S.Y.J.C.

Information Technology (I.T.)

Revision

Database Concepts Using Libre Office Base

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• Base is an open source database management system software.
• Base is designed to allow users to easily create, access, modify and view database.
• Data means all kinds of facts, figures and details related to people, places, things or events.
• Data may be written, oral, computerised or non-computerised.
• Data in it’s original form may not be of much use.
• Information is generated through processing of raw data.
• Information is important for decision making.
• Database is a collection of related data items stored in an organised manner.
• A Database consist of different objects like Table, Query, Form and Report.
• Table is a collection of related data.
• Query is used to retrieve information from database.
• Form is used to collect the information from user.
• Report is used to represent the data in printed form.
• Base also defines rules to validate and manipulate the data.
• Base is a Relational Database Management Software(RDBMS).
• Relational data model is one of the most popular data model.
• Relational data model is very simple to understand and to manipulate.
• By default extension of Base file is '.odb’.
• One particular attribute is called as Column / Field.
• Collection of related Fields is called as Row / Record / Tuple.
• Collection of related Records is called as Table/File.
• Collection of related Tables is called as Database.
• Total Number of attributes / columns is called as Degree.
• Total Number of rows / tuples is called the Cardinality.
• Expected set of values is called as Domain.
 Data Types
Numeric Alphanumeric

With Decimal Point Without Decimal Point Variable Length Fixed Length

NUMERIC TINYINT VARCHAR CHAR

DECIMAL SMALLINT VARCHAR_IGNORECASE
FLOAT INTEGER LONGVARCHAR
REAL BIGINT
DOUBLE

Calendar (Date & Time) Binary Other

DATE BINARY BOOLEAN
TIME VARBINARY OTHER
TIMESTAMP LONGVARBINARY
NUMERIC : Number DATE: Date
DECIMAL : Decimal TIME: Time
FLOAT : Float TIMESTAMP: Date & Time
REAL : Real
DOUBLE : Double BINARY: Fixed Length Binary Data
VARBINARY: Variable Length Binary
TINYINT: Tiny Integer LONGVARBINARY: Image
SMALLINT: Small Integer
INTEGER: Integer BOOLEAN: Yes/No
BIGINT: Big Integer OTHER: Other Object

VARCHAR: Text Variable Length – Case Important

VARCHAR_IGNORECASE: Text Variable Length – Case Not Important
LONGVARCHAR: Memo – Large Block of Text

CHAR: Text Fixed Length

A table can be created by 3 methods:
• (i) In Design View (ii) With Wizard (iii) With Create View

A Query can be created by 3 methods:

• (i) In Design View (ii) With Wizard (iii) With SQL View

A Form can be created by 2 methods:

• (i) In Design View (ii) With Wizard

A Report can be created by 2 methods:

• (i) In Design View (ii) With Wizard

You can run a query by 3 methods:

• (i) Press F5 (ii) Click at Run Query Icon (iii) Click at Edit Tab → Run Query
Keys:
Candidate Key: Any column having unique values. There can be more than one Candidate
Key in a table. Roll_no, Aadhar_No, PAN_No etc.
Primary Key: One of the candidate key. There can be only one primary key in a table.
Composite Primary Key: More than one column are taken together as Primary Key.
Foreign Key: Primary key of other table whose value matches with current column.

3 Types of Relationships
One-To-One (1:1)
One-To-Many (or Many-to-One) (1:M)
Many-To-Many (M:M)
Note: Setting Relation is Must if you are working with two or more related tables.
Relation can be set through Tools Tab or by dragging common field from first
table to second table.
Some Important Points about Primary Key:
1. Creating a primary key is must. If you do not create a primary key then LibreOffice
Base will display a warning pop-up, still if do not create a primary key then it will
not allow you to insert record in the table.
2. Per table there can be only one primary key.
3. Primary key must have unique values. If you try to enter duplicate values in primary
key then you will get an error.
4. Records are automatically arranged in ascending order of primary key once you
close and then reopen the view.
5. If required you can change primary key to another candidate key.
6. Primary key is created by right clicking to the left side of the column while
creating/editing a table structure.
 Computerised Accounting with GST
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 Introduction
• A Computerised Accounting System is an Accounting Information System that
processes the financial transactions and events as per Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles (GAAP) to produce reports as per user requirements.
• Computerised Accounting Systems are based on the concept of database.
• The Computerised Accounting the transaction data is stored in well-organised
database.
• Accounting Software describes a type of application software that records and
processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts
payable, accounts receivable, Journal, General Ledger, Payroll, and Trial Balance.
• It functions as an Accounting Information System.
• Various Reports that can be generated using Accounting Software are as follows:
• Trial Balance, Profit & Loss A/c, Balance Sheet, Day Book, GST Report etc.
 Input (Data) Processing Output
Masters Entries Reports

