Experiment No. 1 ANALOG LINK Aim: To establish analog link using Optical Fiber. Objectives: i)To get familiar with Optical fiber trainer kits. ii)To observe transmission & reception of analog signals through OF. iil) To measure analog bandwidth of OFC li Equipments/Components: kit 1 and kit 2, CRO, Function generator, 1 Meter fiber cable, etc. Circuit/Block Diagram: I O41 >-0 0 AMP |/P AMPO/P Transmitter Input: Optical Receive BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR SETTING UP AN ANALOG LINK Theory: Fiber Optic Link can be used for transmission of analog as well as digital signals. Basically fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter module take the input signal in electrical form and then transform it into optical (light) energy containing thesame information. The optical fiber is a medium which carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter. Transmitter: Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver & optical source. The buffer electronics provided both an electrical connection & isolation between the transmitter & the electrical system supplying the data. The driver electronics provides electrical power to the optical source in a fashion that duplicates the pattern of data being fed to the transmitter. Finally to the optical source (LED) converts the electrical current to light energy with the same pattern. The LED SFH4SOV supplied with kit operates outside the visible light spectrum. Its optical output is centered at near infrared wavelength of 950nm. The emission spectrum is broad, so a faint red glow can usually be seen when the LED is on ina dark room. The LED SFH450V used in the kit 1 is coupled to the transistor driver in a common emitter mode. The driver is preceded by the amplifier buffer. The amplifier in this case is a LM741 operational amplifier configured as a voltage follower. Thus LED emits constant intensity of light. When the signal is applied to the amplifier it overrides the DC level at the base of the transistor which cause the Q point of the transistor to oscillate above the midpoint. So the intensity of the LED varies about its previous constant value. This variation in the intensity has linear relation with the input electrical signal. Optical signal is then coupled to optical fiber by means of connector. Receiver: The function of the receiver is to convert the optical energy into electrical form which is then conditioned to reproduce the transmitted electrical signal in its original form. The detector SFH250V used in the kit 2 has a diode type output. The parameters usually considered in the case of detector are its responsively at peak wavelength & response time. SFH2SOV has responsively of about 4yA per 10 UW of incident optical energy at 950nm and it has rise & fall time of 0.01pSec.PIN photodiode is normally reverse biased. When optical signals falls on the diode, reverse current start flow, thus diode acts as closed switch and in the absence of light intensity, it act as an open switch. Since PIN diode usually has low responsively, a trans impedance amplifier is used to convert this reverse current into voltage. This voltage is then amplified with the help of another amplifier circuit. This voltage is the duplication of the transmitted electrical signal. Procedure: 1. Slightly unscrews the cap of IR LED SFH 450v from kit 1. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap and assure that the fiber is properly fixed. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back. 2. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit 1 and kit 2 while connecting this, ensure that the power supply is off.3. Connect the signal generator between the AMP input and GND posts in kit 1 to feed the analog signal to the preamplifier. 4. Keep the signal generator in sign wave mode and the select the frequency of 1KHz with amplitude of 2Vp-p ( Max input level is 4 Vp-p). 5. Switch on the power supply and signal generator. 6. Check the output signal of the pre-amplifier at the post AMP output in kit 1. It should be same as that of the applied input signal. 7. Now rotate the Optical Power Control pot P1 located below power supply connector in kit 1 in anticlockwise direction. This ensures minimum current flow through LED. 8. Short the following posts in kit 1 with links provided. a) -9V and -9V . This ensures supply to the transmitter. b) AMP Output and Transmitter Input. 9. Connect the other end of the fiber to detectorSFH250V in kit 2 very carefully as per the instruction in step 1. 10. Ensure that the jumper located just above IC U1 in kit 2 is shorted to pin 2 and pin 3. Shorting of the jumper allows the connection of PIN diode to trans impedance amplifier stage. 11. Observe the output signal from the detector at DETECTOR output post on CRO by adjusting optical power control pot P1 in kit 1 and you should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal. Note: same output signal is available at post AC output in kit 2 without any DC component. 12. To measure the analog bandwidth of the link, keep the same connection and vary the frequency of the output signal from 100 Hz onwards. Measure the amplitude of the received signal for each frequency reading. 