G.R. No. 191525.  December 13, 2017.*

 
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT AND
ECONOMICS (I/AME), petitioner, vs. LITTON AND
COMPANY, INC., respondent.

Mercantile Law; Corporations; Separate Legal Personality; In

general, corporations, whether stock or nonstock, are treated as
separate and distinct legal entities from the natural persons
composing them.—In general, corporations, whether stock or
nonstock, are treated as separate and distinct legal entities from
the natural persons composing them. The privilege of being
considered a distinct and separate entity is confined to legitimate
uses, and is subject to equitable limitations to prevent its being
exercised for fraudulent, unfair or illegal purposes. However, once
equitable limitations are breached using the coverture of the
corporate veil, courts may step in to pierce the same.
Same; Same; Same; Piercing the Veil of Corporate Fiction;
The piercing of the corporate veil is premised on the fact that the
corporation concerned must have been properly served with
summons or properly subjected to the jurisdiction of the court a
quo.—The piercing of the corporate veil is premised on the fact
that the corporation concerned must have been properly served
with summons or properly subjected to the jurisdiction of the
court a quo. Corollary thereto, it cannot be subjected to a writ of
execution meant for another in violation of its right to due
process. There exists, however, an exception to this rule: if it is
shown “by clear and convincing proof that the separate and
distinct personality of the corporation was purposefully employed
to evade a legitimate and binding commitment and perpetuate a
fraud or like wrongdoings.” The resistance of the Court to offend
the right to due process of a corporation that is a nonparty in a
main case, may disintegrate not only when its director, officer,
shareholder, trustee or member is a party to the main case, but
when it finds facts which show that piercing of the corporate veil
is merited.

_______________

*  FIRST DIVISION.
  
 
438

438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

Same; Same; Same; Same; The Supreme Court (SC) did not
put in issue whether the corporation is a nonstock, nonprofit,
nongovernmental corporation in considering the application of the
doctrine of piercing of corporate veil.—In determining the
propriety of applicability of piercing the veil of corporate fiction,
this Court, in a number of cases, did not put in issue whether a
corporation is a stock or nonstock corporation. In Sulo ng Bayan,
Inc. v. Gregorio Araneta, Inc., 72 SCRA 347 (1976), we considered
but ultimately refused to pierce the corporate veil of a nonstock,
nonprofit corporation which sought to institute an action for
reconveyance of real property on behalf of its members. This
Court held that the nonstock corporation had no personality to
institute a class suit on behalf of its members, considering that
the non-stock corporation was not an assignee or transferee of the
real property in question, and did not have an identity that was
one and the same as its members. In another case, this Court did
not put in issue whether the corporation is a non-stock, nonprofit,
nongovernmental corporation in considering the application of the
doctrine of piercing of corporate veil. In Republic of the
Philippines v. Institute for Social Concern, 449 SCRA 512 (2005),
while we did not allow the piercing of the corporate veil, this
Court affirmed the finding of the CA that the Chairman of the
Institute for Social Concern cannot be held jointly and severally
liable with the aforesaid nongovernmental organization (NGO) at
the time the Memorandum of Agreement was entered into with
the Philippine Government. We found no fraud in that case
committed by the Chairman that would have justified the piercing
of the corporate veil of the NGO.
Same; Same; Equitable Owner; Words and Phrases; An
equitable owner is an individual who is a non-shareholder
defendant, who exercises sufficient control or considerable
authority over the corporation to the point of completely
disregarding the corporate form and acting as though its assets
are his or her alone to manage and distribute.—The concept of
equitable ownership, for stock or nonstock corporations, in
piercing of the corporate veil scenarios, may also be considered.
An equitable owner is an individual who is a non-shareholder
defendant, who exercises sufficient control or considerable
authority over the corporation to the point of completely
disregarding the corporate form and acting as though its assets
are his or her alone to manage and distribute.
  
 
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Same; Same; Separate Legal Personality; Piercing the Veil of

