Bridge Watch Keeping

FOLR 34

LO 2

Bridge
Watch
KeepingProcedures&Communicati
ons
LO2 Bridge Watch keeping
learning Objectives LESSON 2
Have a knowledge and understanding of the flowing
1 National and International regulations andprocedures.

2 The role of the Bridge ProceduresGuide.

3 Communications between bridge and engine roompersonnel.

4 Knowledge/SkillsRequired

5 Procedures for maintaining an effectivelookout

6 When to call the Master

7 Proper use of electronic navigation equipment checks action in event of failure

8 Precautions required for the protection of the marine environment

9 Effective use of main engine and steering controls

10 Basic principles of Passage Planning

11 M notices relevant to bridge operations

12 Procedures when under pilotage

13, Heavy weather procedures

13 Action on sighting dangerous ice

14 Emergency situations procedures

15 Maintaining a deck watch import

16 Bridge/Engine Room Communications

17 General procedures

18 In event of main engine or steering gear failure

19 Alteration of speed or course

20 Action to take when E.R. alarms activated

21 When to call dutyengineer

22 Preparations when vessel entering or leaving port

 Contents

1. Duties of Officer of the watch

2. Duties of Officer of the Watch info

3. STCW 201 Extracts about Watch keeping Duties

4. Watch keeping Checklists

5. Emergency Checklists
Duties of the officer of the watch (General)LESSON

Master's representative
Under the STCW Code,

1, The OOW is the master's representative and is primarily responsible at all times for
the safe navigation of the ship.

2, For complying with the COLREGS

(international regulations for preventing collisions at sea 1972 published by IMO

the navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea).

3, As the master's representative, the OOW is in charge of the bridge and therefore in
charge of the bridge team (Master, OOW, Helms men, Lookout men, the team will
emphasize decision making based up on condition related to work load and( potential
may be possible ) threat to vessel. for that watch, until properly relieved.

4, In compliance with shipboard operational procedures and (master’s standing orders

followed by OOW at all times duly signed by every officer when ship at sea, port, and at
anchor.)

5, The OOW should ensure that, bridge watch manning levels are at all times safe for the
prevailing (general) circumstances and conditions.

Primary duties

6, In order to maintain a safe navigational watch, the primary duties of the OOW
will involve watch keeping, navigation.

Monitoringradiocommunications,

7, Marine VHF radio is a worldwide on system of two-way radio transceivers on ships

and water craft used for directional voice communication( by word of mounth) from
ship –ship, ship=to-shore for example harbor master
.
sometime ship- to-aircraft) He should also be vigilant to ensure that all necessary steps
are taken to prevent pollution.

Watch keeping

8, The watch keeping duties of the OOW include maintaining a lookout and general
surveillance(Watch any spy ship or ships and aircraft establish two-way
communication with oil off shore merchant ships, and outside territorial waters)
connected with land or area that belongs to a country) of the ship,

9, collision avoidance in compliance with the COLREGS, recording bridge activities

and making periodic checks on the navigational equipment in use.

10, Procedures for handing over the watch and calling for support on the bridge
should be in place and understood by the OOW

Ships position, charted course made good, speed of the ship, any other deck work in
progress like tank, hold cleaning enclosed space tank entry and any drills are
conducting etc.

 Navigation

11, The navigational duties of the OOW are based upon the need to execute the
passage plan safely, and monitor the progress of the ship against that plan.
12, In carrying out the duties above the OOW should have a complete understanding of
how the ships speed and course keeping systems are operated and be aware of the
vessels.

maneuvering characteristics

13, (maneuvering is an operation during which a vessel enters or exits coastal waters of
a country, crosses several ships on the way, and proceeds towards or departs from a
berth, or jetty of a port, a ship may to maneuvered not only while arriving or departing a
port, but also while crossing canals and traffic zones) and stopping distances

14 . He should not hesitate to use either as required and should bear in mind the
requirement of using sound signaling (a bell, whistle, horn or gong other device having
similar sound) appliances.

LANDFALL

Safety of the ship is main consideration;therefore, landfall should ideally be:

Marked with high power, high elevationlight,Goodradartarget,

 Easilyidentifiable,

Clear of anydangers

Adequate depth ofwater.

If landfall is not sighted v/l should not be running into dangerous waters before another
landfall can be obtained.

If soundings permit the echo sounder can be used to monitor landfall approach or give
warning that v/l is not following plan.

Other considerations include:

Sailing Directionsinformation, Methods of position fixingavailable,
Tides /Current,Visibility / other meteorologicalconditions, Trafficdensity, Equipmentstatus,

Chart availability /scale, Maneuverabilityofv/navigation warnings pertaining toarea.

A contingency plan must be made for procedure to follow if landfall is not made as
predicted.

Criteria for the Frequency of Fixing the Vessel’s Position

by OOW AT SEA 25

Proximity of navigational hazardsand Speed

The closer the danger the more often the position has to be fixed
Maneuvering due to traffic

Executing a turn in confined waters and Tidal streams particularly if the stream
runs across the track

UKC (under keel clearance) Very shallow water

Radio Communications

With the introduction of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
radio communications have now become an important element in the functions of
the OOW
who will be responsible for maintaining a continuous
radio watch at sea.

During distress incidents, one of the qualified radio personnel

should be designated to have primary responsibility for radio communications.
On passenger ships that person can have no other duties during a distress situation.

Pollution prevention

The OOW also needs to be fully conversant (speaking with brief)

with shipboard obligations (responsible) with regard to pollution prevention,
reporting and emergency situations

The OOW should know the location of all the safety equipment on the bridge and
how to operate that equipment.

Additional duties
There may also be a number of additional duties for the OOW to undertake while on
watch. General communications, cargo monitoring,

the monitoring and control of machinery and the supervision and control of ship
safety systems are typical examples.

Additional duties should under no circumstances interfere with the exercise of

primary duties.

