DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV

1992-2:2001

Eurocode 2: Design of
concrete structures
Part 2. Concrete bridges

(together with United Kingdom

National Application Document)

ICS 91.080.40; 93.040

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DD ENV 1992-2:2001

Committees responsible for this

Draft for Development

The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee
B/525/10, Bridges, upon which the following bodies were represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers
British Cement Association
British Construction Steelwork Association Ltd.
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
British Railway Board
British Waterways Board
County Surveyors’ Society
Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions
(Highways Agency)
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Steel Construction Institute
UK Steel Association
Welding Institute

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under
the direction of the Sector
Board for Building and Civil
Engineering was published
under the authority of the
Standard Board and comes into Amendments issued since publication
effect on 15 April 2001
Amd. No Date Comments
BSI 04-2001

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference B/525/10

ISBN 0 580 33265 9

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Contents

Committees responsible Inside front cover

National foreword ii
Text of National Application Document iii
Text of ENV 1992-2 2

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National foreword

This Draft for Development was prepared by Subcommittee B/525/10 and is the
English language version of ENV 1992-2:1996 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures — Part 2: Concrete bridges, as published by the European Committee
for Standardization (CEN). This Draft for Development also includes the United
Kingdom (UK) National Application Document (NAD) to be used with the ENV in
the design of buildings to be constructed in the UK.
ENV 1992-2 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European
Commission to make available a common set of rules for the structural and
geotechnical design of building and civil engineering works.
This publication should not be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard. The publication of this
ENV and its National Application Document should be considered to supersede
any reference to a British Standard in previous DD ENV Eurocodes concerning
the subject covered by these documents.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual
CEN Members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by |_| in the ENV.
During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting
documents listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in the
UK and the NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions of the ENV.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account
when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the
ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/10,
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference,
the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision within two years of
the issue of this document.
This document does not puport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of this document are responsible for its correct application.

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to xxiv, the
ENV title page, pages 2 to 45 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

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 DD ENV 1992-2:2001

National Application
Document

for use in the UK with

ENV 1992-2:1996

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Contents of
National Application Document

Introduction
1 Scope v
2 Normative references v
3 Partial factors, combination factors and other values v
4 Loading documents vii
5 Reference standards viii
6 Additional recommendations x
Bibliography xxii
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values vi
Table 2a) — References — References in ENV 1992-2 to other publications viii
Table 2b) — References — References in ENV 1992-1-1 to other publications ix
Table 2c) — References — References in ENV 1992-1-3 for precast concrete bridges to other
publications x
Table 3 — Exposure classes related to environmental conditions xi
Table 4 — Nominal cover requirements for normal weight concrete xii
Table 5 — Effective height, lo, for columns xv
Table 6a) — Limiting stress ranges (N/mm2) — Longitudinal bending for unwelded
reinforcing bars in road bridges xviii
Table 6b) — Limited stress ranges (N/mm2) — Transverse bending for unwelded
reinforcing bars in road bridges xviii
Table 4.121 — Maximum bar spacing for high bond bars xx
Table 7 — Minimum diameters of mandrels xx

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Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared under the direction of the Building and
Civil Engineering Sector Committee. It has been developed from:
a) a textual examination of ENV 1992-2:1996 and ENV 1992-1-1:1991, ENV 1992-1-3:1994,
ENV 1992-1-4:1994, ENV 1992-1-5:1994 and ENV 1992-1-6:1994;
b) a parametric calibration examination against BS 5400-4, supporting standards and test data;
c) trial calculations.
1 Scope
This NAD provides information to enable ENV 1992-2:1996 (hereafter referred to as EC2-2) to be used
with ENV 1992-1-1:1991, ENV 1992-1-3:1994, ENV 1992-1-4:1994, ENV 1992-1-5:1994 and
ENV 1992-1-6:1994, as qualified by their respective NADs, for the design and construction of bridges in
the UK.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this National Application Document. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest editions of the
publication referred to applies.
Standards publications
BS 5400-4, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Code of practice for design of concrete bridges.
ENV 1991-3:1994, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges.
ENV 1992-1-1:1991, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings.
ENV 1992-1-3:1994, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-3: General rules — Precast concrete
elements and structures.
ENV 1992-1-4:1994, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-4: General rules — Lightweight
aggregate concrete with closed structure.
ENV 1992-1-5:1994, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-5: Unbonded and external
prestressing tendons.
ENV 1992-1-6:1994, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-6: General rules — Plain concrete
structures.

Other documents
GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges. Vol. 1. Highway
structures: approval procedures and general design — Section 3: General design — Loads for highway
bridges. Publication no. BD 37/88. London: The Stationery Office, 1994.
GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works —
Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works. London: The Stationery Office, 1998.

