the ring carbon. These groups may be Br
|
classified as : H3 C  C  CH3
cycloalkyl groups |
Br
CH2 CH2 – CH –
| CH | | 2, 2 - dibromo propane
CH2 CH2 – CH2 (Two gem dibromides)
Cyclopropyl Cyclobutyl
EXAMPLE 19
Which of the following has iso group?
(A) CH3—CH2—CH—CH3
CH – CH3

Cyclohexyl 1-Cyclobutenyl 2-Cyclohexenyl (B) CH3—CH—CH—CH3

CH3

Aromatic Benzeoid Hydrocarbon Groups

(C) CH3—CH2—CH—CH3
Aromatic hydrocarbon groups have one or more
hydrogen atoms less than the present hydrocarbons. (D) CH3—CH—CH3
These are in general denoted by Ar- and called aryl
groups. The simplest aryl group is phenyl group
Ans. A
(C6H5). This is denoted by Ph or .
EXAMPLE 20
CH2 – – CH – –C– Which of the following has neo group?

CH3
(A) CH3—C—CH 2—CH3
Benzyl benzal benzo CH3

EXAMPLE 17 (B) CH3—CH—CH—CH3

Example of a gem dihalide is : -
CH3 CH3
(A) Pentamethylene chloride
(B) Ethylene chloride (C) CH3—CH—CH2—CH2—
(C) Propylene chloride (D) Benzal chloride CH3
Ans. D
Sol. The example of a gem dihalide is benzal chloride. CH3
In such a halide both Cl atoms are attached to the (D) CH3—C—CH—CH3
same carbon atom. (Banzal chloride)
CH3
EXAMPLE 18 Ans. A
C3H6Br2 can shows -
(A) Two gem dibromide
EXAMPLE 21
(B) Two vic dibromide
(C) Two tert. dibromo alkane In C3 H8 the total number of structure ?
(D) Two sec. dibromo alkane Ans. 1
Ans. A CH 3—CH2—CH3

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SECTION D S. Compound Trivial Source

Comman name system, Derived Name No. Name

system 1. CH4 Marsh gas Methane

2. CH3OH Woodspirit Methyl alcohol

Nomenclature 3. CH3COOH Vinegar Acetic acid
Mainly three systems are adopted for naming an 4. CH 3 –C–CH3 Acetone Dimethyl ketone
||
organic compound – O

5. O Acrolein Acryl Aldehyde

Common Name or Trivial System ||
CH 2 =CH–C– H
Derived System
6. H3 C O Pevaldehyde Neo valer
IUPAC system or Jeneva System | ||
CH 3 –C–C–H Aldehyde
|
CH3
5. Common or Trivial System
Initially organic compounds are named on the basis Common –Names (R is termed as alkyl-)
of source from which they were obtained. S. Compound Source
eg. No.
S. Organic Trivial Source
1. R–X Alkyl halide
No. C ompound Name
2. R–OH Alkyl alcohol
1. CH3OH Wood spirit Obtained by
or Methyl destructive 3. R–SH Alkyl thio alcohol
spirit distillation of 4. R–NH2 Alkyl amine
wood. 5. R–O–R Dialkyl ether
2. NH2CONH2 Urea Obtained from 6. R–S–R Dialkyl thioether
urine
7. Dialkyl ketone
3. CH4 Marsh gas Itwasproduced
(fire damp) in marsh places. 8. R–NH–R Dialkyl amine
9. Trialkyl amine
4. CH3COOH Vinegar Obtained from
Acetum i.e. 10. R–O–R’ Alkyl alkyl’ ether
Vinegar
11. Alkyl alkyl’ ketone
5. COOH Oxalic acid Obtained from
|
COOH oxalis plant. 12. R–S–R’ Alkyl alkyl’ thio ether

