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Polity 01 - Daily Class Notes - (UPSC TITAN 2.0 (English) )

1) A polity refers to the organizational structure of a government, while politics involves the activities and methodology of governing. 2) A constitution establishes the rules and regulations of an organization or state to ensure a rule-based system and bring order out of anarchy. Constitutions can be written or unwritten. 3) The goals of a constitution include establishing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for citizens while also separating powers among branches of government. Constitutions evolve over time to adapt to societal changes.

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154 views5 pages

Polity 01 - Daily Class Notes - (UPSC TITAN 2.0 (English) )

1) A polity refers to the organizational structure of a government, while politics involves the activities and methodology of governing. 2) A constitution establishes the rules and regulations of an organization or state to ensure a rule-based system and bring order out of anarchy. Constitutions can be written or unwritten. 3) The goals of a constitution include establishing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for citizens while also separating powers among branches of government. Constitutions evolve over time to adapt to societal changes.

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aamilchh
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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Indian Polity

Lecture – 01
Introduction of Polity
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Introduction of Polity

Difference Between Polity and Politics:


❖ Polity: It is an organizational structure of the government of a state.
❖ Politics: It is (countable) a methodology and activities associated with running a government, an organization,
or a movement.

What is the Constitution?


❖ The Constitution means to constitute something.
❖ The Constitution can be a set of rules and regulations of an Organisation.
❖ The Constitution is meant to ensure a rule-based system.
❖ The Constitution is a document, which can be in written or unwritten form
➢ Example: India and USA have written constitution, whereas Britain has an unwritten constitution.

❖ Can private institutions have a constitution? Yes


❖ State of nature: It means how we were inhabiting before our country was formed.

Need of Constitution:
❖ The Constitution brings us out of the state of anarchy and lawlessness and makes a rule-based society.
❖ Constitutions are established to ensure coordination, order and a rule-based system. It also helps in the
amicable resolution of issues.

Goals of Constitution:
❖ Aspiration and Goals of Society: Constitution establishes justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for
people.
❖ Separation / Demarcation of Power: It also distributes power among various branches of government. Hence,
we can say that the Constitution ensures that the branches of government should not misuse their powers.

Aspirations and Goals of a society:


❖ Equality: No discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.
➢ Indian Constitution provides the right to equality under articles (14 to 18). This means that
every person who lives under the territory of India has the right to equality before the law.
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❖ Fraternity: Fraternity is a sense of brotherhood and belonging to one's country among its
people. According to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, "Fraternity is the sense of common brotherhood and
sisterhood among all Indians".
❖ Justice: Justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional
terms, giving each person his or her due. Justice is the opposite of arbitrariness. It requires that
where two cases are relevantly alike, they should be treated in the same way. The Indian
constitution provides social, economic and political justice in the preamble.

Evolution of Constitution:
❖ It evolved from the idea of social contract which is based upon the consent system.
❖ Doctrine of the Living Tree: This means that the constitutions also evolve with time, they are organic and
living documents which adapt to the changes of society.
❖ Growth can be evaluated by the people and the judiciary.
➢ If people and the judiciary are happy with the system, then we are basically in the right direction.

Who Rules?

❖ Rule by None:
➢ Anarchy: A state of disorder due to the absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling
systems.
❖ Rule by One:
➢ Monarchy: Monarchy is a power system that appoints a person as head of state for life or until abdication.
➢ Monarchy can be good or bad.
➢ If Monarchy is bad and turns brutal, it is called Dictatorship.
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❖ Rule by Few People:


➢ Oligarchy: Oligarchies are governments in which a collection of individuals rules over a nation.
➢ Junta/Army
❖ Rule of All:
➢ Democracy: Democracy is a form of government that allows the people to choose leadership.
➢ Types of democracy:
✓ Directly (eg. Switzerland)
✓ Indirectly: Representative chosen by the people (eg. America and India)

Aristocracy:
➢ Aristocracy refers to a government form in which a small, elite ruling class (the aristocrats) have
power over those in lower socioeconomic strata.
➢ Aristocracies often connect wealth and ethnicity with both the ability and right to rule.

Political Spectrum:

❖ Rightist Ideology:
➢ They have a similar thought process.
➢ They have a conservative approach
➢ They are orthodox in nature, i.e, they are against any change in the political system.
➢ They are Reactionary in nature.
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❖ Leftist ideology:
➢ They are Pro changers.
➢ They advocate a liberal society.
➢ They pitch for changes in the political system.
➢ They are Radical in nature.

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