Manning the Bridge

The OOW must not leave the bridge unattended. However, in a ship with a separate
chartroom

The OOW may visit that room for short periods of time to carry out necessary
navigational duties after first ensuring that it is safe to do so.

Recording bridge activities

It is important that a proper, formal record of navigational activities and incidents, which
are of importance to safety of navigation, is kept in appropriate logbooks.

Log book entries and recording of information

Paper records from course recorders, echo sounders, NAVTEX receivers etc.
should also be retained at least for the duration of the voyage, suitably date and time
marked if practicable.
 In order to allow the ship's actual track to be reconstructed at a later stage, sufficient
information concerning position, course and speed should be recorded in the bridge
logbook or using approved electronic means
. All positions marked on the navigational charts also need to be retained until the
end of the voyage.

Log entries should be written up as and when they are required or a rough copy kept
and the transferred later.

Periodic checks on navigational equipment

Operational checks
A, Operational checks on navigational equipment should be undertaken when preparing
for sea and prior to portentry.

B, after lengthy ocean passages and before entering restricted coastal waters, it is
important also to check that full engine and steering maneuverability is available.

C, The engine should be tested ahead and astern prior to entering confined waters.

Routine tests and checks BY OOW ON THE

BRIDGE24
1 The OOW should undertake daily tests and checks on the bridge equipment,
including the following:

2 Manual steering should be tested at least once a watch when the automatic pilot is
in use,

3, Gyro and magnetic compass errors should be checked once in a watch, where
possible, and after any major course alteration;

4, compass repeaters should be synchronized, including repeaters mounted off

the bridge, such as in the engine control room and at the emergency
steering position.

Checks on electronic equipment LESSON .23

1, Checks on electronic equipment should both confirm that the piece of
equipment is functioning properly and that it is successfully communicating to any
bridge system to which it is connected.
2, Built-in test facilities provide a useful health check on the functional state of the piece
of equipment and should be used frequently.

3, Electronic equipment systems should be checked to ensure that configuration

settings - important for correct interfacing between pieces of equipment - have
not changed.

4, This is particularly important in the case of integrated bridge systems. ( auto pilot ,
Dual radar ,ARPA ,Gyro Position fixing system ,ECDIS and important navigational
sensors passage , power distribution system steering gear ) Information from such
systems should be verified whenever possible, from alternate sources.

5, The prudent OOW should not forget that his eyes may be better than some navigation
systems and that he should USETHEM.

6, To ensure adequate performance, information from electronic equipment should

always be compared and verified against information from different
independent sources.

7, The frequency of such checks will depend on the current situation but the OOW should
be aware of the need to check radars more frequently under certain conditions.

8, The OOW has a responsibility to ensure that he is thoroughly conversant with the
operation of all electronic equipment installed in the bridge, particularly the limitations
and errors to be expected when using such systems.

Checking orders
1, Good practice also requires the OOW to check that orders are being correctly
followed

2, Rudder angle and engine rpm indicators, for example, provide the OOW with an
immediate check on whether helm and engine movement orders
are being followed.

3, This is particularly important when in pilotage waters (A Maritime pilot is an

experienced and highly skilled sailor who has detailed knowledge of a particular
waterway) orwhenmaneuvering in heavy traffic.
Duties of the Officer of the Watch in Fog
LESSON .22

1, Apart from general standing orders the OOW should keep the following to mind;

2, If the master is not on the bridge and you are thinking of calling him then you should
have already done so!

3, The bridge wing lookout should be briefed regarding any vessels or targets in the
vicinity.

And he should be advised to listen out for any sound signal.

4, It should be stressed (serious important) that the radar may not pick up small targets
and he should be extra vigilant.

5, The wheel should be in hand steering with two steering motors engaged (teli motor
1& 2

.6, frequently crosscheck the helmsman to ensure that, he is maintaining the correct
course.

7, Be aware that the visibility may be changing and that the speed may have to be
reduced further.

8, Position fixing should be more frequent noted in daily log book.

9, The following may be useful to remember,

if the vessel is maneuvering in confined waters, then the position of the vessel should be
fixed

. 10, If the traffic density is excessive (more traffic) then reduce speed to give you more
time between fixes.

11, A continuous radar watch should be set anddeductall targets systematically

Plotted
. Prior to and certainly once in restricted visibility the performance of the radar should
be checked frequently.

12, Switch on Clutter and sea Clutter in RADER for searches (clutter is a switch is used
for found out the un wanted echoes in electronic systems, particularly in reference to
RADAR.)

such echoes are normally returned from ground, sea, rain, animals, and insets and it has
to overcome the interface (existing target ) from sea echo itself.

so that checks should be carried out at regular intervals and Long range scanning should
be done regularly.
.

13, In the fog weather the compass and gyro courses need to be monitored more
frequently.

, This is because it may not be possible to observe the wake (awake).

This is usually the best way to see if the ship is changing course. However, in fog this will
not be visible

. 14, An error in the gyro compass may not be apparent (seems to be real or true but may
not be) but the magnetic compass will show any change of heading straight off.

15, Alterations for traffic should be made as early as possible,andthenyouwould make in

clear visibility.

16, Bold (fearful or brave) alterations will be more apparent (real or true) to other
vessels observing on radar.

17, If two radars are available keep one on true motion and watch the trails of other
vessels for changes in heading, especially when vessel is on reciprocal course

(Reciprocal is a direction opposite another is its reciprocal. Just as south as is 180 from
north, reciprocal direction is360apart,

Example the reciprocal of 021 is (021 +180 =201) from 0 to 179 add

Example the reciprocal of 333 is 153 (333- 180= 153) from 180 to 360 subtract

18, In totally enclosed bridges the sound system should be checked and if necessary
work on deck which makes excessive noise stopped.

19, If navigation in confined waters (very closed sea and near to land area having very
less depth ) during vessel maneuvering, consider putting depth alarm on the echo
sounder.
20, Keep the engineers informed as to the condition of visibility, particularly if you are
going to be maneuvering.

