LECTURE # 2

Properties of Matter
States of Matter
 Solid State:
 Particles in a solid are tightly packed.
 Solid retains a fixed volume and shape.

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 Properties of Matter
States of Matter
 Liquid State:
 Particles in liquid are close together with no regular
arrangement.
 Liquid retains a fixed volume but assumes the
shape of the container which it occupies.

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 Properties of Matter
States of Matter
 Gas State:

 Particles in gas are well separated with no regular

arrangement

 Gas assumes the shape and volume of its container.

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 Properties of Matter
Fluids:

 A fluid is a matter that can flow.

 It has no fixed shape.

 Liquids and gases are called fluids.

 Fluid Mechanics is the study of:

 fluids at rest.

 fluids in motion.

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 Properties of Matter
Density:

Density is defined as the ratio of an object’s mass to the

volume it occupies. Its symbol is rho (ρ):

Units of density are: kg/m3 or g/cm3, where

1 g/cm3 = 103 kg/m3

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 Properties of Matter

Density
Matter
kg / m3 g / cm3

Water (H O) 103 1
2

Mercury (Hg) 13.6 x 103 13.6

Blood 1.05 x 103 1.05

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 Properties of Matter
Units of Volume:

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 Properties of Matter
The following table shows estimation of area and volume for
uniform shapes:

Box Ball Cylinder

Shape
side length = L radius = r height = h radius = r

cross section
L2  r2  r2
area

surface area 6 L2 4  r2 2rh

volume L3 ( 4/3)  r 3  r2 h

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 Properties of Matter
Exercise:

Density of blood = 1.05 g/cm3

1) Find the mass of a blood drop with a diameter of (3 cm)?

2) Calculate the surface area of a cylinder of length (10 cm)

and radius (4.6 cm)?

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 Properties of Matter
Pressure:
 Pressure is the effect of a force acting upon a surface.

 Applied force must be perpendicular to the surface.

 Pressure (p) is a scalar quantity calculated as the force

(F) applied per unit area (A).

The SI unit of pressure, Pascal (Pa), where

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/m.s2
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 Fluids at Rest
Static Fluid Pressure:
 Let’s assume we have a fluid of density (ρ)

in a cylindrical container as shown.

 Pressure exerted by the fluid upon the

bottom of the container can be obtained

 h
as follows: A

F = mg

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 Fluids at Rest
Static Fluid Pressure:

 It is the pressure that a fluid of density (ρ)

exerts on an object submerged to

a depth (h) from the surface of the fluid.

 h
 This is known as the gauge pressure. A

 It is also known as the pressure exerted

by a column of fluid of height (h). F = mg

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 Fluids at Rest
Absolute Pressure:
 It is the total pressure exerted at a point

in a fluid of density (ρ) at a depth (h) from

p0
the surface of the fluid.

 It is obtained by adding pressure at the  h

surface of the fluid (p0) to the pressure

exerted by the fluid column.

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 Fluids at Rest
Absolute Pressure:
 If there is atmosphere above the surface

of the fluid, then (p0) represents

p0
the atmospheric pressure. Its value is:
 h

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 Fluids at Rest
Notes:

 If p > p0 , then pG > o and it is positive.

This is what happens during exhalation.

During exhalation gauge pressure for lungs is positive.

 If p < p0 , then pG < o and it is negative.

This is what happens during inhalation.

During inhalation gauge pressure for lungs is negative.

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 Fluids at Rest
Notes:
 Pressure at two points at the same level in a fluid is equal.

 Pressure at two points at the same depth in a fluid is equal.

 Pressure at two points at the same height in a fluid is not

necessarily equal.

hA hB
A B

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 Fluids at Rest
Units of Pressure:

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 Fluids at Rest
Units of Pressure:

𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐻𝑔

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 Fluids at Rest
Compare values of pressure for the two fluids shown
below?

h = 10 cm
h = 10 mm

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 Fluids at Rest
Example:
 Convert 40 cm H2O to the unit of Torr?
1 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 1 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
40 𝑐𝑚 𝐻2 𝑂 ⟶ ? 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐻𝑔

𝜌ℎ 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝜌ℎ 𝐻𝑔

103 × 40 × 10−2 = 13.6 × 103 ℎ𝐻𝑔

ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 0.0294 𝑚 = 29.4 𝑚𝑚
40 𝑐𝑚 𝐻2 𝑂 = 29.4 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 29.4 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑟
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 Fluids at Rest
Pressure Measurement Instruments :

1) Barometer
 It is used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

 At equilibrium the height of the mercury column

equals 76 cm. P=0

 The value of atmospheric pressure:

h=76 cm
p0
p0 = 76 cm Hg

p0 = 1 atm = 1.013x105 Pa

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 Fluids at Rest
Pressure Measurement Instruments :

2) Manometer
 It is used to measure the guage pressure.

 It is a tube with the shape of the letter U.

 Reference fluid is usually used H2O or Hg.

 Water manometer is used to measure the guage

pressure of the lungs.

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 Fluids at Rest
Pressure Measurement Instruments :

2) Manometer
Pressure of the fluid column is

h is the difference in

levels of fluid in both

sides.

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 Fluids at Rest
Pressure Measurement Instruments :

3) Tonometer
 It is used to measure

the eye pressure.

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 Fluids at Rest
Blood Pressure :
 Average blood pressure at aorta equals 100 mm Hg.

 Systolic level of blood pressure equals 120 mm Hg.

 Diastolic level of blood pressure equals 80 mm Hg.

 Medical manometer is used to measure blood pressure.

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 The normal diastolic level of blood pressure equals:

A) 17.11 kPa B) 13.33 kPa

C) 15.99 kPa D) 10.66 kPa

 The equivalent pressure of (40 Torr) is:

A) 40 mm H2O B) 54.4 cm H2O

C) 40 cm Hg D) 76.5 cm H2O

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 Tonometer is used to measure

A) blood pressure B) atmospheric pressure

C) eye pressure D) temperature

 During exhalation the gauge pressure for the lungs is

A) equal to atmospheric pressure

B) equal to zero C) negative D) positive

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 If you blow in a water manometer, and the difference in
levels of water in both sides is (47.5 cm), then the gauge
pressure of your lungs is

A) 47.5 Pa B) 47.5 cm H2O

C) 47.5 cm Hg D) None

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 The following statements are all correct except that:

A) Fluids can flow

B) Fluids have no fixed shape

C) Liquids and gases are fluids

D) All fluids have fixed volumes

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 One of the following is not a unit of pressure:

A) µ Hg B) Kg / m s2

C) k Pa D) m H2O

 One of the following is not a unit of pressure:

A) µ m Hg B) Kg / m s2

C) k Pa D) H2O

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 Which of the following is not a unit of pressure:

A) µ Hg B) Kg / m s2

C) k Pa D) H2O

 Which of the following is not a unit of pressure:

A) µm Hg B) Kg / m s2

C) k Pa D) m H2O

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 Fluids at Rest
Exercise:
 Calculate the height of water column that exerts a
pressure of (3.7 k Pa)?

 What is the force exerted by the heart of a healthy person

to pump blood into the aorta with a diameter of (3 cm)?

 Convert the atmospheric pressure (0.97 bar) to the

following units:

a) Pa b) dyne/cm2 c) Torr

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