▪ Ledger ▪ Accounting ▪ Profit & Loss A/C

▪ Group Vouchers ▪ Balance Sheet
▪ Voucher ▪ Inventory ▪ Day Book
▪ Stock Item Vouchers ▪ Trial Balance
▪ Unit of Measure ▪ Invoice ▪ GST Summary
▪ Go-down
Accounting Software Process
1. Creation of Company/Organisation
2. Creation of Ledger giving appropriate groups
3. Selection of Correct Voucher
4. GST Calculation
5. Posting transaction into the Accounting/Inventory Voucher
6. Reports such as B/S, Income & Expenditure, Cash/Bank Flow statement
etc. generated automatically.
7. Printing of Reports.
Voucher Type Used for Recording
Receipt Amounts received by way of cash.
Payment Payments made by cash.
Sales Cash and Credit sale of goods and services.
Cash and credit purchase of raw materials, semi-finished goods
Purchase
and finished goods and services.
Deposits or withdrawals of cash from bank or transfer of funds
Contra
from one bank to another transfer of cash to Pretty Cash.
Rectifying entries or transfer or adjustment entries, purchase of
Journal
fixed assets on credit.
Sales Return / Return of goods by a customer. It is issued when there is reduction
Credit Note in the price charged to a customer.
Purchase Return Return of goods to a supplier. It is issued when there is reduction
/ Debit Note in the price given by a supplier
 GST :
1. GST stands for Goods and Services Tax.
2. France was the first country to implement the GST in 1954, and since then an
estimated 160 countries have adopted this tax system.
3. GST is an Indirect Tax which has replaced many Indirect Taxes in India.
4. In India the GST Act came into effect on 1st July, 2017.
5. The GST replaced existing multiple taxes levied by the central and state
governments.
6. GST is one nation, one tax, one market.

➢ Goods: Means every kind of movable property other than money and securities.
➢ Services: These are the activities provided by other people, who include doctors,
lawn care workers, dentists, barbers, waiters, online servers, consultants, chartered
accountants.
➢ Tax: A compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government.
 GSTIN :
1. GSTIN stands for Goods and Services Tax Identification Number.
2. GSTIN is the registration number allotted to every registered dealer under GST Act.
3. The GSTIN is a 15 digit PAN based registration number.
4. You may register multiple businesses under the same PAN registration, provided they
are all within the same state.
5. Structure of GSTIN is as under

Check
27 AAAAA0000A 2 Z 6 Sum Digit

State PAN No. of Registered By

Code Number Businesses in state Default
 HSN Code :
1. HSN stands for Harmonized System of Nomenclature.
2. It is an internationally accepted coding system.
3. It is developed by World Customs Organisation (WCO).
4. It is developed with the vision of classifying goods all over the world in a
systematic and logical manner.

SAC :
1. SAC stands for Services Accounting Code.
2. It is issued by CBEC(Central Board of Excise and Customs).
3. It is issued to uniformly classify each service under GST.
4. Each service has a unique SAC.
Taxes Under GST:
GST

Intra-State Inter-State
(Within State) (With Other State)

Central GST State GST Integrated GST

(CGST) (SGST) (IGST)
 GST Rates :
The government has proposed a 4-tier tax structure for all goods and services under the
slabs- 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.
There is zero % tax imposed on items such as, milk, sugar, salt, eggs, bread butter milk,
curd, natural honey, fresh fruits and vegetables, jute, fresh meat, fish, chicken, stamps,
judicial papers, printed books, newspapers, bangles, handloom. Etc.

Input Tax :
GST on Inward Supply of goods and services is known as Input Tax. Input tax shall be
specifically named as Input IGST or Input CGST or Input SGST.

Output Tax:
GST on Outward Supply of goods and services is known as Output Tax. The output tax
may be specifically named as Output IGST/Output CGST/Output SGST
Possible Short Answer Questions [2 Marks Each]
1. What are the steps in Process of Accounting Software?
2. Mention any four voucher types along with their use.
3. What is the use of Contra and Journal Voucher in Accounting Software?
4. Short Note on GST.
5. Short note on GSTIN
6. Short note on HSN
7. Short note on SAC
8. Short note on Taxes under GST.
 E-Commerce and E-Governance