Corporate Fiction; The Supreme Court (SC) has considered a
deceased natural person as one and the same with his corporation
to protect the succession rights of his legal heirs to his estate.—The
piercing of the corporate veil may apply to corporations as well as
natural persons involved with corporations. This Court has held
that the “corporate mask may be lifted and the corporate veil may
be pierced when a corporation is just but the alter ego of a person
or of another corporation.” We have considered a deceased natural
person as one and the same with his corporation to protect the
succession rights of his legal heirs to his estate. In Cease v. Court
of Appeals, 93 SCRA 483 (1979), the predecessor-in-interest
organized a close corporation which acquired properties during its
existence. When he died intestate, trouble ensued amongst his
children on whether or not to consider his company one and the
same with his person. The Court agreed with the trial court when
it pierced the corporate veil of the decedent’s corporation. It found
that said corporation was his business conduit and alter ego.
Thus, the acquired properties were actually properties of the
decedent and as such, should be divided among the decedent’s
legitimate children in the partition of his estate.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Outsider Reverse Piercing; Insider
Reverse Piercing; Words and Phrases; Outsider reverse piercing
occurs when a party with a claim against an individual or
corporation attempts to be repaid with assets of a corporation
owned or substantially controlled by the defendant. In contrast, in
insider reverse piercing, the controlling members will attempt to
ignore the corporate fiction in order to take advantage of a benefit
available to the corporation, such as an interest in a lawsuit or
protection of personal assets.—As held in the U.S. Case, C.F.
Trust, Inc., v. First Flight Limited Partnership, “in a traditional
veil-piercing action, a court disregards the existence of the
corporate entity so a claimant can reach the assets of a corporate
insider. In a reverse piercing action, however, the plaintiff seeks
to reach the assets of a corporation to satisfy claims against a
corporate insider.” “Reverse piercing flows in the opposite
direction (of traditional corporate veil-piercing) and makes the
corporation liable for the debt of the shareholders.” It has two (2)
types: outsider reverse piercing and insider reverse piercing.
Outsider reverse piercing occurs when a party with a claim
against an individual or corporation attempts to be repaid with
assets of a

 
 

440

440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

corporation owned or substantially controlled by the

defendant. In contrast, in insider reverse piercing, the controlling
members will attempt to ignore the corporate fiction in order to
take advantage of a benefit available to the corporation, such as
an interest in a lawsuit or protection of personal assets.

PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and

resolution of the Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
   Eddie Tamondong for petitioner.
   Gerardo A. Villaluz for respondent.

SERENO,  CJ.:
 
Before us is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under
Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing the Court of
Appeals’ (CA’s) Decision1 and Resolution2 in C.A.-G.R. S.P.
No. 107727.
The CA affirmed the Judgment3 and Order4 of the
Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila in Special Civil
Action No. 06-115547 reinstating the Order5 of the
Metropolitan Trial Court (MeTC) of Manila in favor of
Litton and Company, Inc. (Litton).
 
The Facts
 
The facts, as culled from the records, are as follows:

_______________

1   Rollo, pp. 44-52; penned by Associate Justice Isaias Dicdican, with

Associate Justices Remedios A. Salazar Fernando and Romeo F. Barza,
concurring; dated 30 October 2009.
2  Id., at pp. 53-54; dated 12 March 2010.
3  Id., at pp. 142-144; penned by Presiding Judge Antonio I. De Castro;
dated 29 October 2008.
4  Id., at pp. 147-148; dated 26 January 2009.
5  Id., at pp. 94-106; penned by Acting Judge Ma. Ruby B. Camarista;
dated 29 October 2004.
  
 
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Atty. Emmanuel T. Santos (Santos), a lessee to two (2)

buildings owned by Litton, owed the latter rental arrears
as well as his share of the payment of realty taxes.6
Consequently, Litton filed a complaint for unlawful
detainer against Santos before the MeTC of Manila. The
MeTC ruled in Litton’s favor and ordered Santos to vacate
A.I.D. Building and Litton Apartments and to pay various
sums of money representing unpaid arrears, realty taxes,
penalty, and attorney’s fees.7
It appears however that the judgment was not executed.
Litton subsequently filed an action for revival of judgment,
which was granted by the RTC.8 Santos then appealed the
RTC’s decision to the CA, which nevertheless affirmed the
RTC.9 The said CA’s decision became final and executory
on 22 March 1994.10
On 11 November 1996, the sheriff of the MeTC of Manila
levied on a piece of real property covered by Transfer
Certificate of Title (TCT) No. 187565 and registered in the
name of International Academy of Management and
Economics Incorporated (I/AME), in order to execute the
judgment against Santos.11 The annotations on TCT No.
187565 indicated that such was “only up to the extent of the
share of Emmanuel T. Santos.”12
I/AME filed with MeTC a “Motion to Lift or Remove
Annotations Inscribed in TCT No. 187565 of the Register of
Deeds of Makati City.”13 I/AME claimed that it has a
separate and

_______________

 
6   Id., at p. 78.
7   Id., at pp. 73-81; MeTC Decision dated 2 March 1983, penned by
Judge Jose B. Herrera.
8   RTC Decision dated 13 September 1989.
9   CA Decision dated 21 February 1994.
10  Id., at pp. 45 and 100.
11  Id., at p. 174.
12  Id., at pp. 82-86.
13  Id., at pp. 87-90, 174.

 
  

442

442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

distinct personality from Santos; hence, its properties

should not be made to answer for the latter’s liabilities. The
motion was denied in an Order dated 29 October 2004.
Upon motion for reconsideration of I/AME, the MeTC
reversed its earlier ruling and ordered the cancellation of
the annotations of levy as well as the writ of execution.
Litton then elevated the case to the RTC, which in turn
reversed the Order granting I/AME’s motion for
reconsideration and reinstated the original Order dated 29
October 2004.
I/AME then filed a petition with the CA to contest the
judgment of the RTC, which was eventually denied by the
appellate court.
 
The CA’s Ruling
 
The CA upheld the Judgment and Order of the RTC and
held that no grave abuse of discretion was committed when
the trial court pierced the corporate veil of I/AME.14
It took note of how Santos had utilized I/AME to
insulate the Makati real property covered by TCT No.
187565 from the execution of the judgment rendered
against him, for the following reasons:
First, the Deed of Absolute Sale dated 31 August 1979
indicated that Santos, being the President, was
representing I/AME as the vendee.15 However, records
show that it was only in 1985 that I/AME was organized as
a juridical entity.16 Obviously, Santos could not have been
President of a non-existent corporation at that time.17

_______________

14  Id., at p. 49.
15  Id., at p. 343.
16  Id., at p. 49.
17  Id., at p. 50.

 
 
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 International Academy of Management and Economics
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Second, the CA noted that the subject real property was
transferred to I/AME during the pendency of the appeal for
the
18
revival of the judgment in the ejectment case in the CA.
Finally, the CA observed that the Register of Deeds of
Makati City issued TCT No. 187565 only on 17 November
1993, fourteen (14) years after the execution of the Deed of
Absolute Sale and more than eight (8) years after I/AME
was incorporated.19
Thus, the CA concluded that Santos merely used I/AME
as a shield to protect his property from the coverage of the
writ of execution; therefore, piercing the veil of corporate
fiction is proper.20
 
The Issues
 
The issues boil down to the alleged denial of due process
when the court pierced the corporate veil of I/AME and its
property was made to answer for the liability of Santos.
 
Our Ruling
 
We deny the petition.
 
There was no viola-
tion of due process
against I/AME
 
Petitioner avers that its right to due process was
violated when it was dragged into the case and its real
property made an object of a writ of execution in a
judgment against Santos. It argues that since it was not
impleaded in the main case, the court a quo never acquired
jurisdiction over it. Indeed,

_______________

18  Id.
19  Id., at pp. 50 and 82.
20  Id., at p. 50.

 
 
444

444 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.
compliance with the recognized modes of acquisition of
jurisdiction cannot be dispensed with even in piercing the
veil of corporation.21
In a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45, only
questions of law shall be entertained. This Court considers
the determination of the existence of any of the
circumstances that would warrant the piercing of the veil
of corporate fiction as a question of fact which ordinarily
cannot be the subject of a petition for review on certiorari
under Rule 45. We will only take cognizance of factual
issues if the findings of the lower court are not supported
by the evidence on record or are based on a
misapprehension of facts.22 Once the CA affirms the factual
findings of the trial court, such findings are deemed final
and conclusive and thus, may not be reviewed on appeal,
unless the judgment of the CA depends on a
misapprehension of facts, which if properly considered,
would justify a different conclusion.23 Such exception
however, is not applicable in this case.
The 29 October 2004 MeTC’s judgment, the RTC’s
judgment, and the CA’s decision are one in accord on the
matters presented before this Court.
In general, corporations, whether stock or nonstock, are
treated as separate and distinct legal entities from the
natural persons composing them. The privilege of being
considered a distinct and separate entity is confined to
legitimate uses, and is subject to equitable limitations to
prevent its being

_______________

21   Pacific Rehouse Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 730 Phil. 25; 719

SCRA 665 (2014), citing Kukan International Corporation v. Reyes, 646
Phil. 210; 631 SCRA 596 (2010).
22  Heirs of Fe Tan Uy v. International Exchange Bank, 703 Phil. 477,
486; 690 SCRA 519, 527 (2013).
23  Lorenzana v. Lelina, G.R. No. 187850, August 17, 2016, 800 SCRA
570, 578-579.