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3 Partial factors, combination factors and other values

The partial factors, combination factors and other values are as follows.
a) The values for combination factors (Ò) should be those given in Table 3 and Table 4 of the NAD for use
with ENV 1991-3:1994.
b) The values for partial factors should be those given in EC2-2, except as modified by the UK NADs to
the various parts of ENV 1992-1-1.
c) ENV 1992-1-1:1991, 2.5.3.5.5 (5) should not be modified as indicated in Table 3 of its NAD.
d) Other values should be those given in EC2-2 except for those given in Table 1 of this NAD.

Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values

Reference in Reference in Reference in Definition UK values
ENV 1992-1-1 ENV 1992-1-3 ENV 1992-2
3.2.5.1 (5) Minimum shear strength of 25 % of the tensile
welds strength of the bar
4.1.3.3 (8) Allowance for tolerance %h in
cover for precast elements %h = 5 mm
4.1.3.3 (8) Allowance for tolerance %h
in cover for in situ concrete %h = 5 mm
4.2.1.3.3 (12) Reduction factor µ to take
account of the effects of
long-term loading on
maximum compressive stress
(compression zone decreasing
in width) 0.85
4.2.3.4.1 (2) Ratio of long-term relaxation
to 1 000 h relaxation 2
4.3.2.4.4 (1) Limit to cotÚ in the variable
strut inclination method for
beams with constant
reinforcement 0.5 < cotÚ < 2.0
4.3.3.1 (6) Limits to cotÚ in torsion
calculation 0.5 < cotÚ < 2.0
4.3.4.5.2 (1) Vrd2 2.0 [see also 6.3i) of this
NAD]
4.3.7.5 (101) Fatigue stress range See 6.3c) of this NAD
4.4.2.2.1 (103) Maximum bar spacing 300
4.5.2 (103) Limit to average bearing
stress 0.8fcd
Table 5.1 Minimum diameter of
mandrels See Table 7 of this NAD

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Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values (continued)

Reference in Reference in Reference in Definition UK values
ENV 1992-1-1 ENV 1992-1-3 ENV 1992-2
5.2.4.1.3 (1) Limiting value of the clear
spacing a, above which µ1
may take a value of 1.0 for
compression and 1.4 for
tension 6Ì
Limiting value of b to lapped
bar above which µ1 may take
a value of 1.0 for compression
and 1.4 for tension 2Ì
5.2.5 (3) Extent of bar beyond bend in 4Ì instead of 5Ì
link 8Ì instead of 10Ì
5.4.1.2.2 (4) Factor by which minimum
spacing should be reduced
under defined circumstances 0.67
In item ii), bar size near lap
above which spacing of
transverse steel should be
reduced 20 mm
5.4.3.2.1 (4) Maximum bar spacing in
slab 300 mm
5.4.3.3 (2) Minimum shear as a
percentage of the total for
beams 100 %
6.2.2 (1) Tolerances See 5.5 of this NAD

4 Loading documents
The loading documents to be used are:

ENV 1991-3 for traffic loads;

BD 37/88 for all other loads.

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5 Reference standards
Standards including materials specifications and standards for construction are listed for reference in
Table 2a), Table 2b) and Table 2c) of this NAD.

Table 2a) — References — References in ENV 1992-2 to other publications

Reference in Document referred to Document title or subject area UK document Highways Agency
ENV 1992-2 document
1.1.2 P(104) Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions BS 5400-1 BD 15/92 [1]
on structures BS 5400-2a BD 37/88
1.1.2 P(104) Eurocode 8 Design of structures in
seismic regions — —
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 1-1 Basis of design BS 5400-1 BD 15/92 [1]
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 1-2-1 Actions on structures:
densities, self-weight and
imposed loads BS 5400-2a BD 37/88
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 1-2-4 Actions on structures:
wind actions BS 5400-2a BD 37/88
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 1-2-5 Actions on structures:
thermal actions BS 5400-2a BD 37/88
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 2-1-2 Structural fire design — —
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 2-1-4 The use of lightweight
aggregate concrete BS 5400-4 BD 24/92 [2]
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 2-1-6 Plain concrete BS 5400-4 BD 24/92 [2]
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 2-3 Concrete foundations BS 8004 BD 32/88 [3]
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 7-1 Geotechnical design BS 1377 BD 32/88 [3]
BS 8004 BD 30/87 [4]
BS 5930
1.1.2 (105) Eurocode 8-2 Earthquake resistant
design of structures — —
1.4.1 P(104) ENV 1991-1 Basis of design BS 5400-1 BD 15/92 [1]
A107 prEN 10138 Prestressing steel BS 4486 Specification for
BS 5896 Highway Works
A107.1 (103) ENV 1992-3 Types of stay cable — —
A107.4 (107) ISO 161-1, ISO 3607b Specification for high
or other relevant density polyethylene
standards (HDPE) — —
a This has been partially replaced by BS 5400-9.1:1983 and BS 5400-9.2:1983.
b This has now been replaced by ISO 11922-1 and ISO 11922-2.