13. Plot a graph of gain v/s frequency .Measure the frequency range for which the response is flat. Observation Table: Input Voltage (V1) = ... Volts Sr.No. | Input Frequency (V1) | Output Frequency (V2) | Gain = [10 log ((v2 /(v1) 1 2 3 4Frequency (Hz) Calculations: Bandwidth = f2— fi Hz Conclusion:Experiment No. 2 VOICE LINK Aim: To establish voice link using optical fiber. Objectives: To observe transmission and reception of voice signals through OF. Equipments/Components: kit 1 and kit 2, CRO, Microphone, Loudspeaker (or Function generator), 1 Meter fiber cable,etc. Circuit/Block Diagram: From PRE Amp. Tg. Op. Transmitter Mic O/P AMP I/P AMP OP Tranamitter/? Audio Output Erm Optical Receiver ANP O/P AMP I/P BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR OPTICAL VOICE LINK Theory: Fiber Optic Link can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically fiber optic link contains three main elements, 2 transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter module take the input signal in electrical form and then transform it into optical (light) energy containing thesame information. The optical fiber is a medium which carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter. The detailed Theory of Fiber optic transmitters and Fiber optic receiver is as explained in Expt. No.-1. Procedure : 1. Connect the dynamic microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked MIC Input in the audio preamplifier section of kit 1. 2. Connector speakers provided with the kit to the socket marked speaker in the audio amplifier section of kit 2. 3. Now in the above experiment of simple analog link, remove the signal generator output from AMP Input post and supply MIC output from MIC Output post in kit 1. 4. Similarly connect output signal of photo detector from post detector output to the post audio output. 5. Adjust optical fiber control post P1 in kit 1 and voice control post P1 in kit 2 to setup fiber optic audio link Result: Conclusion:Experiment No. 3Aim: To study splicing & connecterization. Objective: To know and apply the functioning and working of different splicing & connecterization tools in installation of OFC link. EQUIPMENT Used: splice installation kit, Connector installation kit. Theory: SK-1000 splice installation kit: It is the process of joining two pieces of fiber together o a typical fiber optic link there are usually a number of splice points as it is typically not possible (or practical) to simply “pull” one long continuous fiber. Splice quality is absolutely critical, because each junction point on the link introduce some degree of optical power loss or attenuation. Splicing joins the two fibers together both optically and physically. There are essentially two different techniques that are currently in use, fusion and mechanical splicing. Splice Installation kit sk-1000 contains all the tool and materials required mechanical splicing. The kit consists of following items. The purpose of this kit is to train the students in the technique of splicing. Before starting with the procedure, let us discuss in brief the operation and application of the above tools. OPTOSPLICE: It is a high performance, easy to install U.V. Curve Mechanical splice. The design employs a visible glass reinforced plastic housing. The molded- in- spring grabs the buffer retention, for tuning and curing. After curing the U.V. Adhesive ,it provides a thermal match for a long term stability over a wide temperature range. UV BOND: It is used for joining and mounting fiber during the process of splicing. It cures in seconds when exposed to UV light. UV Lamp: It is used for curing the UV Adhesive. It has been provided with two “V” notched fiber guides. These guides serve as a means of holding the fiber in place as well as to elevate the UV Lamp above the work surface, permitting the fiber optic splice to be positioned within the bezel opening. UV PROTECTIVE GOGGLES: During the process of curing of UV Adhesive, one should make it a point to wear UV protective Goggles. It gives protection to the eyes from UV light. For cleaning the goggles one can wash in mild soap and water, and then rinse in clean water. Do not use ammonia, alkaline cleaners, abrasive cleaning compounds or solvents. No-NIK BUFFER STRIPPER: It is to remove buffer coating from the optical fiber. FIBER OPTIC MICROSCOPE: it is used to observe the tip of fiber. Please follow the following instruction for observing the fiber end(refer fig.) 1. Unfold the battery case so that the light will up.2. To observe the tip of the bare fiber, set the fiber tip to the hood center. If the fiber is ST Connectorised replace the hood with the ST. Adaptor and held the ST Connector in the adaptor. 3. Look into ocular lens and adjust focus, turning the focus adjust knob. BLADE & SCISSERS: They are used to remove the outer jacket and to cut the fibrous (Kevlar) material of the fiber. CK-1000 Connector installation kit: In any fiber optic system, one will always find the need for splices and connectors. Splices are during installation and again during service, if the cables be damaged and fibers become broken. Connectors are invariably used to connect fiber to the terminal equipment. Each splice or connectors gives rise to additional attenuation and the need to minimize such loss requires a careful preparation of the ends of the fibers. Low loss is obtained only if the fiber end faces are clean, smooth and perpendicular to the fiber axis. It is the process of terminating the fiber by a connector. Normally a source and detectors are mounted is a standard bulkhead, into which the fiber link of the system. Which is having the connectors at the end is plugged. Such an arrangement