6. HCOOH Formic Obtained from 13. R–NH–R’ Alkyl alkyl’ amine

acid formicus [Red 14. Alkyl alkyl’ alkyl”
ant] amine

7. CH3 – CH – COOH Lactic acid Obtained from 5.1 Position of double bond : –
|
OH
milk In an unsaturated hydrocarbon if the position of
8. CH 2 – COOH Malic acid Obtained from double bond is on Ist or last carbon then it’s prefix
|
CH( OH )COOH apple  mallum will be  (alpha) if it is on 2nd carbon it is termed as
 (Beta) & the  (gamma) &  (delta) and so on.
9. CH3CH2CH2COOH Butyric Obtained from
acid butter. eg. H2C = CH – CH2 – CH3  - butylene
H3C – CH = CH – CH3  - butylene
10. CH3(CH2) 4COOH Caproic Obtained from
acid goats. H3C – CH2 – CH = CH2  - butylene
H2C = CH – CH3 (Both are same
Some typical compounds in which common & trivial or positions,
names are also differ. H3C – CH = CH2 propylene)

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 Nomenclature | 13

Exception :
H3 C  C  CH2
| Isobutylene CH2 – X dimethylene halide (wrong)
CH3
|
CH3–CH2–CH=CH–CH2–CH3  - hexylene CH2 – X ethylene halide (right)
CH3– CH2–CH2–CH  - octylene eg. Make the structure of following organic
=CH–CH2–CH2–CH3 compounds -
1. Isopropylidene Bromide
5.2 Common – Naming of dihalides : – 2. Active amylene Iodide
(a) When two same halogen atoms are attached to the 3. Isobutylene
same carbon such compounds are called
Gemdihalides. Br 
(b) Common names of such compounds are alkylidene |
Sol. 1. CH3–C–CH 3 2. CH3  C  CH2  
halides |
Cl Br CH2  CH3
eg. : CH 3–CH Ethylidene chloride
Cl
Cl 3. H3 C  C  CH2
CH3–CH–CH |
Cl Isobutylidene Iodide CH3
CH3
Exception : 5.3 Common - Naming of the functional group
Cl Methylidene halide(wrong) having carbon : –
CH2
Cl Methylene halide (right) Chart - 1
(c) When two same halogen atoms are attached to Functional Suffix Functional Suffix
adjacent carbon, these are called as vicinal dihalides. group group
Common names of such compounds are alkylene O -aldehyde O -ic Acid
|| ||
halide. C  H C  OH

CH3  CH  CH2 O -yl halide O -amide

eg : | | Propylene Iodide ||
C  X
||
C  NH2
 
–C  N -o-nitrile –N C -o-isonitrile
Cl
O -ate O -icanhydride
| ||
H3 C  C  CH2  Cl Isobutylene chloride C  O  R C
| O
C
CH3
O
(d) When two same halogen atoms are attached at the
two ends of a carbon chain its common naming will Prefix : –
be polymethylene halide. 1. Carbon  Form-
‘poly’ word indicates the number of –CH2– groups. 2. Carbon  Acet-
3. Carbon  Propion-
–CH2– 2 3 4 5 6
 Normal
Poly di tri tetra penta Hexa 4. Carbon  Butyr |
 Iso -

eg. CH2  CH2  CH2 5. Carbon  Valer

| | 3C + (=) double bond  Acryl-
 
Trimethylene Iodide 4 C + double bond  Croton-

CH2  CH2  CH2  CH2  CH2 O O

| | eg. || ||
Br Br H C H CH3  C  O  H
Pentamethylene Bromide
Formaldehyde Acetic Acid
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O O O O
|| ||
CH3  CH2  C  Cl CH3  CH  C  NH2 CH3 C CH2=CH C
| O O
CH3 H 3C–H2C C H 2C=CH C
Propionyl chloride Isobutyr amide O O

O Acetic propionic anhydride Acrylic anhydride

||
CH3  C  H 5.6 Nomenclature of Amine : –
Acetaldehyde The common name of amine is obtained by citing
the name of the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen
5.4 Nomenclature of Ester :-
atom in alphabetical order followed by amine. The
O entire name is written in one word. For examples.
||
C  O  R CH3 – NH2 Methylamine
The group which is attached to the oxygen is written CH3 – NH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 ethylproplyamine
as alkyl & the remaining structure is named same
as defined in chart-1. CH3 – N – CH3 Trimethylamine
|
O
|| CH3
eg. Methyl acetate
CH3  C  O  CH3
CH3 – N – CH2  CH2  CH2  CH2  CH3 Dimethylpentylamine
O
|| |
Ethyl propionate
CH3  CH2  C  O  CH2  CH3 CH3