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Table 2b) — References — References in ENV 1992-1-1 to other publications

Reference in Document referred to Document title or subject area UK document Highways Agency
ENV 1992-1-1 document
1.1.1 P(4) Eurocode 8 Design of structures in
seismic regions — —
1.1.1 P(5) Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions BS 5400-1 BD 15/92 [1]
on structures BS 5400-2a BD 37/88
3.2, 3.3 ENV 10080 and Reinforcing steel BS 4449
and 3.4 relevant standards BS 4482
BS 4483 —
prEN 10138 and Prestressing steel BS 4486
relevant standards BS 5896 —
3.4 Relevant standards Anchorages BS 4447 —
European Approval
Documents
4.1.2.3 (3) ISO/DP 9690 Classification of
ENV 206 environmental conditions
for concrete structures — —
4.2.3.4.1 Relevant standards Relaxation of prestressing BS 4486
steel BS 5896 —
6.3.2.2 Appropriate national Specification of finishes BS 5400-7 Specification for
or international Highway Works
documents
6.3.3.1 P(1) Relevant Euronorms Requirements for BS 4449 Specification for
or CEN, ISO or reinforcing steel BS 4482 Highway Works
national standards, BS 4483
National Building BS 5400-7
Regulations Control
Authority
6.3.3.2 P(3) Appropriate Cutting and bending of BS 4466 Specification for
international or reinforcement Highway Works
national standards
6.3.3.3 P(3) International or Welding of reinforcement BS 7123 BA 40/93 [5]
national standards Specification for
Highway Works
6.3.3.3 P(4) Relevant standards Fatigue requirements for BS 5400-7 BD 9/81 [6],
welding of reinforcement BS 5400-10 BA 40/93 [5]
6.3.3.3 P(5) International or Production and checking of BS 7123 BA 40/93
national standards welded connections Specification for
Highway Works
6.3.3.4 (3) Standards or Mechanical connectors BS 5400-4 BD 24/92
approval documents Specification for
Highway Works
a This has been partially replaced by BS 5400-9.1:1983 and BS 5400-9.2:1983.

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Table 2b) — References — References in ENV 1992-1-1 to other publications (continued)

Reference in Document referred to Document title or subject area UK document Highways Agency
ENV 1992-1-1 document
6.3.4.1 Relevant Euronorms or Requirements for BS 4486 Specification for
CEN, ISO or national prestressing steel BS 5896 Highway Works
standards, National
Building Regulations
Control Authority
6.3.4.3 Standards or approval Devices for jointing, BS 4447
documents anchorage and coupling of
tendons —
6.3.4.6.2 P(4) EN 447 Types of cement for Concrete
grouting Society
Technical
Report
No. 47 [7] —
7.5 CEC or National Control of design — BD 2/89 [8]
Administrative
Procedures
7.6.5 Relevant technical All other structural — Specification for
documents materials Highway Works

Table 2c) — References — References in ENV 1992-1-3 for precast concrete bridges to other
publications
Reference in Document referred to Document title or subject area UK document Highways Agency
ENV 1992-1-3 document
6.2.1 (104) Relevant CEN product Tolerances of construction BS 5400-7 Specification for
standards and workmanship Highway Works
6.3.5 (101) Relevant CEN product Construction and BS 5400-4 BD 24/92
and other standards workmanship of precast BS 5400-7 Specification for
elements and structures Highway Works

6 Additional recommendations
6.1 Chapter 1. Introduction
a) Clause 1.1.2 P(101)
All references to ENV 1992-1-1 in EC2-2 shall be interpreted as being to ENV 1992-1-1 as qualified by
its UK NAD.
b) Clause 1.1.2 (105)
All references to any ENV shall be interpreted as being to that ENV as qualified by its UK NAD.
6.2 Chapter 3. Material properties
a) Clause 2.5.4.2 (4)
Clause 2.5.4.2 (104) of ENV 1992-1-3:1994 is applicable only to pretensioning.

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6.3 Chapter 4. Section and member design

a) Clause 4.1.3.3 (6)
For the relevant exposure class defined in Table 3 of this NAD, the nominal concrete cover to all
reinforcement including links and stirrups should not be less than the appropriate values given in
Table 4 of this NAD. However, for pretensioned precast units the values in Table 4 of this NAD should
be reduced by 10 mm. Where de-icing agents are used in a region, structures shall be classified as
exposure Class 3 unless it can be guaranteed that the type of de-icing agent to which the structure will
be exposed will have no deleterious effect on the reinforcement. Bridges over non-electrified railways
shall be classified as exposure Class 5b and the nominal cover to reinforcing bars should not be less than
45 mm.
Table 3 — Exposure classes related to environmental conditions
Exposure class Environment Examples

1 Moderate Concrete surfaces above ground Surfaces protected by waterproofing or

level and fully sheltered against by permanent formwork.
all of the following:
— rain; Interior surface of pedestrian subways,
voided superstructures or cellular
— de-icing salts;
abutments.
— sea water spray.