STCW 2010 Extracts Regarding Watch keeping Duties

Fitness for Duty, LESSON 20
1. All persons who are assigned duty as Officer in charge of a watch or as a
2. Rating forming part of a watch shall be provided a minimum of 10 hours of rest in
any 24 hour period.

3. The hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periods, one of which
shall be at least 6 hours in length.

4. The requirements for rest periods laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 need not be
maintained in the case of an emergency or drill or in other overriding operational
conditions.

5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, the minimum period often

hours may be reduced to not less than 6 consecutive hours provided that any such
reduction shall not extend beyond two days and not less than 77 hours of rest are
provided each seven-day period.

6. Administrations shall require that watch schedules be posted where they are
easily accessible.

Watch keeping Arrangements and Principles to be Observed

Part 1 - Certification

1. The Officer in charge of the navigational or deck watch shall be duly qualified in
accordance with the provisions of chapter II, or chapter VII appropriate to the duties
related to navigational or deckWatch keeping.

2. The Officer in charge of the engineering watch shall be duly qualified in

accordance with the provisions of chapter III, or chapter VII appropriate to the
duties related to engineering
Watch keeping.

Watch keeping at Sea lesson

Principles Applying to Watch keeping Generally
 1 , Parties shall direct the attention of companies, masters.

2, Chief Engineer Officers and watch keeping personnel to the following

principles, which shall be observed to ensure that safe watches are
maintained at all times.

3, The Master of every ship is bound to ensure that watch keeping

arrangements are adequate for maintaining a safe navigational watch.

4, Under the master's general direction, the Officers of the navigational

watch are responsible for navigating the ship safely during their periods of
duty.,
when they will be particularly concerned with avoiding collision
anupstanding( honesty )
.
6, The Chief Engineer Officer of every ship is bound, in consultation with the
Master
,
7, To ensure that watch keeping arrangements are adequate(sufficient) to maintain a
safeengineeringwatch Protection of MarineEnvironment

8. The Master, Officers and Ratings shall be aware of the serious effects of
operational or accidental pollution of the marine environment

9. And shall take all possible precautions to prevent such pollution,

particularly within the framework of relevant international and
portregulations.

10. (MORRPOL=( the international convention covering prevention of

pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or
accidental causes)
Watch keeping Under Different Conditions and in Different Areas

Clear Weather

10 ,The Officer in charge of the navigational watch shall take frequent and
accurate compass bearings of approaching
 11, ships as a means of early detection of risk of collision and bear in mind
that such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing
change is evident, particularly when approaching
12 ,A very large ship or a tow or when approaching a ship at close range.
13 ,The Officer in charge of the navigational watch shall also take early and
positive action
in compliance with the applicable International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea,1972 and subsequently check that such actions is having the
desired effect.
14 , In clear weather, whenever possible, the Officer in charge of the
navigational watch shall carry out radarpracticeRestricted Visibility

15 When restricted visibility is encountered or expected,

16, the first responsibility of the Officer in charge of the navigational watch is to
comply with the relevant rules of the International Regulations

17, for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 with particular regard to the sounding
of fog signals, proceeding at a safe speed and having the engines ready for
immediate man oeuvre.
In addition, the Officer in charge of the navigational watchshall:

18, inform theMaster;

 19, post a proper look-out;exhibitnavigationlightsoperate and use
theradar

Watch keeping in Hours of DarknessLESSON .

1, The Master and the Officer in charge of the navigational watch, when arranging look-out
duty,
2, shall have due regard to the bridge equipment and navigational aids available for use,
their limitations; procedures and safeguards implemented.

Coastal and Congested Waters

3, The largest scale chart on board, suitable for the area and corrected with the latest
available information, shall be used.

4, Fixes shall be taken at frequent intervals, and shall be carried out by more than one
method whenever circumstances allow.

5, The Officer in charge of the navigational watch shall positively identify all relevant
navigation marks.

Navigation with Pilot on Board ,LESSON 18

1, Despite the duties and obligations of pilots, their presence on board does not relieve the
Master or Officer in charge of the navigational watch from their duties and obligations for the
safety of the ship.

2, The Master and the pilot shall exchange information regarding navigation procedures,

3, local conditions and the ship's characteristics. The Master and/or the Officer in charge
of the navigational

4, watch shall co-operate closely with the Pilot and maintain an accurate check on the
ship's position andmovement.

5, If in any doubt as to the Pilot's actions or intentions, the Officer in charge of the navigational
watch shall seek clarification from the Pilot

6,And, if doubt still exists, shall notify the Master immediately and take whatever action is
necessary before the Masterarrives.
 Ship at Anchor, Lesson 17

1 Notify the Master and undertake all necessary measures and action ,by OOW if the
ship drags her an anchor;

If the Master considers it necessary, a continuous navigational watch shall be

maintained at anchor WATCH

2. While at anchor, the Officer in charge of the navigational watch shall, determine
and plot the ship's position( two method of position fixing now at open sea, the
primary method is GPS ,AND SECONDARY METHOD IS celestial fix
.
3. fixing a vessels by taking two compass bearing (cross bearing ) to known
points ) on the appropriate (Particular ) chart as soon as practicable;

4. When circumstances permit, check at frequent intervals, whether the ship is

remaining securely at anchor by taking bearings of fixed navigation marks. (two
permanent bearing)

5. Safe water navigation mark which show you how to travel through a channel or enter
a port and how to avoid hazards or readily identifiable shore objects ;)

6. Ensure that proper look-outismaintained( by day ,night, rain and fog weather )

7. Ensure that inspection rounds of the ship are made periodically during anchorage

8. Observe meteorologicalstate of that area.(a atmosphere, and weather and weather

forcosting ,wind speed and tidal conditions and the state of the sea; )

9. Ensure that the state of readiness of the main engines( the ship engine is
ready in every respect ) and other machinery is in accordance with the
Master’s instructions;

10. If visibility deteriorates (very poor), notify the Master if you have a doubt
11. Ensure that the ship exhibits the appropriate lights and shapes (all round white
lights or one black ball that’s depends up on length of vessel ) and that appropriate
sound signals are made in fog weather for nearby your ship , in accordance with all
applicable regulations; .

12. Take measures to protect the environment from pollution by the ship and
comply with applicable pollution regulations.

13. MARPOL international convention for the prevention of the pollution from the
ship – covering prevention of pollution of marine environment by ships from
operational or accidental causes , the marin law is adopted on 2ndnov 1973

Watch keeping in Port

watch keepingesson 16
General
On any ship safely at anchor under normal circumstances in port, the Master shall
arrange for an appropriate and effective watch to be maintained for the purpose of
safety.

Special requirements may be necessary for special types of ships' propulsion systems or
ancillary equipment and for ships carrying hazardous, dangerous, toxic or highly
flammable materials or other special types of cargo.

Watch Arrangements
Arrangements for keeping a deck watch when the ship is in port shall at all times be
adequate to:

Ensure the safety of life, of the ship, the port and the environment

Operation of all machinery related to cargo operation;

Observe international, national and local rules; and

 Maintain order and the normal routine of the ship.

The Master shall decide the composition and duration of the deck -watch depending on
the conditions of mooring, type of the ship and character of duties.

Taking Over the Watch. LESSON 15

Officers in charge of the deck or engineering watch shall not hand over the watch to
their relieving officer if they have any reason to believe that the latter is obviously not
capable of carrying out watch keeping duties effectively,

in which case the Master or Chief Engineer shall be notified accordingly.

Relieving Officers of the deck or engineering watch shall ensure that all members of
their watch are apparently fully capable of performing their duties effectively.

If, at the moment of handing over the deck or engineering watch, an important operation
is being performed it shall be concluded by the Officer being relieved, except when
ordered otherwise by the Master or Chief Engineer Officer.

Prior to taking over the deck watch, the relieving Officer shall be informed of the
following by the Officer in charge of the deck watch as
to:

*Thedepth of thewater attheberth,theship'sdraught,thelevelandtime

ofhighandlowwaters;

*Thesecuringofthemoorings,thearrangementofanchors and the scope of the anchor

chain, and other mooring features important to the safety of the ship

The state of main engines and their availability for emergency use

All work to be performed on board the ship; the nature, amountand

disposition of cargo loaded or remaining, and any residue (some cargo left over)
on board after unloading the ship;

The level of water in bilges and ballasttanks;

  The signals or lights being exhibitedorsounded;

The number of crew members required to be on board and the presence of any
other persons onboard;

The state of fire-fightingappliances;

Any special portregulations;

The Master's standing and specialorders;

The lines of communication available between the ship and shore personnel, including port
authorities, in the event of an emergency arising or assistance beingrequired;

Any other circumstances of importance to the safety of the ship, its crew,cargo or
protection of the environment from pollution;and

the procedures for notifying the appropriate authority of any environmental

pollution resulting from shipactivities.

Relieving Officers, before assuming charge of the deck

watch, shall verify that: = LESSON 14
The securing of moorings and anchor chain inadequate;

the appropriate signals or lights are properly exhibited or sounded;

safety measures and fire protection regulations are being maintained;

theyareawareofthenatrueofany hazardous ordangerofcargo being

loaded or discharged and the appropriate action to be taken in the event of any
spillage or fire;
 no external conditions or circumstances imperil the ship and that it does not
imperil (harmed or injured) others.

PERFORMING DECK WATCH BY OOW AT PORT

LESSON LESSON 13
1. Make rounds to inspect the ship at appropriate intervals;

2. pay particular attention to the following

i. the condition and securing of the gangway, anchor chain

and moorings, especially at the turn of the tide and in berths
with a large rise and fall, if necessary, takingmeasures to
ensure that they are in normal working condition,

i. the draught, under-keel clearance and the general state of

the ship, to avoid dangerous listing or trim during cargo
handling or ballasting,

ii. The weather and sea state,

iii. The observance of all regulations concerning safety and fire

protection,

iv. The water level in bilges and tanks,

v. All persons on board and their location, especially those in

remote or enclosed spaces, and

vi. The exhibition and sounding, where appropriate, of lights

and signals;In bad weather, or on receiving a storm
warning.

take the necessary measures to protect the ship, persons on board and cargoTake every
precaution to prevent pollution of the environment by the ship;
2 In an emergency threatening the safety of the ship, raise the alarm, inform
theMaster, take all possible measures to prevent any damage to the ship,

3 Itscargoandpersonsonboard, and, ifnecessary, request assistance from the shore

authorities or neighboring ships;

4 Be aware of the ship's stability condition so that, in the event of fire, the
shore fire-fighting authority may be advised of the approximate quantity
ofwater that can be pumped on board without endangering the ship;

5 Offer assistance to ships or persons in distress;

6 Take necessary precautions to prevent accidents or damage when

propellers are to be turned; and enter in the appropriate log-book all
important events affecting the ship.
Has the operation of the following equipment been studied
and fully understood?
1 Bridge and deck lighting
2 Emergency arrangements in the event of main power failure
3 Navigation and signal lights
4 Sound signaling apparatus
5 Safety equipment
6 Internal ship communications facilities
7 External communication equipment
8 Alarm systems on bridge
9 Echo sounder
10 Electronic navigational position fixing systems
11 Gyrocompass/repeaters
12 Magnetic compass
13 Off-course alarm
14 Radar including ARPA
15 Speed/distance recorders
16 Engine and bow thrustercontrols
17 Steering gear
18 ECDIS and electronic charts, if fitted
19 Location and operation of ancillary bridge equipment
20 Stowage of chart and hydrographic publications
PREPARATION FOR SEA BY CHIEF OFFICER AND OOW
Lesson ,12

1 Has a passage plan for the intended voyage been

prepared?
(The passage plan or voyage plan is done by ship
bridge team, 2nd officer and Capt.

The team to find the safest and most favorable and

economical route.

This plan covers voyage from berth to berth and

adapted in to the bridge management practices it
should be detailed and easy to understand to other
OOW )

Has the following equipment been checked and found

ready for use

2 Bridge movement book/course and engine movement recorder

(important or any vital information (necessary or important ) is
recorded by hand written or by electronic )

3 ,Echo sounder should be off,

4 And all moving and loose items must secured,

5 Both the Anchors must secured for sea

Electronic navigational position fixing systems should be ready including

satellite navigation system

, Navigation system Radio frequencies to , determine position of known

objects

Gyro/magnetic compass and repeaters, steering wheel

, ECIDS (electronic chart display and information system )
and Radars (radio detection and ranging ) ,

ARPA (automatic radar plotting), required charts must kept on the bridge
must check it ready for use
8, Speed/distance recorder

(Tachometer or Doppler log) must check, (this is bridge equipment on a ship

is used to measure the speed and the distance travelled by a ship from a set
point, by calculating the same

9’ Keep a record of ETA of the ship is adjusted or given to the port authority

Has the following equipment been tested, synchronized and found ready for
use?
Bridge and engine room telegraphs tested on bridge and engine room

10, Communication facilities must be ready

(The ship normally carries and must be available on the bridge

,
Portable VHF,UHF (Ultra high frequency wireless communications that need
to penetrate, through buildings walls or concrete where are easily penetrate )

Marine radio for internal communication and small boat operation, HF / SSB(
single side band short –wave radio equipment ) ,

GMDSS & radio SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

,Radio sets radio telegraph ,wire telephones ,megaphones ( this is horn

shaped to help people to hear better speak ) lights ,semaphore flags and
mores code checked on the bridge .

11, Navigation and signal lights (side lights anchor, NUC lights mast
lights .
12, Sound signaling tested (Air horn ,bell, or whistle )

2 Steering gear testing

13, Window wiper/Clear view screen arrangements (used sweeps water

for the exterior surface of fixed windows .during rain, storms and bad
weather to improve the visibility.

14, Cargo and cargo handling equipment secure

( for Ex= cargo cranes, side shifters, elevators ,belt conveyors etc. , base twist
lock , semi-automatic twist lock used for securing containers on ship )

15 All hull openings secure and watertight doors (they are used in areas
where chances of flooding are high, such as engine room and shaft tunnels
(–a narrow watertight compartment through which the propeller shaft of a
ship passes from the after engine room bulkhead to the stern tube.)

16, Ensure Cargo/passenger details available (General cargo vessels carry

packaged item like ,chemicals ,foods, furniture, machinery, and military
vehicles or footwear, garments etc., and cargo ship that carry all of their
loading truck- size)
17 Ensure Stability and draught information available

Check all crews on board and all shore personnel ashore

18, Are the pilot disembarkation arrangements is done in place

PREPARATION FOR SHIP ARRIVAL IN PORT
LESSON 11

In preparing the passage plan for arrival in port,Pre.-pilot age information

exchange taken place as and when pilot is on board ship

to assist in navigation and maneuvering.

Exchange between the pilot and master, the following

Ship details
Maneuvering details
Propeller details,
Main engine details
Equipment defects
Berth and tug details
Local weather and sea conditions details
Passage plan
Depth of water
Existing traffic
And traffic expected during the course of passage.

1 Has the ETA been sent with all relevant information required by
local regulations (e.g. details of dangerous/hazardous goods carried)

3 Is it necessary to re-arrange cargo/ballast has the following

equipment been prepared and checked?
4 Course and engine movement recorders (A track record of all ships
machinery parameters, performance, maintenance, and malfunctions this
record is used as a referenance.)

5 Clock synchronization should set as for country UTC (universal time

count) every 15 degree of longitude time difference changes 1 hr)
if ship sail to East add 1 hr. ,
if the ship sail to west 1hr reduce

6 Communications with the engine room control room and mooring

stations (a sound powered phone, dial telephone and mission announcement
system)
7 Signaling equipment, including flags/lights
8 Deck lighting during night time

9 Mooring winches and mooring lines, heaving lines , rope stoppers

including rat guard
10 Ensure Pressure on fireman pump.

11 Anchors clear cock bill position , and ready for letting go

12 Stabilizers and log tubes housed if fitted (only in passenger ship)

Has the steering gear been tested, and has manual steering been
engaged before maneuvering commences

13 Have the engines been tested and prepared for maneuvering

14 Has the Pilot Card been completed and the pilot embarkation
Arrangements to be made and stand by to receive in safe condition

A, ETA

B, which side pilot will embark, and Disembark

C ,Has engine room been advised of the time of stand by

D , IMO.IMPA, recommendations

E, Freeboard 9 meter or less ,use the pilot ladder

Lifebuoy with self-igniting light prepared by ladder

F, boarding area clean and free of cargo and no obstructions,

I, Have a deck officer been nominated to meet the pilot

15 Have VHF channels for the various services been noted and a radio
check carried out

16 Has the port been made fully aware of any special berthing
requirements that the ship may have
Pilotage lesson
Pilot is assisting and act as a adviser to the master of the
vessels and as an expert,on related to the local water and
thairnavigation,ensure the saftey of a ships passage the port
waters of victoria licensed pilot.

1,As soon as pilot embarked on board ship on the bridge, should be inform to the pilot
the ship heading, course , speed, engine setting and draught of the ship

2, Has the pilot been informed of the location of lifesaving appliances provided on board
for hisusewitch is near by

3, Have the details of the proposed (plan for consideration) passage plan been discussed
with the pilot and agreed with the master, including, Radio communications and
reporting requirements

4, Bridge watch and crew stand-by arrangements for pilot to recive

5, Deployment and use of tugs

6, Berthing/anchoring arrangements

7, Expected traffic during transit (local transportation of vessels )

8, Pilotchange-over arrangements, if any Fender (popular types of Marin fenders which

will prevent ship side from the wharf) coirfendder, tyrefendder , rubber, cell fender, dock
fender, pneumatic , cone fender and big flatting fender, are requird

9, Has a Pilot Card been handed to the pilot and has the pilot been referred to the
WheelhousePoster

10, Have the responsibilities within the bridge team for the pilot agebeendefined and
are clearly understood

11, Has the language to be used on the bridge between the ship, the pilot and the shore
been agreed

12, Are the progress of the ship and the execution (accepting, and completing) of orders
being monitored by the master or oow

13, Are the engine room and ship’s crew being regularly briefed on the progress of the
ship during thepilotage?
14, Are the correct lights, flags and shapes being displayed?
Passage Plan Appraisal

( is the initial process, during which the risks are identified and
assessed to ensure that the vessel passage plan is safe .)