 
 
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exercised for fraudulent, unfair or illegal purposes.24

However, once equitable limitations are breached using the
coverture of the corporate veil, courts may step in to pierce
the same.
       As we held in Lanuza, Jr. v. BF Corporation:25

Piercing the corporate veil is warranted when “[the

separate personality of a corporation] is used as a means to
perpetrate fraud or an illegal act, or as a vehicle for the
evasion of an existing obligation, the circumvention of
statutes, or to confuse legitimate issues.” It is also
warranted in alter ego cases “where a corporation is merely
a farce since it is a mere alter ego or business conduit of a
person, or where the corporation is so organized and
controlled and its affairs are so conducted as to make it
merely an instrumentality, agency, conduit or adjunct of
another corporation.”
When [the] corporate veil is pierced, the corporation and
persons who are normally treated as distinct from the
corporation are treated as one person, such that when the
corporation is adjudged liable, these persons, too, become
liable as if they were the corporation.

 
The piercing of the corporate veil is premised on the fact
that the corporation concerned must have been properly
served with summons or properly subjected to the
jurisdiction of the court a quo. Corollary thereto, it cannot
be subjected to a writ of execution meant for another in
violation of its right to due process.26
There exists, however, an exception to this rule: if it is
shown “by clear and convincing proof that the separate and
distinct personality of the corporation was purposefully em-

_______________

24  Republic v. Mega Pacific eSolutions, Inc., G.R. No. 184666, June 27,
2016, 784 SCRA 414, 475-476.
25  G.R. No. 174938, October 1, 2014, 737 SCRA 275, 299.
26  Cf. Kukan.

 
 

446

446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

ployed to evade a legitimate and binding commitment and

perpetuate a fraud or like wrongdoings.”27
The resistance of the Court to offend the right to due
process of a corporation that is a nonparty in a main case,
may disintegrate not only when its director, officer,
shareholder, trustee or member is a party to the main case,
but when it finds facts which show that piercing of the
corporate veil is merited.28
Thus, as the Court has already ruled, a party whose
corporation is vulnerable to piercing of its corporate veil
cannot argue violation of due process.29
In this case, the Court confirms the lower courts’
findings that Santos had an existing obligation based on a
court judgment that he owed monthly rentals and unpaid
realty taxes under a lease contract he entered into as lessee
with the Littons as lessor. He was not able to comply with
this particular obligation, and in fact, refused to comply
therewith.
This Court agrees with the CA that Santos used I/AME
as a means to defeat judicial processes and to evade his
obligation to Litton.30 Thus, even while I/AME was not
impleaded in the main case and yet was so named in a writ
of execution to satisfy a court judgment against Santos, it
is vulnerable to the piercing of its corporate veil. We will
further expound on this matter.

_______________

27  Id., at p. 237; p. 622.

28   See Arcilla v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 89804, October 23 1992,
215 SCRA 120; Violago v. BA Finance Corporation, 581 Phil. 62; 559
SCRA 69 (2008); Republic v. Mega Pacific eSolutions, Inc., supra note 24.
29  Supra note 24 at p. 466.
30  Rollo, p. 51.

 
 
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Piercing the Corporate

Veil may Apply to Non-
stock Corporations
 
Petitioner I/AME argues that the doctrine of piercing
the corporate veil applies only to stock corporations, and
not to nonstock, nonprofit corporations such as I/AME since
there are no stockholders to hold liable in such a situation
but instead only members. Hence, they do not have
investments or shares of stock or assets to answer for
possible liabilities. Thus, no one in a nonstock corporation
can be held liable in case the corporate veil is disregarded
or pierced.31
The CA disagreed. It ruled that since the law does not
make a distinction between a stock and nonstock
corporation, neither should there be a distinction in case
the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate fiction has to
be applied. While I/AME is an educational institution, the
CA further ruled, it still is a registered corporation
conducting its affairs as such.32
This Court agrees with the CA.
In determining the propriety of applicability of piercing
the veil of corporate fiction, this Court, in a number of
cases, did not put in issue whether a corporation is a stock
or nonstock corporation. In Sulo ng Bayan, Inc. v. Gregorio
Araneta, Inc.,33 we considered but ultimately refused to
pierce the corporate veil of a nonstock, nonprofit
corporation which sought to institute an action for
reconveyance of real property on behalf of its members.
This Court held that the nonstock corporation had no
personality to institute a class suit on behalf of its
members, considering that the nonstock corporation was
not an assignee or transferee of the real property in
question, and did not have an identity that was one and the
same as its members.