Concrete surfaces permanently Concrete permanently under water.

saturated by water with a
pH > 4.5.
2 Severe 2a Without Concrete surfaces exposed to Wall and structure supports remote
frost driving rain. from the carraigeway.
Concrete surfaces exposed to Bridge deck soffits. Buried parts of
alternative wetting and drying. structures.
2b With frost As 2a but also exposed to As 2a.
freezing and thawing
3 Very severe Concrete surfaces directly Walls and structures within 10 m of
affected by de-icing salts. the carriageway, parapet edge beams
and buried structures less than 1 m
below carriageway level.
4 Extreme 4a Without Concrete surfaces in saturated Concrete adjacent to the sea.
frost salt air.
Concrete surfaces exposed to Marine structures.
abrasive action by sea water.
Concrete surfaces exposed to Parts of structure in contact with
water with a pH k4.5. moorland water.
4b With frost As 4a but also exposed to As 4a above.
freezing and thawing.
5 Aggressivea 5a Concrete surfaces exposed to a Concrete in an aggressive industrial
slightly aggressive chemical atmosphere. Parts of structure in
environment. contact with contaminated ground.
5b Concrete surfaces exposed to a Parts of structure in contact with
moderately aggressive chemical contaminated ground.
environment.
5c Concrete surfaces exposed to a Parts of structure in contact with
highly aggressive chemical contaminated ground.
environment.
a Chemically aggressive environments are classified in ISO/DP9690. The following equivalent exposure conditions may be
assumed:
Exposure class 5a: ISO classification A1G, A1L, A1S;
Exposure class 5b: ISO classification A2G, A2L, A2S;
Exposure class 5c: ISO classification A3G, A3L, A3S.

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Table 4 — Nominal cover requirements for normal weight concretea

Exposure class Location Nominal cover
mm

Concrete grade

C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C40/50

and above
1 3 55 45 40 35
2 2a 2 b 80 80 80
3 b 55 45 40
2b 2 b 80 a 80 80
3 b 55 a 45 40
3 1 b c 85a 85
2 b c 80a 80
3 b c 60a 50
4 4a 1 b b 85 85
2 b b 80 80
3 b b 75 65
4b 1 b b 85a 85
2 b b 80a 80
3 b b 75a 65
5 5a This exposure can occur alone or in combination with
5b the above classes. In selecting an appropriate cover the
5c designer should consider other relevant exposure
classes, such as cement content, type of cement,
water:cement ratio and the use of protective
membranes.
Location: 1 — tendons in slabs where the upper surface is directly exposed to de-icing agents
(i.e. no protective membrane);
2 — cast against an earth face;
3 — other locations.
NOTE For pretensioned precast units the tabulated values may be reduced by 10 mm.
a Air entrained concrete should be specified.
b Concrete grade not permitted.
c Parapet beams only, nominal cover = 70 mm.

b) Clause 4.2.1.3.3 (11)

µ should be taken as 0.85 for both short-term and long-term effects.
c) Clause 4.2.3.5.6
Where a pre-tensioned tendon or group of tendons is enclosed by transverse reinforcement with an area
of at least 1 000 mm2/m ¶b may be taken as 50 % of the appropriate value given in Table 4.7 for all strand
with areas up to 225 mm2.
d) Clause 4.3.2.2 (11)
In addition:
d) in the case of a pile cap, enhancement should be applied only to those portions of the section where
the flexural reinforcement is fully anchored by passing across the head of a pile.

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e) Clause 4.3.2.3 (1)

Equation (4.18)
Replace Equation (4.18) with:
VRd1 = *0.21k (100Ô1 fck)0.33 + 0.15Öcp4 bwd
Change the definitions as follows:
Delete:
ERd
Add:
k = (500/d)0.25)
Ô1 = As1 / bwd k |0.03|
As1 = the area of tension reinforcement extending not less than d beyond the section considered
Other terms are as defined previously.
Delete Table 4.8.
f) Clause 4.3.2.4.3 (1)
The equation should be replaced as follows:
Equation (4.22):
VRd3 = Vwd + Vcd – 0.4
g) Clause 4.3.2.5 (4)
Delete:
ERd is taken from Table 4.8 in 4.8.2.3
and insert:
ERd is given in the following Table 4.8.
¾c = 1.5 for different concrete strengths

fck 12.0 16.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
ERd 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48
h) Clause 4.3.4.1 (9)
Does not apply.
i) Clause 4.3.4.2.1 (1)
Items 1) and 2) should be replaced with:
1) In the case of a rectangular loaded area having a perimeter greater than 11d and/or a ratio of length
to breadth greater than 2.0, the critical perimeter according to Figure 4.17 only should be taken into
account, in the absence of a more detailed analysis.

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j) Clause 4.3.4.2.2 (1)

If a part of a perimeter cannot, physically, extend 1.5d from the boundary of the loaded area, then the
part perimeter shall be taken as far from the loaded areas as is physically possible and the value of VRd1,
given in 4.3.4.5.1 (1), for that part may be increased by a factor 1.5d/x, where x is the distance from the
boundary of the loaded area to the perimeter actually considered.
k) Clause 4.3.4.5.1
Replace Equation (4.56) and the definitions with the following:

VRd1 = *0.21k(100Ô1fck)0.33 + 0.15Öcp4 bwd (4.56)

where
k = (500/d)0.25;
Ô1 = Ô 1x Ô 1y ;
Ô1x Ô1y are ratios in the x and y directions calculated for a width equal to the side dimension of the
column (or loaded area) plus 3d to either side of it (or to slab edge if it is closer);
d = (dx + dy)/2;
dx and dy are the effective depths of the slab at the points of intersection between the design failure
surface and the longitudinal reinforcement, in the x and y direction respectively.
l) Clause 4.3.4.5.1 (2)
The upper limit of 0.015 applies to Ô 1x Ô 1y and not to Ô1.
m) Clause 4.3.4.5.2 (1)
In Equation (4.57), in addition to the limitation on VRd2 given in Table 1 of this NAD the shear stress at
the perimeter of the coloumn should not exceed 0.9 f ck .

Equation (4.58) is applicable where VRd3 k 1.6VRd1.

Where 1.6VRd1< VRd3 k 2.0VRd1, Equation (4.58a) should be used:

VRd3 = 1.4VRd1 + ( 0.3 å A sw f ya sin µ ) / u (4.58a)

n) Clause 4.3.5.3.5 P(101)

The effective height, lo, of a column may be determined using Table 5 of this NAD where lcol is the clear
height between end restraints.
The values given in Table 5 are based on the following assumptions:
a) rotational restraint is at least 4EcmIcol/lcol for cases 1, 2 and 4 to 6 and 8EcmIcol/lcol for case 7;
b) lateral and rotational rigidity of elastomeric bearings are zero.
Where a more accurate evaluation of the effective height is required or where the end stiffness values are
less than those values given in a), the effective heights should be derived from first principles.
The accommodation of movements and the method of articulation chosen for the bridge will influence the
degree of restraint developed for columns. These factors should be assessed as accurately as possible
using engineering principles based on elastic theory and taking into account all relevant factors such as
foundation flexibility, type of bearings, articulation system, etc.

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Table 5 — Effective height, lo, for columns

Case Idealized column and buckling mode Restraints Effective height,
lc
Location Position Rotation
Top Full Fulla

1 0.70 lcol
Bottom Full Fulla
l col

Top Full None

2 0.85 lcol
Bottom Full Fulla
l col

Top Full None

3 1.0 lcol
Bottom Full None
l col

Top Nonea Nonea

4 Bottom Full Fulla 1.3 lcol

Elastomeric
l col

bearing

a Assumed value [see 6.3n)].

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Table 5 — Effective height, lo, for columns (continued)

Case Idealized column and buckling mode Restraints Effective height,
lc
Location Position Rotation
Top None None

5 1.4 lcol
Bottom Full Fulla
l col

Top None Fulla

6 1.5 lcol
Bottom Full Fulla
l col

Top None None

7 Bottom Full Fulla 2.3 lcol

l col

or
l col

a Assumed value [see 6.3n)].

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o) Clause 4.3.5.6
Notwithstanding the references to buildings in clause 4.3.5.6, it should be assumed that this clause is
applicable also to bridge structures.
p) Clause 4.3.5.6.4 (4)
When Equation (4.72) is used to calculate the curvature 1/r, then interaction of biaxial bending should
be considered using:
Mx µn My µn
æ -------------
-ö + æ --------------ö k1.0
è M Rdxø è M Rdyø

where

Mx and My are the moments about the major x–x axis and minor y–y axis respectively due to
ultimate loads;
MRdx is the ultimate moment capacity about the major x–x axis assuming an ultimate axial
load capacity, Nud, not less than the value of the ultimate axial load, N;
MRdy is the ultimate moment capacity about the minor y–y axis assuming an ultimate axial
load capacity, Nud, not less than the value of the ultimate axial load, N;
µn = 0.667 + 1.67 N/Nud U1.0 and k2.0.
However, when the curvature is calculated using a non-linear analysis in each of the x and y directions,
µn may be assumed to be 1.0.
q) Clause 4.3.5.7 (2)
The second of Equations (4.77) should be replaced with:
lot <250 b2/d
r) Clause 4.3.7.1 (102)
When applying b) to railway bridges the depth of ballast should not be included in assessing the depth
of earth cover.
In addition to the situations listed in 4.3.7.1 (102), a fatigue verification for road bridges is not generally
necessary for the local effects of wheel loads applied directly to a slab spanning between beams or webs
provided that:
1) the clear span to overall depth ratio of the slab does not exceed 18;
2) the slab acts compositely with its supporting beams or webs;
3) either:
i) the slab also acts compositely with transverse diaphragms; or
ii) the width of the slab perpendicular to its span exceeds three times its clear span.
s) Clause 4.3.7.5 (101)
For road bridges, replace |70|N/mm2 with the appropriate value from Table 6a) and Table 6b) of this
NAD. It is emphasized that the fatigue resistance of welded bars shall be checked using 4.3.7.5 (102).
NOTE Table 6b) need only be applied to those slabs that do not conform to the criteria in 6.3r) of this NAD.

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Table 6a) — Limiting stress ranges (N/mm2) — Longitudinal bending for unwelded reinforcing
bars in road bridges
Span Adjacent spans loaded Alternate spans loaded

Bars k 16 mm Ì Bars > 16 mm Ì Bars k 16 mm Ì Bars > 16 mm Ì

<3.5 150 115 210 160

3.5 to 5 125 95 175 135
5 to 10 110 85 175 135
10 to 20 110 85 140 110
20 to 100 90 70 110 85
100 to 200 115 90 135 105
>200 190 145 200 155

Table 6b) — Limiting stress ranges (N/mm2) — Transverse bending for unwelded reinforcing
bars in road bridges
Span Bars k 16 mm Ì Bars > 16 mm Ì

mm
<3.5 210 160
3.5 to 5 120 90
5 to 10 70 55

t) Clause 4.3.7.5 (105)

In line 1 replace “P(103)” with “P(104)”.
u) Clause 4.3.7.6
It is not necessary to apply 4.3.7.6, if only prestressing steel is present at the section under consideration.
v) Clause 4.3.7.8
In Table 4.117, the values of %BRsk for straight and bent bars of 195 N/mm2 and 180 N/mm2, respectively,
should be reduced to 162 N/mm2 and 150 N/mm2, respectively, for bars with a diameter greater than
16 mm.
Welds in reinforcing steel, including tack welds, should not be used in bridges carrying rail traffic
without prior approval of the relevant authority.
Welds in reinforcing steel should not be used in a deck slab spanning between longitudinal and/or
transverse members and subjected to the effect of concentrated wheel loads in a traffic lane. Lap welding
should not be used to connect reinforcing bars subjected to fatigue loading.
w) Clause 4.4.0.3 (102)
In the case of continuous bridges consisting of precast pretensioned beams with their ends embedded in
in-situ concrete crossheads at the supports, verification criterion B should be adopted for the embedded
lengths of the beams during the construction phase.
x) Clause 4.4.2.1 P(109)
Replace the existing clause with the following:
“For design crack width, members prestressed with permanently unbonded tendons without bonded
tendons may be treated as ordinary reinforced concrete members.”
y) Clause 4.4.2.2.1 P(101)
Replace the existing clause with the following:
“For reasons of durability and appearance of the concrete a minimum reinforcement area shall be
provided in reinforced or prestressed bridge structures in order to prevent wide single cracks due to
imposed deformations not considered in the design calculations, self-equilibrating stresses or
distribution of prestress.”
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z) Clause 4.4.2.2.2 (101)

Replace the existing clause with the following:
“The minimum reinforcement area according to Equation (4.19.4) should be placed in sections where,
under the infrequent combination of actions, the concrete stresses are tensile or less than 1 N/mm2
compressive. For box girders and I-beams the web and flanges may be treated separately for this
purpose.”
aa) Clause 4.4.2.2.3 (101)
In the definition of Ôp the words, “within an area of not more than 300 mm around the ordinary
reinforcement” should be deleted.
bb) Clause 4.4.2.2.3 (101)
Replace definitions of Act, Ös, k, Nsd with the following:

Act is the area of the tensile zone immediately prior to cracking of the cross section
web or flange as appropriate taking the tensile strength of concrete as fctm;
Ös is the steel stress in the minimum reinforcement area according to Table 4.120, Ös
may be increased by a factor ½ = (fctm/f*ctm)1/2;
where
f*ctm = 2.5 N/mm2;
and
fctm is the assumed mean tensile strength of concrete, Ös should not exceed kfyk;
and
k is a coefficient which takes account of the effect of secondary crack formation which
leads to a reduction of restraint forces;
k = 1.0 for webs or rectangular sections with h k0.3 m or flanges with widths less than
0.3 m; and
= 0.65 for webs or rectangular sections with h U0.8 m or flanges with widths greater
than 0.8 m, intermediate values may be interpolated;
Nsd is the axial force (compression force negative) at the serviceability limit state acting
on the part of the cross section under consideration. Nsd should be determined
considering characteristic values of prestress and axial forces under quasi-permanent
combinations of actions or the minimum axial force that can co-exist with the bending
moment considered.
In the definition of kc add the following at the end:
If kc k 0, no reinforcing steel is required.
cc) Clause 4.4.2.3 (103)
Replace the existing clause with the following:
“In design cases according to (102) above, the crack width may be considered adequately controlled if
either the bar diameter does not exceed the values given in Table 4.120 or the maximum bar spacing
does not exceed the limit in Table 4.121”.
In these tables, Ös is the stress in the reinforcing steel unless there is prestressing steel alone, in which
case Ös is equal to %Öp.
The steel stress for the application of Tables 4.120 or 4.121 should be calculated under the relevant
combination of actions using Equations (4.198) or (4.199), as appropriate.
dd) Clause 4.4.2.3 (106)
Replace the definition of Ö¾s with the following:
“Ö¾s is steel stress in the reinforcing steel or change of stress in prestresing steel relative to the stress
state at decompression, calculated in the cracked state assuming full bond under the relevant
combination of actions.”

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Add the following at end of definitions of Ìs and Ìp:

“However if there are a variety of sizes, Ì shall be taken as the weighted average size (4As/C;Ì, that
is 4 times total steel area over total steel perimeter).”
ee) Clause 4.4.2.3, Table 4.120
Add at the end of note at bottom “and the bar diameter shall be taken as the equivalent diameter of the
tendon Ìp”.
ff) Clause 4.4.2.3, Tables 4.120
Add “or %Öp” after Ös" in heading to the left-hand column.
gg) Clause 4.4.2.3
Replace the existing Table 4.121 with the following:

Table 4.121 — Maximum bar spacing for high bond bars

Maximum bar spacing (mm)

Steel stress (bending) Pure flexure Pure tension Pre-stressed sections

(reinforced sections) (reinforced sections)
Ös or %Öpp

N/mm2
80 — 300 300
120 — 250 250
160 300 200 200
200 250 150 150
240 200 125 100
280 150 75 50
320 100 — —
360 50 — —

6.4 Chapter 5. Detailing provisions

a) Table 5.1
Table 5.1 should be replaced by Table 7 of this NAD, which gives minimum diameters of mandrels.

Table 7 — Minimum diameters of mandrels

Hooks, bends, loops Bent-up bars or other curved bars
(see Figure 5.2 of ENV 1992-1-1)

Bar diameter Value of minimum concrete cover,

perpendicular to plane of curvature

Ì<20 mm ÌU20 mm >100 mm >50 mm k50 mm

and >7Ì and >3Ì and k3Ì
Minimum diameter of mandrels
for plain bars S 250 4Ì 4Ì 7Ì 8.5Ì 11.4Ì
Minimum diameter of mandrels
for high bond bars S 460 6Ì 8Ì 13Ì 15.7Ì 20.9Ì

b) Clause 5.2.6.3
This clause does not apply to 40 mm diameter bars.
c) Clause 5.4.3.2.3
The additional recommendation in the NAD to EC2-1 is not appropriate when a full analysis (e.g. grillage
or finite element) of a slab has been performed.

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d) Clause 5.4.3.3 (4)

The ENV 1992-1-1:1991 NAD Additional Requirement 6.5f) does not apply.
e) Clause 5.4.8.1 (3)
Replace Equation [5.22] with:
FRdu = Aco µ fcd ( A c1 ¤ A co ) k3.3 µc fcd Aco
where
µ is as defined in ENV 1992-1-1:1991, 4.2.1.3.3 (11).
f) Clause 5.4.9.3.3 (102)
In the case of continuous or integral bridges consisting of precast pretensioned beams designed for
verification criteria B (see 4.4.0.3) with their ends embedded in in situ concrete at the supports, creep
and shrinkage calculations are not required other than for estimating prestress losses provided the
following apply:
1) either:
i) the angle of skew is not greater than 20°; or
ii) the angle of skew is less than 40° and the aspect ratio is not less than 1 where the aspect ratio is
defined as the ratio of skew span to breadth normal to the skew span;
2) the area of longitudinal bottom steel per beam at the supports is not less than the minimum given by
Equation (4.194) with fctm equal to the tensile strength of the interface between precast and in situ
concrete which may be assumed to be 50 % of the tensile strength of the in situ concrete;
3) the area of steel distributed in b) is also not less than:
i) 3 000/s mm2 for interior supports in bridges with three or more spans;
ii) 4 000/s mm2 for the central support of a two span bridge;
iii) 1 500/s mm2 at end supports in integral bridges;
where s is the beam spacing in metres but not less than 1;
4) where the live load analysis is done using uncracked section properties throughout, including for the
reinforced in situ concrete support section, allowance is made in the serviceability analysis of the beams
in sagging for the effect of a 10 % reduction in the support moment due to redistribution.
6.5 Chapter 6. Construction and workmanship
a) Clause 6.2
Tolerances in this clause should be read as dimensional deviations and should be based on those given
in the Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works — Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works,
clauses 1710, 1714, 1715 and 1723.
b) Clause 6.3.3.3
Additional guidance is given in the Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works —
Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works, clause 1717.
6.6 Appendix 106. Damage equivalent stresses for fatigue verification
a) Clause A106.3.1 (103)
The use of the values of Æs,1 given in Table A106.2 should be agreed with the relevant authority.
b) Clause A106.3.2 P(101)
In the definitions of Scd,min.equ and Scd,max,equ, replace Sd with ¾Sd.

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Bibliography
Standards publications
BS 1377 (all parts), Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.
BS 4447:1973 (confirmed December 1990), Specification for the performance of prestressing anchorages for
post-tensioned construction.
BS 4449:1997, Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4466:1989, Specification for scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting of steel reinforcement for
concrete.
BS 4482:1985, Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4483:1998, Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4486:1980, Specification for hot rolled and processed high tensile alloy steel bars for the prestressing of
concrete.
BS 5400-1:1988, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — General statement.
BS 5400-2:1978, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Specification for loads.
[This has been partially replaced by BS 5400-9.1:1983 and BS 5400-9.2:1983.]
BS 5400-7:1978, Specification for materials and workmanship, concrete, reinforcement and prestressing
tendons.
BS 5400-9.1:1983, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Part 9: Bridge bearings —
Section 1: Code of practice for design of bridge bearings.
BS 5400-9.2:1983, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Part 9: Bridge bearings —
Section 2: Specification for materials, manufacture and installation of bridge bearings.
BS 5400-10:1980, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Part 10: Code of practice for fatigue.
BS 5896:1980, Specification for high tensile steel wire strand for the prestressing of concrete.
BS 5930:1999, Code of practice for site investigations.
BS 7123:1989, Specification for metal arc welding of steel for concrete reinforcement.
BS 8004:1986, Code of practice for foundations.
EN 447:1996, Grout for prestressing tendons — Specification for common grout.
prEN 10138 (all parts), Prestressing steel.
ENV 206:1990, Concrete — Performance, production, placing and compliance criteria.
ENV 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures.
ENV 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 1: Basis of design.
ENV 1991-2-1:1995, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-1: Actions on
structures — Densities, self-weight and imposed loads.
ENV 1991-2-4: 1995, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-4: Actions on
structures — Wind actions.
ENV 1991-2-5:1997, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2-5: Actions on
structures — Thermal actions.
ENV 1992-1-2:1995, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-2: General rules — Structural fire
design.
ENV 1992-3:1998, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 3: Concrete foundations.

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ENV 1997-1:1994, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 1: General rules.

ENV 1998 (all parts), Eurocode 8: Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures.
ENV 1998-2:1994 , Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures — Part 2: Bridges.
ENV 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Weldable ribbed reinforcing steel B 500 —
Technical delivery conditions for bars, coils and welded fabric.
ISO 161-1:1996, Thermoplastics pipes for the transport of fluids — Nominal outside diameters and nominal
pressures — Part 1: Metric series.
ISO 3607:1977, Polyethylene (PE) pipes — Tolerances on outside diameter and wall thicknesses.
[This has been replaced by ISO 11922-1 and ISO 11922-2].
ISO 11922-1:1997, Thermoplastics pipes for the conveyance of fluids — Dimensions and tolerances —
Part 1: Metric series.
ISO 11922-2:1997, Thermoplastics pipes for the conveyance of fluids — Dimensions and tolerances —
Part 2: Inch-based series.
ISO/DP 9690, Classification of environmental conditions for concrete structures.

Other documents
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges —
Vol. 1: Highway structures: approval procedures and general design — Section 3: General design —
Part 2: General principles for the design and construction of bridges: use of BS 5400-1:1988.
Publication no. BD 15/92. London: The Stationery Office.
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges — Vol. 1: Highway
structures: approval procedures and general design — Section 3: General design — Part 1: The design of
concrete highway bridges and structures: use of BS 5400-4:1990. Publication no. BD 24/92. London: The
Stationery Office.
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges — Vol. 2: Highway
structures: design (substructures and special structures), materials —Section 1: Substructures —
Piled foundations. Publication no. BD 32/88. London: The Stationery Office.
[4] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges — Vol. 2: Highway
structures: design (substructures and special structures), materials — Section 1: Substructures — Backfilled
retaining walls and bridge abutments. Publication no. BD 30/87. London: The Stationery Office.
[5] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges — Vol.1: Highway
structures approval procedures and general design — Section 3: General design — Part 4: Tack welding of
reinforcing bars. Publication no. BA 40/93. London: The Stationery Office.
[6] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges —
Vol. 1 Highway structures: approval procedures and general design — Section 3: General design —
The use of BS 5400-10:1980 — Code of practice for fatigue and amendment no. 1. Publication no. BD 9/81.
London: The Stationery Office.
[7] CONCRETE SOCIETY. Durable bonded post-tensioned concrete bridges. Technical Report No. 47.
Crowthorne: Concrete Society. 1996.
[8] GREAT BRITAIN. HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design manual for roads and bridges —
Vol. 1: Highway structures — Approval procedures and general design — Section 1: Approval procedures
and general design — Technical approval of highway structures on motorways and other trunk roads —
Part 1: General procedure. Publication no. BD 2/89. London: The Stationery Office.

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