Have navigational charts been selected from chart catalogue, including large scale charts
for coastal waters

Small scale charts for oceanpassagesPlanningChartsRouting, climatic, pilot and load line
zonechartsHave publications been selected, including
Sailing directions and pilot books Lightlists
RadiosignalsGuides to portentry tide tables and tidal stream atlas

Have all navigation charts and publications been corrected up to date, including The
ordering of new charts/publications, if necessaryNoticestomariner’sLocalarea warnings

NAVAREA navigationawarnings
Have the following been considered Ship’s departure and arrival draughts

Ship’s cargo and any special cargo stowage/carriagerestrictions

If there are any special ship operational requirements for thepassageHavethe flowing
been checked

Planning charts and publications for advice and recommendations on route to betaken

Climatologically information for weather characteristics of the area

Navigation charts and publications for landfall features

Navigation charts and publications for Ships’ Routing Schemes,

ShipReporting Systems and Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)
Has weather routing been considered?

Have the following preparations been made for port arrival

Navigational charts and publications studied for
Ship to Shore Master/Pilot Exchange form prepared PilotCard updated

Port guidesstudiedfor portinformationincludingarrival/berthing directions

Navigation in Coastal Waters

LESSON

What are the 3 types of MAIN navigation

1, Celestrial

2, GPS

3, BY MAP AND COMPASS

Have the following factors been taken into consideration in preparing the passage plan

1 Advice/recommendations in sailing directions (Admiralty sailing direction

provide essential information to support port entry and coastal navigation for all classes
of ships at sea split across 76 volumes coverage includes the world’s main commercial
routes and ports

2 Ship’s draught in relation to available water depths(information on navigational

Hazards, buoyage, pilotage, General notes on countries port facilities, seasonal currents,
ice and climatic conditions.) etc.

2 Effect of ‘squat’(squat is the reduction of a vessels keel clearance, caused by the

relative movement of the surrounding body of water,

3 The hull sinks deeper in to the water at the same time will trim) on under keel
clearance in shallow water
Tides and currents

4 Weather, particularly in areas prone to poor visibility

5 Available navigational aids and their accuracy

6 Position-fixing methods to be used

7 Daylight/night-time passing of dangerpointsshallow water

, more tides, keep away from coastal, not informed to mariner’s notice regarding any
costal accidents, more fishing vessels more traffic, more shore lights on harbor very
difficult to note the navigation lights, and traffic likely to be encountered

8 Any requirements for traffic separation/(separation zone means the traffic lines
in which the vessels are proceeding in opposite directions or separating a traffic lane from
the adjacent sea area or only particular classes proceeding in the same.routingschemes

7 Are local/coastal warning broadcasts beingmonitored (These warnings are

broadcast on NAVTEX, NAVITX station otherwise on safety NET,
8 And broadcast by other means such as VHF, R/T (radio telegraphic) not
covered by the requirements of GMDSS = EPIRB, NAVTEX, SATELLITE, HIGH
FREQUENCY, DSC, SEARCH AND RESCUE locating device.

10 Is participation in area reporting systems recommended including

VTS=(vessel traffic service s) and adjacent shore areas, work sites and off shore
installations from possible adverse effects of maritime traffic).

11 Is the ship’s position (by GPS, Celestial fix, REDAR fix? And by compass bearings
suitable objects by chart,) being fixed at regular intervals?

Has equipment been regularly checked/tested, including (manual steering, auto pilot Gyro
and magnetic compass errors, after any significant course alteration.

12 Manual steering before entering coastal waters if automatic steering has been
engaged for a prolonged period

13 Radar performance and radar heading line marker alignment

15 Echo sounder
16 Is the OOW prepared to use the engines and call a look-out or a helmsman to
thebridge

17 Have measures been taken to protect the environment from pollution by the
ship and to comply with applicable pollution regulations
Navigation in Ocean Waters

A Is keeping a look-out being given duepriority?

B Are all navigational warning broadcasts and other long-range weather reports
being closely monitored

D Are changes to the local weather being monitored and is the barometer
regularly observed

E Is participation in area reporting systems (e.g. AMVER) recommended

F Is ship’s position being fixed at regularly intervals

I Are celestial navigational techniques being practiced

J Are gyro/magnetic compass errors and radar performance being regularly

checked

K Have radar techniques been practiced (in clear visibility)

L Have preparations been made for landfall

M
Have measures been taken to protect the environment from pollution by the ship and to
comply with applicable pollution regulations
Anchoring and Anchor Watch BY OOW
LESSON,10

Has an anchoring plan been prepared taking into account?

1 Speed reduction in ample(suggested) time

2 Direction/strength of wind and current

3 Tidal stream (horizontal flow of water through the oceans) when maneuvering at
low speeds

4 Need for adequate sea room particularly to seaward (towards the sea away from
the land)

5 Depth of water, type of sea bed and the scope (length) of anchor cable required

6 Have the engine room and anchor party been informed of the time of ‘stand-by’
for anchoring

7 Are the anchors, lights, two white lights /shapes, two block boll and sound
signaling apparatus ready for use

8 Has the anchor position of the ship been reported to the port authority
While at anchor, the OOWshould
9 Determine and plot the ship’s position on the appropriate chart as soon as
practicable (a plan to stream line)

10 When circumstances permit, check at sufficient frequent intervals whether

theshipisremainingsecurelyatanchorbytakingbearingsoffixed
navigation marks or readily identifiable shore objects

a. Ensure that proper look-out is maintained

b. Ensure that inspection rounds of the ship are made periodically

13 Observe meteorological and tidal conditions and the state of thesea

14 Notify the master and undertake all necessary measures if the ship drags anchor

15 Ensure that the state of readiness of the main engines and other machinery is in
accordance with the master’s instructions
16 If visibility deteriorates, (very bad condition) notify themaster

17 Ensure that the ship exhibits the appropriate lights and shapes and that
appropriatesoundsignalsaremadeinaccordancewithallapplicable
regulations
18 Take measures to protect the environment from pollution (the physical and
biological components)by the ship and comply with applicable pollution
regulations
Navigation in Restricted Visibility
LESSON,9

Has the following equipment been checked to ensure that it is fully operational?

1 Radar, ARPA or other plotting facilities

2 VHF
3 Fog signaling day and night
4 Navigation lights
5 Echo sounder, if in shallow waters
6 Watertight doors, if fitted

7 Have lookout been posted and is a helmsman on standby for steering

8 Call the master on bridge and engine room been informed, and the engines
put on standby

9 Is the ship ready to reduce speed, stop or turn away from danger

10 If the ship’s position is in doubt, has the possibility an anchoring been

considered
 Navigation in Heavy Weather / Tropical Storm Areas
LESSON 8

1 Have the master, engine room and crew been informed of the conditions and
weather deck is out of bound for all

2 Have all movable objects been secured above and below decks,
particularly in the engine room, galley and storerooms

3 Has the ship’s accommodation been secured and all ports and deadlights closed

4 Have all weather deck openings beensecured

5 Have speed and course been adjusted asnecessary

6 Has the crew been warned to avoid upper deck areas made dangerous by
theweather

8 Have safety lines/hand ropes been rigged where necessary

Have instructions been issued on the following matters

Monitoring weather reports

Transmitting weather reports to the appropriate or, in the case of tropical

storms, danger messages in accordance withSOLAS (safty of life at sea)
(
Action in case of Navigation in Ice
LESSON 25

1 Have the master, engine room and crew been informed of

the ice conditions

2 Have watertight doors been shut, as appropriate

3 Has speed been moderated (slow speed)

4 Has the frequency of sounding tanks and bilges

been increased

Have instructions been issued on the following matters

Keep monitoring ice advisory service broadcasts
Transmitting danger messages in accordance withSOLAS
 Changing Over the Watch BY OOW at sea
LESSON 26

When changing over the w a t c h relieving officers should personally

satisfy themselves regarding the following

1 Standing orders and other special instructions of the master relating to

navigation of the ship

2 Position, course, speed and draught marking of the ship

3 Prevailing and predicted (will happen in future) state of tides, currents,

weather, visibility and the effect of these factors upon course and speed

4 Procedures for the use of main engines to maneuvering

5 When themainenginesareonbridgecontroland explain
thestatusofthewatchkeeping arrangements in the engine room

6 The operational conditional of all navigational and safety equipment being

Used on bridge or likely to be used during thewatch and check and in form the errors of
gyro and magnetic compasses during watch

7 The presence and movements of ships in sightnearby our ship or known to be in

the Vicinity,
8 The conditions and hazards likely to be encountered during the watch

9 The possible effects of heel, trim, water density and squat on under
keelclearance

10 Any urgent and special deck work in progress indicate the location
THE OOW SHOULD NOTIFY CALLING THE MASTER
IMMEDIATELY ON ON BRIDGE AT SEA

LESSON 1

1 If restricted visibility is encountered or expected due to (fog, mist,

falling snow, heavy rain, darkness and dust storms if it’s less than 3 miles,

2 If traffic conditions or the movements of other ships are causing

concern (traffic include current location of the ship , buoys, lights, other
ships ,small boats , tug boat, fishing vessel, light house any land )

Ask the duty engineer to man the engine room in case it

is on unmanned mode
3 If difficulties are experienced in maintaining ship course ( over loaded
cargo,and cargo not evenly loaded , heavy weather,)

4 On failure to sight land, a navigation mark or obtain soundings

by the expected time

5 If, unexpectedly, land or a navigation mark is sighted or a

Change in sounding

6 On breakdown of the engines, propulsion ( 2 stock , 4 stock engine

but ,most of the ships carry 2 stock engine only ,because 2 stock
engine is much better than 4 stock engine )

7 All machinery remote Control, steering gear or any essential

navigational equipment, alarm or indicator

7 If the radio equipment malfunctions VHF, RADIO TELEPHONE ,RADIO

TELEGREPH GMDSS RADAR ,AIS, EPIRB,SART,SATELLITE PHONE, DSC
(digital selective calling) ect
8 In heavy weather, if you have in doubt about the possibility of weather

Damage

9 If the ship meets any hazard to navigation, such as ice or derelict (no
longer used bad condition of any floating item)

10 In any other emergency or if in any doubt

11, in case of piracy illegal act of violence detention or

depreciation through the use of a ship at (Somalia country)
The following violence
1, physical violence
2, sexual violence
3, Behavior with harms or damages
4, Verbal abuse
Note – steeling of money, ship valuable goods
Kidnapping of crews and money
Hijacking of ship
Today pirates armed with automatic weapons such as
assault rifles, and machine guns Grenades and rocket
propelled grenades, use small motor boats to attack and
board ships
How do ships defend against pirates?
With help of ships fire hoses or special anti –piracy fire
hoses often used to fight the pirates, these high pressure
water hoses are extremely powerful and effective to fight
pirates
Action to be carried out in case of MAIN ENGINE OR
STEERINGFAILUR
LESSON 8

1 Inform Master

2 Prepare for anchoring if in shallow water

3 Exhibit Unshaped/lights (2 Red lights one over other where they can
best be seen clearly at RADER MAST at night, and day time 2 block boll)