_______________

31  Id., at pp. 31-32.

32  Id., at p. 51.
33  164 Phil. 349; 72 SCRA 347 (1976).

 
 

448

448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

In another case, this Court did not put in issue whether

the corporation is a nonstock, nonprofit, nongovernmental
corporation in considering the application of the doctrine of
piercing of corporate veil. In Republic of the Philippines v.
Institute for Social Concern,34 while we did not allow the
piercing of the corporate veil, this Court affirmed the
finding of the CA that the Chairman of the Institute for
Social Concern cannot be held jointly and severally liable
with the aforesaid non-governmental organization (NGO)
at the time the Memorandum of Agreement was entered
into with the Philippine Government. We found no fraud in
that case committed by the Chairman that would have
justified the piercing of the corporate veil of the NGO.35
In the United States, from which we have adopted our
law on corporations, nonprofit corporations are not immune
from the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil. Their
courts view piercing of the corporation as an equitable
remedy, which justifies said courts to scrutinize any
organization however organized and in whatever manner it
operates. Moreover, control of ownership does not hinge on
stock ownership.
As held in Barineau v. Barineau:36

_______________

 
34  490 Phil. 379; 449 SCRA 512 (2005).
35   Id., at p. 390; p. 520. Citing Robledo v. National Labor Relations
Commission, 308 Phil. 51, 57; 238 SCRA 52, 57 (1994), the Court in this
case, explained when the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate entity is
used:
                The doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate entity is
used whenever a court finds that the corporate fiction is being
used to defeat public convenience, justify wrong, protect fraud, or
defend crime or to confuse legitimate issues, or that a corporation is the
mere alter ego or business conduit of a person or where the corporation is
so organized and controlled and its affairs are so conducted as to make it
merely an instrumentality, agency, conduit or adjunct of another
corporation. (Emphasis supplied)
36   662 So. 2D 1008, 1009; 1995 Fla. App. LEXIS 12191,2; 20 Fla. L.
Weekly D 2562 (1995).

 
 

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[t]he mere fact that the corporation involved is a nonprofit

corporation does not by itself preclude a court from applying
the equitable remedy of piercing the corporate veil. The
equitable character of the remedy permits a court to look to
the substance of the organization, and its decision is not
controlled by the statutory framework under which the
corporation was formed and operated. While it may appear
to be impossible for a person to exercise ownership control
over a nonstock, not-for-profit corporation, a person can be
held personally liable under the alter ego theory if the
evidence shows that the person controlling the corporation
 did in fact exercise control, even though there was no stock
ownership.

 
In another U.S. case, Public Interest Bounty Hunters v.
Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System,37 the U.S.
Court allowed the piercing of the corporate veil of the
Foundation headed by the plaintiff, in order to avoid
inequitable results. Plaintiff was found to be the sole
trustee, the sole member of the board, and the sole
financial contributor to the Foundation. In the end, the
Court found that the plaintiff used the Foundation to avoid
paying attorney’s fees.
The concept of equitable ownership, for stock or
nonstock corporations, in piercing of the corporate veil
scenarios, may also be considered. An equitable owner is an
individual who is a non-shareholder defendant, who
exercises sufficient control or considerable authority over
the corporation to the point of completely disregarding the
corporate form and acting as though its assets are his or
her alone to manage and distribute.38
Given the foregoing, this Court sees no reason why a
nonstock corporation such as I/AME, may not be
scrutinized for purposes of piercing the corporate veil or
fiction.

_______________

37  548 F. Supp. 157; 1982 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9700.

38   Freeman v. Complex Computing Company, Inc., 119 F. 3d 1044;
1997 U.S. App. LEXIS 21008.

 
 
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Piercing the Corpo-

rate Veil may Apply
to Natural Persons
 
The petitioner also insists that the piercing of the
corporate veil cannot be applied to a natural person — in
this case, Santos — simply because as a human being, he
has no corporate veil shrouding or covering his person.39
a)  When the Corporation is t
he Alter Ego of a Natural
Person
 
As cited in Sulo ng Bayan, Inc. v. Araneta, Inc.,40 “[t]he
doctrine of alter ego is based upon the misuse of a
corporation by an individual for wrongful or inequitable
purposes, and in such case the court merely disregards the
corporate entity and holds the individual responsible for
acts knowingly and intentionally done in the name of the
corporation.” This, Santos has done in this case. Santos
formed I/AME, using the nonstock corporation, to evade
paying his judgment creditor, Litton.
The piercing of the corporate veil may apply to
corporations as well as natural persons involved with
corporations. This Court has held that the “corporate mask
may be lifted and the corporate veil may be pierced when a
corporation is just but the alter ego of a person or of
another corporation.”41