O
||
CH3  C  O  CH2  CH3 Ethyl acetate Common or Travel Names
EXAMPLE 22
O
|| Methyl formate The trivial name of the following compound is
H  C  O  CH3
CH3
O |
|| Methyl formate CH3  C  CHO
CH3  O  C  H |
CH3
O
|| Acetic acid
CH3  C  O  H
(A) Pevaldehyde
(B) Trimethyl acetaldehyde
O
|| (C) trimethyl acetaldehyde
Ethyl acrylate
CH2  CH  C  O  CH2  CH3 (D) t - butyl formaldehyde
O
Ans. A
|| Methyl crotonate
CH 3  CH  CH  C  O  CH 3
EXAMPLE 23
5.5 Nomenclature of Anhydride : – Acrolein is -
O O (A) An unsaturated aldehyde
(B) A saturated aldehyde
CH3 C CH3–CH2 C
O O (C) A polymer
H 3C C H 3C–H2C C (D) An alkene
O O Ans. A
Acetic anhydride Propionic anhydride Sol. CH2 = CH – CHO unsaturated aldehyde.

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 Nomenclature | 15

EXAMPLE 24 7. CH2 = CH – SH
The common name of the compound 8. CH3  CH2  CH2  CH  
CH2 = CH – CH2– NH2 is - |
CH3
(A) Vinyl amine (B) Allyl amine
(C) Divinyl amine (D) Diallylamine
9. CH3  CH2  CH  OH
Ans. B |
Sol. CH2 = CH – CH2 - is allyl group. CH2
|
CH3
EXAMPLE 25
The common name of the compound CH3
CH3 – CH2 – S – CH2 – CH3 is - |
10. CH3  C  CH2  SH
(A) Diethyl ether |
(B) Ethyl methyl thioether CH3
11. CH3  C  CH2
(C) Diethyl thioether
|
(D) None NH2
Ans. C
12. CH  C – CH2 – Br
Sol. 1. Ethyl Bromide
EXAMPLE 26
2. Isobutyl Iodide
The common name of the compound
3. Active amyl fluoride
CH2  CH  C  CH  CH2 is - 4. Iso pentyl chloride
||
O 5. Active amyl alcohol
6. Tertiary hexyl amine
(A) Divinyl ketone (B) Diallyl ketone
(C) Both A and B (D) None 7. Vinyl thio alcohol
Ans. A 8. Active secondary amyl Iodide
Sol. CH2 = CH – is called as vinyl group. 9.Secondary amyl alcohol.
10. Neopentyl thio alcohol
EXAMPLE 27
11. Isopropenyl amine
Write the common names of the following -
12. Propargyl Bromide
1. CH3 – CH2 – Br

2. CH3  CH  CH2   EXAMPLE 28

|
CH3 Write down the structures of the following -
1. Di allyl amine 2. Tri methyl amine
3. CH3  CH2  CH  CH2  F 3. Di isobutyl ether 4. Di isopentyl ketone
|
CH3 5. Di Active amyl amine 6. Di normal propyl ether
7. Tri neopentyl amine
4. CH3  CH  CH2  CH2  Cl Sol. 1. CH2 = CH – CH2 – NH – CH2 – CH = CH2
|
CH3
2. CH3  N  CH3
|
5. CH3  CH2  CH  CH2  OH CH3
|
CH3
3. H3 C  CH  CH2  O  CH2  CH  CH3
| |
CH3 H3 C CH3
|
6. CH3  CH2  CH2  C  NH2 4. H3C  CH CH2  CH2  C  CH2  CH2  CH CH3
| | || |
CH3 CH3 O CH3

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5. CH3 CH2 CHCH2  NHCH2 CHCH2 CH3 EXAMPLE 32

| |
CH3 CH3 Write down the common names of the following :
6. CH3–CH2– CH2–O–CH2–CH2– CH3
O
||
CH3 CH3 1. CH3  CH2  CH  C  NH2
| | |
7. CH3  C  CH2  N  CH2  C  CH3 CH3
| | |
CH3 CH2 CH3
|
CH3  C  CH3
| CH3 O
CH3 | ||