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▪ “E-Commerce can be broadly defined as the process of buying and
selling of goods or services using an electronic medium such as
Internet.”
▪ E-commerce is also referred as a paperless exchange of business
information using EDI, E-mail, Electronic fund transfer etc.
Difference Between Traditional Commerce & E-Commerce
Traditional Commerce E-Commerce
Type
Traditional commerce focuses on the E-commerce trading activities are online
exchange of products and services through via the internet and can be considered
personal interactions so it is manual automatic.
Time
Traditional commerce is limited to business E-commerce is 24X7, it can be done
hours, mostly during the day. anytime, day and night.
Interaction
As far as consumer interactions are E-commerce can be termed as screen
concerned, traditional commerce provides to face interaction.
face to face interaction.
 Location
Traditional commerce is limited to a E-commerce is global and has no physical
particular geographical location limitation.
Payment
Modes of payments in traditional In E-commerce modes of payments are
commerce include cash, cheques and bank transfer, credit card, e-wallet,
credit cards. mobile payment and many more.
Delivery of Goods
Goods and delivery of services is instant In E-commerce delivery of goods or
with traditional commerce services take some time.
Scope
Traditional Commerce’s scope is local. E-commerce’s scope is global.
Memory Technique (MT) ➔ TIPS LTD → Type, Interaction, Payment,
Scope, Location, Time, Delivery of Goods.
 Advantages of E-Commerce MT ➔ GAP ICE
• Global Scope
• Anytime Shopping
• Public Services
• No Intermediaries
• Cost Saving
• Electronic Transaction

Disadvantages of E-Commerce MT ➔ SP CD
• Security
• Physical Presence
• Setup Cost
• Goods Delivery
 Types of E-Commerce
• Business - to - Consumer (B2C)
• Business - to - Business (B2B)
• Consumer - to - Consumer (C2C)
• Consumer - to - Business (C2B)
 Trade Cycle

MT ➔ PESA MT ➔ S NO DIPA

Pre-Sales Search
Negotiate
Execution Order
Delivery
Settlement Invoice
Payment

After-Sales After-Sales
Modes of Payment
Credit Card
Mobile Payments
Bank Transfer
E-Wallets

Forms of E-Commerce
M-Commerce (Mobile Commerce)
Social Commerce
 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
• It is interchange of business information from one computer directly to another
computer.
• Business information is in standardized format.
• No human being is involved and it is paperless.
• Many business documents are exchanged, two most common documents are
Purchase Order and Invoice.
 E-Governance
E-governance delivers SMART government.
S- Simple,
M-Moral,
A-Accessible,
R-Responsive,
T-Transparent Government

The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e.

government, citizens, businesses etc. at National, State and Local levels.
 Advantages of E-governance MT ➔ 3C-TRP
▪ Reduced corruption
▪ High transparency
▪ Increased convenience
▪ Direct participation of constituents
▪ Reduction in overall cost.
▪ Expanded reach of government
Types of E-Governance
Government-to-Citizen (G2C)
Government-to-Business (G2B)
Government-to-Government (G2G)
Government-to-Employee (G2E)
 Security Measures in E-Commerce
• Encryption
• Digital Signature
• Digital Certificate
Encryption:
Converting Plain Text (Readable Text) to Cipher Text (Unreadable Text – Coded Language)
Encryption is performed with the help of a key called as Cipher Key.
Encryption is performed by the sender of the message.

Decryption:
Converting Cipher Text (Unreadable Text – Coded Language) to Plain Text (Readable Text)
Decryption is performed with the help of a key called as Cipher Key.
Decryption is performed by the receiver of the message.

Symmetric & Asymmetric Key:

If Encryption and Decryption key is same then it is Symmetric Key Encryption. (Pvt. Key)
If Encryption and Decryption key is not same then it is Asymmetric Key Encryption. (Pub.
Key)
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

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• A large enterprise may generate huge amount of data such as financial data, customer
details, purchase details, employee data etc.
• It is very difficult to manage this huge information by people alone. Hence most of
the organizations are moving to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) packages as a
solution to their information management problem.
▪ There are different types of resources in an enterprise like men, material, money and
machine.
▪ ERP is designed for various departments of an enterprise so that accurate and timely
data can be provided to the concerned persons.
▪ The ERP system integrates accounts, payables, stock control systems, order
monitoring systems and customer databases into one system.
▪ Information about the entire enterprise is stored in a centralized database and it is
made available to all departments.
Functional Units of ERP [First Half Prelim IMP Q Make Solution]
1. Financial Module
2. HR Module
3. Production Planning Module
4. Inventory Control Module
5. Purchasing Module
6. Manufacturing Module
7. Quality Management Module
8. Marketing Module
9. Sales and Distribution Module
 Other Technologies:
In order to increase performance significantly the following Technologies can be used
along with ERP.
• Product Life Cycle Management (PLM): Stages → Introduction – Growth –
Maturity – Decline. To know status of a product in the existing market.
• Management Information System (MIS): Holistic view – Users: Clerks,
Assistants, Officers, Executives, Managers etc. Data is collected from inside and
outside. On demand reports.
• Supply Chain Management (SCM): Starts with collection of Raw Material and
ends with receiving the goods by the consumers. Raw Mat. → Supplier →
Manufacturing → Distribution → Customer (Retailer) → Consumer
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM): To manage relationship with
Customers. CRM covers Capture – Storage – Analysis of Customer information.
Privacy of data should be maintained.
• Decision Support System (DSS): Help users in judgement and choose activity.
Data is analysed and presented so that decisions can be taken easily.
ERP solution Providers/ ERP Packages
Oracle, SAP, Odoo, Bitrix24, Microsoft Dynamics, Tally ERP

Oracle:
▪ Oracle is originally known for its database system rather than its ERP
system.
▪ ERP package provided by Oracle is ERP310.
SAP:
▪ SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products for data processing.
▪ SAP developed CRM, SCM, PLM
Odoo:
▪ It is an open source ERP tool.
▪ The software is available in both cloud-based and on-premise options.
Bitrix24:
▪ It is a free online ERP solution that works for businesses of all sizes.
Microsoft Dynamics:
▪ It is a Microsoft business solutions.
Tally ERP:
• Developed by Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd. an Indian software company.
• It includes Accounting Software, Inventory Software and Payroll
Software.
 ERP and Internet
New Trend – ERP is available on Internet. It’s a cost effective solution. ERP run in the
cloud as SaaS; so it is easier and more secure for businesses. System can be maintained
by a specialised company. You can have hybrid ERP that runs some of their system in
the cloud and other systems on premise.

Benefits of ERP [→ RAID FB]

Improved Resource Utilisation.
Provides Accurate Information.
Information Integrity.
Decision Making Capability.
Increased Flexibility.
Better Customer Satisfaction.
Limitations in ERP implementation [➔ COTS]
High Cost
Requirement of Additional Trained Staff
Operational and Maintenance Issues
Security Control
 Features of ERP [➔ MASB]
• Machine Learning
• Artificial Intelligence
• Sensors and External Devices
• Business Intelligence

Possible Short Answer Questions [2 Marks Each]

Mention any four benefits of ERP.
Limitation of ERP Implementation.
Explain future of ERP.
Explain Product Life Cycle Management/ MIS/ SCM / CRM/ DSS
Explain any two modules of ERP.
 Chapter 2:

Digital Marketing
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Marketing
Traditional Marketing
Digital Marketing

Channels in Digital Marketing MT ➔ Sci Phy, Chem, Maths Etc Sub

✓ Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
✓ Paid Search
✓ Content Marketing
✓ Mobile Marketing
✓ Email Marketing
✓ Social Media Marketing
There are two ways to rank website one can pay and rank and other is without payment
one can rank website doing SEO process. i.e. Organic Search.
The entire SEO works on keywords.
Results of Search Engine is often referred to as Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs).
The keyword Ad shows that this site has paid the search engine to rank it at top.
The keyword Sponsored which is also paid site to rank the images and information at the
top.
A web site may become popular if many users are visiting it. A popular web site is
automatically ranked by search engine on its first page .
SEO Techniques and strategies to get better Rank
1. White Hat SEO
2. Black Hat SEO
SEO Approaches (Strategies) to Generate Traffic:
❖ On-page SEO,
❖ Off-page SEO and
❖ Technical SEO
Long Tail & Short Tail Keywords
SEO Audit
What is short fall in your website
What could be done to improve ranking.
Provides clear and actionable recommendations.
Examples: SEOptimer, woorank.com, varvy.com, seositecheckup.com etc.
Ways to optimize the webpage for SEO: MT ➔ HP BIG LOSS
1. HTML Header - <!DOCTYPE html>, <Title>, <Meta>
2. Body Content – Heading Tags, <img> with Alt attribute, Keyword Consistency
3. Links – Number of Backlinks, Broken Links, Friendly URL
4. Indexing
5. Googlebot
6. Other Factors – Robot.Txt, Device Rendering, Flash, iFrames, Favicon, Legible Font
Size, Tap Target Sizing
7. Performance Results – Number of Resources, Page speed Info, Page Size Info
8. SEO Social Media Optimisation
9. SEO Security Checks
Market behaves in 3 stages (1) Acquisition, (2) Behaviour and (3) Conversion.

Google Analytics
Google Analytics is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports
website traffic, number of visitors, time spent on the website by the visitors etc.
The Google Analytics was not the product developed by Google it was acquired by
Google from a company Urchin in 2005.
The Google Analytics Report contains: (USB SA)
• Users
• Sessions .
• Bounce Rate
• Session Duration
• Active Users right now