_______________

39  Rollo, p. 30.
40  Sulo ng Bayan, Inc. v. Araneta, Inc., supra note 33 at p. 359; p. 355
(1976), citing Ivy v. Plyler (246 Cal. App. 2d. 678; 54 Cal. Reptr. 894
[1966]).
41   Concept Builders, Inc. v. NLRC, 326 Phil. 955; 257 SCRA 149
(1996); Lim v. Court of Appeals, 380 Phil. 60; 323 SCRA 102 (2000);
Philippine National Bank v. Andrada Electric & Engineering Company,
430 Phil. 882; 381 SCRA 244 (2002); Heirs of the Late Panfilo V. Pajarillo
v. Court of Appeals, 562 Phil. 688; 537 SCRA 96 (2007);

 
 

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We have considered a deceased natural person as one

and the same with his corporation to protect the succession
rights of his legal heirs to his estate. In Cease v. Court of
Appeals,42 the predecessor-in-interest organized a close
corporation which acquired properties during its existence.
When he died intestate, trouble ensued amongst his
children on whether or not to consider his company one and
the same with his person. The Court agreed with the trial
court when it pierced the corporate veil of the decedent’s
corporation. It found that said corporation was his business
conduit and alter ego. Thus, the acquired properties were
actually properties of the decedent and as such, should be
divided among the decedent’s legitimate children in the
partition of his estate.43
In another instance, this Court allowed the piercing of
the corporate veil against another natural person, in
Arcilla v. Court of Appeals.44 The case stemmed from a
complaint for sum of money against Arcilla for his failure
to pay his loan from the private respondent. Arcilla, in his
defense, alleged that the loan was in the name of his family
corporation, CSAR Marine Resources, Inc. He further
argued that the CA erred in holding CSAR Marine
Resources liable to the private respondent since the latter
was not impleaded as a party in the case. This Court
allowed the piercing of the corporate veil and held that
Arcilla used “his capacity as President, x  x  x [as] a
sanctuary for a defense x  x  x to avoid complying with the
liability adjudged against him x  x  x.’’45 We held that his
liability remained attached even if he was impleaded as a
party,

_______________

Rivera v. United Laboratories, Inc., 604 Phil. 184; 586 SCRA 269 (2009);
Kukan International Corporation v. Reyes, supra note 21; Sarona v.
National Labor Relations Commission, 679 Phil. 394; 663 SCRA 394
(2012); Philippine National Bank v. Hydro Resources Contractors Corp
oration, 706 Phil. 297; 693 SCRA 294 (2013).
42  182 Phil. 61; 93 SCRA 483 (1979).
43  Id., at pp. 74-76; pp. 494-495.
44  Arcilla v. Court of Appeals, supra note 28.
45  Id., at p. 128.

 
 
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(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

and not the corporation, to the collection case and even if

he ceased to be corporate president.46 Indeed, even if
Arcilla had ceased to be corporate president, he remained
personally liable for the judgment debt to pay his personal
loan, for we treated him and the corporation as one and the
same. CSAR Marine was deemed his alter ego.
We find similarities with Arcilla and the instant case.
Like Arcilla, Santos: (1) was adjudged liable to pay on a
judgment against him; (2) he became President of a
corporation; (3) he formed a corporation to conceal assets
which were supposed to pay for the judgment against his
favor; (4) the corporation which has Santos as its President,
is being asked by the court to pay on the judgment; and (5)
he may not use as a defense that he is no longer President
of I/AME (although a visit to the website of the school
shows he is the current President).47
This Court agrees with the CA that I/AME is the alter
ego of Santos, and Santos — the natural person — is the
alter ego of I/AME. Santos falsely represented himself as
President of I/AME in the Deed of Absolute Sale when he
bought the Makati real property, at a time when I/AME
had not yet existed. Uncontroverted facts in this case also
reveal the findings of MeTC showing Santos and I/AME as
being one and the same person:

(1)  Santos is the conceptualizer and implementor of

I/AME;
(2)  Santos’ contribution is P1,200,000.00 (One Million Two
Hundred Thousand Pesos) out of the P1,500,000.00 (One
Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos), making him the
majority contributor of I/AME; and

_______________

46  Id., at p. 129.
47<www.iame.edu.ph/about-iame/faculty.html>, visited 12 October
2016.

 
 
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(3)  The building being occupied by I/AME is named after

Santos using his known nickname (to date it is called, the
“Noli Santos International Tower”).48

 
This Court deems I/AME and Santos as alter egos of
each other based on the former’s own admission in its
pleadings before the trial court. In its Answer (to Amended
Petition) with the RTC entitled Litton and Company, Inc. v.
Hon. Hernandez-Calledo, Civil Case No. 06-115547, I/AME
admitted the allegations found in paragraphs 2, 4 and 5 of
the amended petition of Litton, particularly paragraph
number 4 which states:

4.  Respondent, International Academy of

Management and Economics Inc. (hereinafter referred
 to as Respondent I/AME), is a corporation organized and
existing under Philippine laws with address at 1061
Metropolitan Avenue, San Antonio Village, Makati City,
where it may be served with summons and other judicial
processes. It is the corporate entity used by
Respondent Santos as his alter ego for the purpose of
shielding his assets from the reach of his creditors,
one of which is herein Petitioner.49 (Emphases ours)

 
Hence, I/AME is the alter ego of the natural person,
Santos, which the latter used to evade the execution on the
Makati property, thus frustrating the satisfaction of the
judgment won by Litton.

_______________

48  Rollo, pp. 96-97. Actually, a visit to the website of the school shows
Atty. Emmanuel “Noli” Santos as the founder of the same and its current
President as of the December 2013 posting.
49  Id., at p. 136, referring to p. 116.

 
454

454 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

b)  Reverse Piercing of

the Corporate Veil
 
This Court in Arcilla pierced the corporate veil of CSAR
Marine Resources to satisfy a money judgment against its
erstwhile President, Arcilla.
We borrow from American parlance what is called
reverse piercing or reverse corporate piercing or
piercing the corporate veil “in reverse.”
As held in the U.S. case, C.F. Trust, Inc., v. First Flight
Limited Partnership,50 “in a traditional veil-piercing action,
a court disregards the existence of the corporate entity so a
claimant can reach the assets of a corporate insider. In a
reverse piercing action, however, the plaintiff seeks to
reach the assets of a corporation to satisfy claims against a
corporate insider.”
“Reverse piercing flows in the opposite direction (of
traditional corporate veil-piercing) and makes the
corporation liable for the debt of the shareholders.”51
It has two (2) types: outsider reverse piercing and
insider reverse piercing. Outsider reverse piercing occurs
when a party with a claim against an individual or
corporation attempts to be repaid with assets of a
corporation owned or substantially controlled by the
defendant.52 In contrast, in insider reverse piercing, the
controlling members will attempt to ignore the corporate
fiction in order to take advantage of a benefit available to
the corporation, such as an interest in a lawsuit or
protection of personal assets.53

_______________

50  111 F. Supp. 2D 734; 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13123, 13.

51   Sweeney, Cohn, Stahl & Vaccaro v. Kane, 6 A.D. 3D 72, 75; 773
N.Y.S.2d 420, 423; 2004 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 2499, 7.
52  Richardson, Michael, The Helter Skelter Application of the Reverse
Piercing Doctrine, University of Cincinnati Law Review, Volume 79, Issue
4, Article 9, p. 1605, 17 October 2011.
53  Id.

 
 

455

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International Academy of Management and Economics
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Outsider reverse veil-piercing is applicable in the

instant case. Litton, as judgment creditor, seeks the Court’s
intervention to pierce the corporate veil of I/AME in order
to make its Makati real property answer for a judgment
against Santos, who formerly owned and still substantially
controls I/AME.
In the U.S. case Acree v. McMahan,54 the American
court held that “[o]utsider reverse veil-piercing extends the
traditional veil-piercing doctrine to permit a third-party
creditor to pierce the veil to satisfy the debts of an
individual out of the corporation’s assets.”
The Court has pierced the corporate veil in a reverse
manner in the instances when the scheme was to avoid
corporate assets to be included in the estate of a decedent
as in the Cease case and when the corporation was used to
escape a judgment to pay a debt as in the Arcilla case.
In a 1962 Philippine case, this Court also employed
what we now call reverse piercing of the corporate veil. In
Palacio v. Fely Transportation Co.,55 we found that the
president and general manager of the private respondent
company formed the corporation to evade his subsidiary
civil liability resulting from the conviction of his driver who
ran over the child of the petitioner, causing injuries and
medical expenses. The Court agreed with the plaintiffs that
the president and general manager, and Fely
Transportation, may be regarded as one and the same
person. Thus, even if the president and general manager
was not a party to the case, we reversed the lower court
and declared both him and the private respondent
company, jointly and severally liable to the plaintiffs. Thus,
this Court allowed the outsider-plaintiffs to pierce the
corporate veil of Fely Transportation to run after its
corporate assets

_______________

54   276 Ga. 880; 585 S.E.2d 873; 2003 Ga. LEXIS 629; 2003 Fulton
County D. Rep. 2171, 20 July 2003, citing C.F. Trust v. First Flight, 306
F.3d 126. 134 (III)(A)(4th Cir. 2002).
55  116 Phil. 155; 5 SCRA 1011 (1962).