4 Commence sound signaling

5 Broadcast URGENCY message to ships in the vicinity, if

appropriate In case of a STEERINGFAILURE
6 Inform engine room
7 Engage emergency steering
8 Take way off the ship
9 Prepare engines for maneuvering
10 Make entry in log book

Actions to be carried out in case of ABANDONING SHIP

LESSON 2
1, Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE on the authority of the master

2, Instruct crew members to put on lifejackets, and wear adequate and

warm clothing

3, Instruct crew members to put on immersion suits, if carried, if water

temperature is <16oC

4, Order crew members to lifeboat stations

5, Prepare to launch lifeboats/life rafts
6, Embark all crew in the lifeboats/life raft sand by to launch

7, Ensure lifeboats/life rafts remain in safe proximity to the ship and in

contact with each other

Actions to be carried out in case of FLODING

LESSON 3

1. Sound the general emergency alarm

2. Close watertight doors, if fitted

3. Sound bilges and tanks

4. Identify location of incoming water

 5. Cut off all electrical power running through thearea

6. Shore up area to stem waterflow

7. Check bilge pump foroperation

8. Check auxiliary pumps for back-up operation, asrequired

9. Make ship’s position available to GMDSS station, satellite terminal

and other automatic distress transmitters and update asnecessary

10.Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and

imminent danger and immediate assistance is required otherwise

11.broadcast an URGENCY message to ships in the vicinity

Actions to be carried out in case of SERACH & RESCUE

In case of man over board , or your ship is in distress and bad

weather not under command

1 Take bearing of distress flare, if sighted

2 Re-transmit distress message

3 Maintain continuous listening watch on all distresfrequencies

4 Consult IAMSAR (international Aeronautical and Maritime and

Rescue) manual

5 Establish communications with all other surface units and SAR

aircraft involved in the Re-operation

6 Plot position, courses and speeds of other assisting units

7 Monitor radar for locating survival craft transponder (SART) signal

using 6 or12 nautical mile range scales

8 Post extra look-outs for sighting flares and other pyrotechnic signals
Action to be carried out in case of COLLISION
LESSON 4

1 Sound the general emergency alarm

2 Maneuver the ship so as to minimize effects of collision

3 Close watertight doors and automatic fire doors

4 Switch on deck lighting at night

5 Monitor VHF Channel 16

6 Muster passengers, if carried, at emergency stations

7 Make ship’s position available to GMDSS station, satellite terminal

and other automatic distress transmitters and update as necessary

8 Sound bilges and tanks after collision

9 Check for fire/damage

10 Offer assistance to other ship

11 Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent
danger and immediate assistance is required,

Otherwise broadcast an URGENCY message to ships in the vicinity

Action to be carriedout in case of STRANDING OR GROUNDING

LESSON 5

1 Stop engines to avoid more hull damage

2 Sound general emergency alarm 7 short blast and followed by 1 prolong blast

3 Close watertight doors, if fitted

4 Monitor VHF Channel16

5 Exhibit lights/shapes and make any appropriate soundsignals (2 red lights one
over another and 2 block ball at RADER mast where can best to see)

6 Switch on deck lighting at night, switch on anchor lights forward and aft for day
and night and switch off side lights

7 Check hull for damage

8 Sound bilges and tanks

9 Visually inspect compartments, where possible

10 Sound around ship

11 Determine which way deep water flow

12 Determine the nature of theseabed

13 Obtain information on local currents and tides, particularly details of the rise
and fall of the tide
14, Reduce the draught of theship

15, Make ship’s position available to GMDSS station, satellite terminal and other
automatic distress transmitters and update as necessary

Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent danger
and disarmedifanyassistanceisrequired,otherwisebroadcast URGENCY message
to ships in the vicinity.
Actions to be carried out in case of MAN OVER BOARD
LESSON 6
Note
Reason for man over board any number of reason
they might have been struck by one of the ships boom they have
lost thair footing on deck during any operation or deliberately
jumped over board in a suicide attempt.

1 Release lifebuoy with light and smoke signal on the side the crew member has
fallenoverboard

2 Take immediate avoiding action so as not to run over the manoverboard

3 Sound three prolonged blasts of the ship’s whistle and repeat asnecessary

4 Post a lookout with binoculars and instructions to maintain a continuous watch

on the manoverboard

5 Hoist signal flag‘O’

6 Commence a recoverymaneuver

7 Engage hand steering, if helmsmanavailable

8 Note ship’s position, wind speed and direction andtime

9 Inform master, if not already onbridge

10 Inform engineroom

11 Place engines onstand-by

12 Muster rescue boat’screw

13 Prepare rescue boat for possiblelaunching

14 Distribute portable VHF radios forcommunication

15 Rig pilot ladder/nets to assist in therecovery

16 Make ship’s position available to GMDSSstation

17 Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the person is in grave and

imminent danger and immediate assistance is required, otherwise
broadcast an URGENCY message to ships in the vicinity
Action to be carried out in case of FIRE
LESSON 7

i. Sound the General emergency alarm and followed by Fire alarm counties, ringing
the ship bell or hooter

2 Call master if not already on bridge and notify engine room

3 Muster the crews as soon as possible& Hand over the fire wallet

4 Establish communications

5 Check for missing and injured crewmembers

6 On locating the fire, notify all on board of that location

7 If an engine room fire, prepare for engine failure

8, Assess (estimate) fire anddetermine, the class

offireappropriate extinguishing the agent

9, Appropriate method ofattack

10, How to prevent the spread of thefire?

11 The necessary personnel and fire-fightingmethods

12 Close down ventilation fans, all doors including fire and watertight doors and
skylights

13 Switch on deck lighting atnight

14 Make ship’s position available to GMDSS station, satellite terminal and other
automatic distress transmitters and update asnecessary

15 Broadcast DISTRESS ALERT and MESSAGE if the ship is in grave and imminent
danger and immediate assistance is required, otherwise
broadcast an URGENCY message to ships in the vicinity