2. CH3  C  N  C 3. CH3  CH  C  Cl
| |
EXAMPLE 29 CH3 CH3
Common name of the compound
O Sol. 1. Secondary Valer amide
||
CH3  CH  CH  C  OH is - 2. Tertiary valero-isonitrile
3. Isobutyryl chloride
(A) Crotonic acid (B) Acrylic acid
(C) Allylic acid (D) None
Ans. A 6. Derived system
Sol. 4C + (=)  croton According to this system name to any compound is
Suffix is ‘ic’ acid. given according to the parrent name of the
homologous series. This system is reserved for the
EXAMPLE 30 following nine homologous series.
O Chart - 2
||
Common name of the compound CH2  CH  C  H Series Name
S. of Derived Structure of
is - No. Homologous Name group
(A) Croton aldehyde (B) Acryl aldehyde series
(C) Propion aldehyde (D) Butyr aldehyde |
1. Alkane Methane  C
|
Ans. B
Sol. 3C + (=)  Acryl 2. Alkene Ethylene >C=C<
Suffix is aldehyde. 3. Alkyne Acetylene C  C 
|
4. Alcohol Carbinol  C  OH
|
EXAMPLE 31
|
Common name of the compound 5. Aldehyde Acetaldehyde  C  CHO
|

O |
 C  COOH
|| 6. Carboxyllic acid Acetic acid |
CH3  CH2  C  NH2 is -
|
7. Acid halide Acetyl halide  C  COX
|
(A) Acetamide (B) Propionamide
|
(C) Butyramide (D) Acetic amide 8. Amide Acetamide  C  CONH2
|
Ans. B
| |
Sol. 3C  Propion 9. Ketone Acetone  C  C C 
| || |
Suffix is amide. O

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 Nomenclature | 17

6.1 Types of Ethylene:–

H
(Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical) |
3. CH3  CH2  C  OH
(a) Symmetrical : – |
In the given two alkyl groups one group is attached CH3
to the one carbon of ethylene & next on the next
CH3 O
carbon. | ||
(b) Unsymmetrical : – 4. CH3  C  C  H
|
When both the given groups are attached on the CH3
same carbon.
Note : – Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical : H O
| ||
terms are used only when two alkyl groups are 5. CH3  CH2  C  C  H
given. |
CH3
eg.
Symmetrical dimethyl H O
| ||
6. CH3  C  C  OH
|
CH3
ethylene
H
|
Unsymmetrical dimethyl 7. CH3  C  CH3
|
CH3
ethylene
H
|
8. CH3  CH2  C  CH3
H | H |
C=C Symmetrical ethyl methyl
| CH3
CH3–CH2 CH3

ethylene CH3
|
9. CH3  C  CH3
|
CH3
Tri methyl ethylene

CH3 H
| |
10. CH3  C  C  CH  CH3
Tetra methyl ethylene | | |
CH3 H CH3
CH3–CC–CH3 Dimethyl acetylene Sol. 1. Allyl acetylene
2. Tri methyl carbinol
EXAMPLE 33
3. Ethyl methyl carbinol
4. Tri methyl acetaldehyde
Write down the derived names of the following-
5. Ethyl methyl acetaldehyde
1. CH2=CH–CH2–CC–H
6. Di methyl acetic acid
7. Tri methyl methane
CH3
| 8. Ethyl di methyl methane
2. CH3  C  OH 9. Tetra methyl methane
|
CH3 10. Tertiary butyl Isopropyl methane.

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Class of Common Class of Common

Compound Structure Structure
name Compound name

(i) CH4 Methane

Alkanes CH3–CH2–CH2–O–CH–CH3 Isopropyl
(ii) CH3 – CH3 Ethane | propyl ether
CH3
(iii) CH3 – CH2 – CH3 Propane Aldehydes HCHO Formaldehyde
CH3 Acetaldehyde
CH3 – CHO
|
(iv) CH3 – CH – CH3 Isobutane
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHO Butyraldehyde
CH3
| O
CH3 – C – CH3 ||
| Acetone
Neopentane Ketones CH3 –C – CH3
CH3 O
Ethylene || Methyl ethyl
Alkenes CH2 = CH2 CH3 – CH2 –C – CH3 ketone
CH3 – CH = CH2 Propylene O
||
Acetylene CH3–CH2–C–CH2–CH2–CH3 Ethyl propyl
Alkynes CH  CH
Methyl ketone
CH3  C  CH
acetylene
Carboxylic HCOOH Formic acid
CH3  C  C – CH3 Dimethyl acids CH3 – COOH Acetic acid
acetylene Butyric acid
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH
CH3 – X Methyl halide Oxalic acid
COOH
|
Br COOH
Alkyl | Isopropyl
COOH
halides CH3 – CH – CH3 bromide
CH2 Malonic
acid
Br COOH
|
CH3 – C – CH3 Tert-butyl CH2 – COOH
bromide Succinic
|
CH3 acid
CH2 – COOH
Br
CH2 – COOH
| Sec-butyl Glutaric acid
CH2
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3 bromide CH2 – COOH
CH3 – CHCl2 Ethylidene Esters HCOOCH3 Methyl
dichloride formate

CH2Cl – CH2Cl Ethylene CH3COOC2H5 Ethyl

acetate
dichloride
Ethyl
Methyl alcohol CH3– CH2 – CH2 – COOC2H5
Alcohol CH3 – OH butyrate

CH3 – CH2 – OH Ethyl alcohol O O

|| ||
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH n - Propyl Anhydrides CH –C–O–C–CH Acetic
3 3 anhydride
alcohol
O O
CH3 – CH – CH2OH Isobutyl || ||
| alcohol CH3–CH2–C–O–C–CH2–CH3 Propionic
CH3 O anhydride
Glycol ||
HO – CH2 – CH2OH Acid Acetyl
CH3 – C – Cl
OHCH2 – CHOH – CH2OH Glycerol chlorides chloride
Ether CH3 – O – CH3 Dimethyl CH3 – CN Methyl
ether Cyanides cyanide
CH3 – CH2 – O – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – CN Ethyl cyanide
Ethyl methyl
ether

CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3 Diethyl ether

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 Nomenclature | 19

SECTION E Primary Generic

Nature of group
Hydro carbons - (Single bonded), suffix name

unsaturated hydrocarbon, Functional Alkane – one hydrogen atom –yl Alkyl

group having compound - Only are F.G. Alkene – one hydrogen atom –enyl Alkenyl
containing compounds, More than are F.G. Alkyne – one hydrogen atom –ynl Alkynyl
containing compounds, Bicyclo and spiro
If the parent, carbon-chain contains two, three, four
Any given organic structure has only one or more double or triple bonds, numerical prefixes
IUPAC name and any given IUPAC name such a di (for two), tri (for three), tetra (for four)
represents only one molecular structure. etc. are added to the primary suffix. For example :
The IUPAC name of any organic compound
essentially consists of three parts, i.e., Primary Generic
Type of carbon chain
suffix name
(1) root word (2) Suffix and
(3) Prefix (i) Having two double bonds diene Alkadiene
(ii) Having three double bonds triene Alkatriene
Root Word (iii) Having n double bonds polyene Alkapolyene
If is the basic unit of the name. If denotes the number (iv) Having two triple bonds diyne Alkadiyne
of carbon atoms present in the principal chain of the triyne Alkatriyne
(v) Having three triple bonds
molecule. Chain containing one to four carbon atoms
are known by special root words (based upon the (b) Secondary suffix : Suffix added after the
common names of alkanes) while chains from C5 primary suffix to indicate the particular functional
onwards are known by Greek number roots. Thus : group (groups) present in the carbon chain is known
as secondary suffix. Secondary suffix of some
Chain Word Chain Word Chain Word important functional groups are given below.
length root lengh root length root
Class of Class of
C1 Meth C8 Oct C14 Tetradec Functio Second
organic organic Function Secondary
nal ary
C2 Eth C9 Non C20 Eicos compoun compou al group suffix
group suffix
ds nds
C3 Prop C10 Dec C30 triacont
Acid
C5 Pent C11 Undec C40 Tetracont Alcohols – OH –ol – COCl –oyl chloride
chlorides
C6 Hex C12 Dodec C50 Pentacont Aldehydes – CHO –al Esters – COOR Alkyl… oate
C7 Hept C13 Tridec C60 Hexacont Ketones – CO – –one Nitrilie – CN nitrile
Carboxylic
acids
– COOH –oic acid Amide – CONH 2 –amide
Suffix
There are two types of suffixes, i.e., Primary suffix
It may be noted that while adding the secondary
and Secondary suffix. suffix to the primary suffix, the terminal 'e' of the
primary suffix (i.e., ane, ene, yne) is dropped if the
(a) Primary suffix : A primary suffix is always
secondary suffix begins with a, e, i, o, u, & y but
added to the root word to indicate whether carbon
is retained if the secondary suffix begins with a
chain is saturated or unsaturated. The primary suffix consonant except y.
for the various saturated and unsaturated carbon
chains and groups are given below : Structure root Prim- Seco- IUPAC
Word ary ndary name
suffix suffix
Nature of carbon
Primary surfix Chain lengh CH3 – CH2 – OH Eth ane ol Ethanol
chain
But ane al Butanal
CH3 – CH 2 – CH2–CHO
Saturated, C – C –ane Alkane O
||
Unsaturated, C = C –ene Alkene CH2 = CH – C – CH3 But ene one Butenone
Unsaturated, C  C –yne Alkyne Hex ane oic
CH3 – (CH2)4 – COOH

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Prefix 1. Longest Chain Rule : Locate the longest

Prefixes are used to indicate continuous chain of carbon atoms. This chain
determines the parent name of the alkane. Notic
(i) the cyclic nature of compound and
that the longest continuous chain is chosen regardless
(ii) the nature of the substituents present on the of how the molecule is written.
parent chain. Thus, prefixes are of two types :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a) Primary prefix : The primary prefix cyclo CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
is added before the root word of indicate the cyclic |
nature of the compound. CH3
Thus 8 7 6 5 4
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3
CH2 – CH2
Cyclo + but |
| | + ane
CH2 – CH2 Primary word-root Primary CH2 – CH2 – CH3
3 2 1
prefix suffix
 4 3 2 1
Cyclobutane CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
|
In open chain compound no prefix (primary) is
5
added. CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
6 7 8
(b) Secondary prefix : In IUPAC system of
2. Lowest Locant Rule or Lowest Sum Rule :
nomenclature, certain functional groups are not
The carbon atoms of the longest continuous chain,
considered as functional groups but instead are
i.e., parent chain are numbered by arabic numerals
treated as substituents. These are called secondary 1, 2, 3, 4 ........ from one end of the chain to the
prefix and are added immediately before the root other. in such a manner that carbon atom carrying
word (or the primary prefix in case of alicyclic first substituent gets the lowest number. The number
compounds) in alphabetical order to denote the that locates the position of the substituent is known
side chains or substituent groups. The secondary as locant.
prefixes for some groups which are always treated However, if there are two or more substituents, the
as substituent groups are given below numbering of parent chain is done in such a way
that the sum of locants is the lowest. This is called
Substituent Secondary Substituent Secondary the lowest sum rule.
group prefix group prefix

– OR 1 2 3 4 5
–F Fluoro Alkoxy
 CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
– Cl Chloro –N  N Diazo 3 2
5 |4 1
– NH2
–Br Bromo Amino CH3
– CH3
–I Iodo Methyl 2-Methylpentane
– C2H5 not
–NO2 Nitro Ethyl
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – 4-Methylpentane
– NO Nitroso Propyl
CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3
1-methyl ethyl
| | 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 – C – 1-1-dimethyl
|
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
Ethyl 1 2 3 |4 5 6
CH 3
CH2 – CH3
The order of IUPAC naming given below 3-Ethylhexane
not
Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + word root 4-Ethylhexane
+ primary suffix + secondary suffix.
Secondary prefix – primary prefix - generic name CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 – CH2 – C — CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
I. IUPAC Nomenclature of Branched- 7 6
5 4 3 2 1

chain Alkanes CH3 CH3

Branched-chain alkanes are named according to 3,3, 4, 5-Tetramethylheptane
the following rules :

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