permits individual units and components to be tested separately and replaced if necessary. Many different design of connector have been developed (fig.1). Most use a ferrule for fiber alignment, although some designs use three spheres to center the fiber and a double cone to align the connectors. Connector Installation kit CK 1000 contains all the tools and materials required to terminate glass fiber with ST Connector. The kit consists of following items. FIBER OPTIC STRIPPER: It is designed to remove the outside jacket of the fiber. To use it insert the fiber into the stripping hole of proper diameter. Close the tool and draw fiber through hole exerting steady pressure (refer fig.) DIAMOND PEN SCRIBE: It is use to cut the glass fiber. Hold the diamond pen scribe perpendicularly to the fiber axis and slowly scribe it on the glass fiber without exerting any pressure. FIBER OPTIC MICROSCOPE: It is used to observe the tip of fiber. Please follow the following instruction for observing the fiber end(refer fig.) 1. Unfold the battery case so that the light will up. 2. To observe the tip of the bare fiber, set the fiber tip to the hood center. If the fiber is ST Connectorised replace the hood with the ST Adaptor and held the ST connector in the adaptor. 3. Look into ocular lens and adjust focus, turning the focus adjust knob.ST POLISHING TOOL: It helps to hold the ST Connectorised fiber at 90 while polishing on the lapping sheet. LAPPING SHEET: The Lapping sheet comes with 5, 1 & 0.3 micron fine grain polishing paper. For polishing the fiber, rotate the ST polishing tool in the figure of eight on 5 micron paper and then on 1 micron and 0.3 micron polishing paper. EPOXY: It is used for bonding the fiber inside the connector permanently. It consist of two part. Take equal amount of adhesive from each part on any clean, dry, flat surface. Mix it thoroughly so that the different colored part blend into a smooth uniform color. After applying allow it to cure for 4 hours. Cure may be accelerated by heat such as one hours at 140 F. Note that the mixed material must be used within 30minutes. CRIMP TOOL: After the fiber has been bonded permanently to the connector, the back shell (crimp sleeve) of the connector is crimped using crimped using crimp tool. Select proper cavity diameter of crimp tool while crimping the connector. BLADE & SCISSERS: They are used to remove the outer jacket and to cut the fibrous (Kevlar) material of the fiber. COTTON SWAB AND TISSUE PAPER: They are used for cleaning purpose. For minimizing the loss, one should ensure that no dust particles are adhered to the bare fiber. Wipe the fiber with tissue paper moistened with alcohol to remove the impurities. Conclusion:Experiment No. 4EYE PATTERN MEASURMENT Aim: Assignment on eye pattern measurement. Theory: The eye-pattern technique is a simple but powerful measurement method for assessing the data-handling ability of a digital transmission system. This method has been used extensively for evaluating the performance of wire systems and can also be applied to optical fiber data links. The eye-pattern measurements are made in the time domain and allow the effects of waveform distortion to be shown immediately on an oscilloscope. Fig.-1 shows a basic equipment setup for making eye-pattern measurements. The output from a pseudorandom data pattern generator is applied to the vertical input of an oscilloscope and the data out is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. This result in the type of display pattern is formed; consider the eight possible 3-bit-long NRZ combinations shown in Fig.-2. When these eight patterns are superimposed simultaneously, an eye pattern as shown in Fig.-3 is formed. The basic upper and lower bounds are determined by the logic one and zero levels, shown by be, and bor, respectively. Some key features of this pattern include the following: © The opening (height) and width of the eye The 20-to-80-percent rise and fall times Overshoot on logic ones and zeros Undershoot on a logic zero Jitter in the eye pattern Fig.-1 Basic equipment setup for making eye-diagram measurements.To measure system performance with the eye-pattern technique, a variety of word patterns should be provided. A convenient approach is to generate a random data signal, because this is the characteristic of data streams found in practice. This type of signal generates ones and zeros at a uniform rate but in a random manner. A variety of pseudorandom means that the generated combination or sequence of ones and zeros will eventually repeat but that it is sufficiently random for test purposes. Fig.-2 General configuration of an eye diagram showing definitions of fundamental measurement parameters.Fig.-3 Eight possible 3-bit-long NRZ combinations of pulses that have moderate rise and fall times. A pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) comprises four different 2-bit- long combinations, eight different 3-bit-long combinations, sixteen different 4-bit- long combinations, and so on (i.e. sequences of 2" different N-bit-long combinations), up to a limit set by the instrument. These combinations are randomly selected. The PRBS pattern length is of the form 2"-1, where N is an integer. This choice assures that the pattern-repetition rate is not harmonically related to the data rate. Typical values of N are 7, 10, 15, 20, 23, and 31. After this limit has been reached, the data sequence will repeat. Conclusion: