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Lecture 12 - PV Grid Integration

1) NREL conducted case studies on a 5.2 MW PV system interconnected to a distribution circuit serving Colorado State University. 2) The studies showed that high PV penetration can impact voltage regulation and cause more frequent switching of load tap changing transformers to maintain acceptable voltage levels. 3) Large-scale distributed PV deployment may require additional grid support technologies like dynamic reactive power compensation to help mitigate voltage issues, especially on weaker distribution circuits further from substations.

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Burhan Alnovda Azaria
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166 views20 pages

Lecture 12 - PV Grid Integration

1) NREL conducted case studies on a 5.2 MW PV system interconnected to a distribution circuit serving Colorado State University. 2) The studies showed that high PV penetration can impact voltage regulation and cause more frequent switching of load tap changing transformers to maintain acceptable voltage levels. 3) Large-scale distributed PV deployment may require additional grid support technologies like dynamic reactive power compensation to help mitigate voltage issues, especially on weaker distribution circuits further from substations.

Uploaded by

Burhan Alnovda Azaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Renewable Energy

Solar Photovoltaic – PV Grid Integration


Spring Semester 2019

Contact: Dr. Eduard Muljadi

Reference:
* Masters, Gilbert M.. Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems (Wiley - IEEE)
* www.nrel.gov/publications.html
2

Grid Connected
• Grid compliance (local, regional, national levels).
• Small, but collectively is important to supply our
energy need.
• Renewable Energy (RE) Plant is more resilient
than a large conventional power plant:
– Distributed in nature (multiple injection points on different
buses/nodes)
– In some regional grids, collectively RE can supply large portion of
local energy need (Denmark, villages in AK, islands in HI, etc.)
– Response to disturbances (line faults) from a conventional plant is
massive and synchronized as compared to distributed RE.
– Most of the DERs (wind, PV, etc.) has inverter grid-interface (fast,
flexible, controllable) – response: non-synchronized, distributed
3

Transmission vs Distribution

Characteristics Transmission Lines Distribution Lines


Distance Long lines (high voltage) Short lines (medium/low voltage)
Reactance (X) High Low
Resistance (R) Low (1%-5%) Low (3%-10%)
X/R ratio (extreme) Large (~10) Small (~1)
P impact on d Dominant Not Dominant
P impact of |Vm| Not dominant Dominant
Challenges Angle Stability Issues Voltage Stability Issues
4
Voltage Regulation

In the context of Transmission Lines


(to exaggerate R ~ 0) |VA| < |VB|

PV is operated at PF=1.0

I jI X d d
+ +

PV VA Low Wind Speed High Wind Speed


VB
- - In the context of Distribution Lines
(to exaggerate X ~ 0) |VA| > |VB|

Low Wind Speed High Wind Speed


5

Present vs Future Power Systems


Characteristics Future PS Changes wrt Present PS
Source of the Power Loads and DER Higher variability
Flow variations
Direction of power flow May change directions Over production of RE
Net Loads Average Lower partially from local sources
Lines efficiency Higher than present Higher than present
Ave. line congestions Lower than present Lower than present
Controller Activities More active Due to voltage regulations
System Kinetic Energy Less conv. Power Plants Less rotating generators
Challenges Less inertia in the system, Requires faster smarter
high load/source excitation, control, role of energy
more active balancing storage (ES)
Opportunities PE, smart control, big data, SiC (faster, higher ratings of
computational, drop in cost V,I,P), control (AI/ML), data:
of ES historical,experience,knowle
dge-base, high Perf. Comp.
6

Short Circuit Current

PV
7

Protection Coordination

CB & Fuse Coordination :


Tf_old
• Distributed Energy
TCB Resources (DER) can
Tf_new
provided a variety of levels
of short circuit current.
• This may impact the short-circuit coordination
between fuses and circuit breakers in the distribution
system.
• In the example to the right, the DER increases
short-circuit current seen by the fuse and is no longer
coordinated with the breaker CB-1 opening
8

NREL Case Studies


• The case studies were performed for PV on distribution
network, but, the methods can be applied to study WTG
behavior and its impacts.
• PV related impacts on distribution network: voltage regulation,
LTC switching patterns, location of PV, stiff vs weak lines,
power export, etc.
• References:
– Michael Coddington, “PV Interconnection, Standards & Codes, High
Penetration Case Study” presentation #1 ([email protected], 303-
275-3822)
– Barry Mather, “Technical Challenges with High Penetration PV Integration,”
presentation #2 ([email protected], 303-275-4378)
– Other reports can be found here: www.nrel.gov/publications
9
NREL Case Studies
Presentation #1
Details of the PV System
• Located at Colorado State University
• 5.2 MWDC PV System 6.6 Miles from Substation
• Installed in 2 Phases (2 MW + 3.2 MW)
• Capacity Penetration of Approximately 57%
• (Instantaneous Penetration can be Much Higher)
10
NREL Case Studies
Details of the Utility Distribution Circuit
25

Interconnection with Xcel Energy


Distribution Voltage 13.2 kV
Peak Load on Feeder 9.1 MW
11

NREL Case Studies


12

NREL Case Studies


Possible Steps to Maintain Voltage Limits
1.Adjust the voltage regulators to stabilize the voltage levels,
and if necessary;
2.The inverters (10 total) will be configured to absorb 100 kVAR
each, and if necessary;
3.The inverter configurations will be changed so they will
absorb 150 kVAR each, and if necessary;
4.Utility will notify the system operator to disconnect part or all
of the PV system and install a power factor controller or
dynamic VAR compensator.
13

NREL Case Studies


What do we learn from here? Presentation #2
Model based PV impact:
• IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder
• PV resource based on NREL one resolution min data
• Load profiles based on load research statistics
• Line regulators have R+jX compensation and
inherent one minute tap change lockouts

Technical impact:
• Voltage regulation along the distribution circuit
• Protection coordination
• Power quality
• Unintentional islanding

PV
14

Acceptable Voltage Range


What do we learn from here? Presentation #2
Model based PV impact:
• IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder
• PV resource based on NREL one resolution min data
• Load profiles based on load research statistics
• Line regulators have R+jX compensation and
inherent one minute tap change lockouts

Technical impact:
• Voltage regulation along the distribution circuit
• Protection coordination
• Power quality
• Unintentional islanding

PV
15

NREL Case Studies


16

NREL Case Studies


17

NREL Case Studies


18

NREL Case Studies


19

NREL Case Studies


20

Conclusions
• RE Plant grid integration for large scale plants is well
established.
• Large scale deployment of PV on distribution network
may have a significant impact on the grid
• Impact of PV on voltage variation
– Larger PV size, probability of overvoltage is more significant
– Larger PV size, higher frequency of changes of LTC
– Weaker grid (farther away from substation), higher frequency of
changes of LTC
– Each location of the LTC is unique and has slightly different
characteristic (although similar trend is shown for different sizes of
PV, impacts vary from site to site).

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