 
 
456

456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

and pay the subsidiary civil liability of the company’s

president and general manager.
This notwithstanding, the equitable remedy of reverse
corporate piercing or reverse piercing was not meant to
encourage a creditor’s failure to undertake such remedies
that could have otherwise been available, to the detriment
of other creditors.56
Reverse corporate piercing is an equitable remedy which
if utilized cavalierly, may lead to disastrous consequences
for both stock and nonstock corporations. We are aware
that ordinary judgment collection procedures or other legal
remedies are preferred over that which would risk damage
to third parties (for instance, innocent stockholders or
voluntary creditors) with unprotected interests in the
assets of the beleaguered corporation.57
Thus, this Court would recommend the application of
the current 1997 Rules on Civil Procedure on Enforcement
of Judgments. Under the current Rules of Court on Civil
Procedure, when it comes to satisfaction by levy, a
judgment obligor is given the option to immediately choose
which property or part thereof may be levied upon to
satisfy the judgment. If the judgment obligor does not
exercise the option, personal properties, if any, shall be
first levied and then on real properties if the personal
properties are deemed insufficient to answer for the
judgment.58
_______________

56   Allen, Nicholas, Reverse Piercing of the Corporate Veil: A

Straightforward Path to Justice, New York Business Law Journal, Volume
16, Number 1, p. 29, Summer 2012.
57  Richardson, supra note 52 at p. 1616.
58   Rule 39, Section  9.  Execution of judgments for money, how
enforced.—
   x x x
               (b)  Satisfaction by levy.—If the judgment obligor cannot pay
all or part of the obligation in cash, certified bank check or other mode of
payment acceptable to the judgment obligee, the officer shall levy upon
the properties of the judgment obligor of every kind and

 
 

457

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International Academy of Management and Economics
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In the instant case, it may be possible for this Court to

recommend that Litton run after the other properties of
Santos that could satisfy the money judgment — first
personal, then other real properties other than that of the
school. However, if we allow this, we frustrate the decades
— old yet valid MeTC’s judgment which levied on the real
property now titled under the name of the school.
Moreover, this Court will unwittingly condone the action of
Santos in hiding all these years behind the corporate form
to evade paying his obligation under the judgment in the
court a quo. This we cannot countenance without being a
party to the injustice.
Thus, the reverse piercing of the corporate veil of I/AME
to enforce the levy on execution of the Makati real property
where the school now stands is applied.
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the instant
petition is DENIED. The CA’s Decision in C.A.-G.R. S.P.
No. 107727 dated 30 October 2009 and its Resolution on 12
March 2010 are hereby AFFIRMED. The MeTC’s Order
dated 29 October 2004 is hereby REINSTATED.

_______________

nature whatsoever which may be disposed of for value and not otherwise
exempt from execution giving the latter the option to immediately choose
which property or part thereof may be levied upon, sufficient to satisfy the
judgment. If the judgment obligor does not exercise the option, the office
shall first levy on the personal properties, if any, and then on the real
 properties if the personal properties are insufficient to answer for the
judgment.
             The sheriff shall sell only a sufficient portion of the personal or
real property of the judgment obligor which has been levied upon.
             When there is more property of the judgment obligor than is
sufficient to satisfy the judgment and lawful fees, he must sell only so
much of the personal or real property as is sufficient to satisfy the
judgment and lawful fees.
             Real property, stocks, shares, debts, credits, and other personal
property, or any interest in either real or personal property, may be levied
upon in like manner and with like effect as under a writ of attachment. x
x x.

 
 
458

458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

International Academy of Management and Economics
(I/AME)vs. Litton and Company, Inc.

Accordingly, the MeTC of Manila, Branch 2, is hereby

DIRECTED to execute with dispatch the MeTC’s Order
dated 29 October 2004 against Santos.
SO ORDERED.

Leonardo-De Castro, Del Castillo, Jardeleza and Tijam,

JJ., concur.

Petition denied, judgment and resolution affirmed.

Piercing the veil of corporate fiction may only be done

when “the notion of legal entity is used to defeat public
convenience, justify wrong, protect fraud, or defend crime”;
For the separate juridical personality of a corporation to be
disregarded, the wrongdoing must be clearly and
convincingly established — it cannot be presumed. (Uy vs.
Villanueva, 526 SCRA 73 [2007])

 
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