Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 167 views

    Module 1.2

    Uploaded by

    Alfred Paculba
    This document summarizes the history of roads and vehicles from ancient times to the 18th century. It describes how the wheel was invented around 3500 BC and allowed for more advanced carts and wagons. The Romans built an extensive network of over 50,000 miles of roads throughout their empire using techniques like layered stone foundations. After the fall of Rome, road maintenance declined but innovations like horse collars and carriage springs continued to improve land transport. By the 18th century, innovators like John Macadam and John Palmer helped modernize roads and mail coach systems in England.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Module 1.2

    Uploaded by

    Alfred Paculba
    167 views13 pages
    This document summarizes the history of roads and vehicles from ancient times to the 18th century. It describes how the wheel was invented around 3500 BC and allowed for more advanced carts and wagons. The Romans built an extensive network of over 50,000 miles of roads throughout their empire using techniques like layered stone foundations. After the fall of Rome, road maintenance declined but innovations like horse collars and carriage springs continued to improve land transport. By the 18th century, innovators like John Macadam and John Palmer helped modernize roads and mail coach systems in England.

    Original Title

    MODULE 1.2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document summarizes the history of roads and vehicles from ancient times to the 18th century. It describes how the wheel was invented around 3500 BC and allowed for more advanced carts and wagons. The Romans built an extensive network of over 50,000 miles of roads throughout their empire using techniques like layered stone foundations. After the fall of Rome, road maintenance declined but innovations like horse collars and carriage springs continued to improve land transport. By the 18th century, innovators like John Macadam and John Palmer helped modernize roads and mail coach systems in England.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    167 views13 pages

    Module 1.2

    Uploaded by

    Alfred Paculba
    This document summarizes the history of roads and vehicles from ancient times to the 18th century. It describes how the wheel was invented around 3500 BC and allowed for more advanced carts and wagons. The Romans built an extensive network of over 50,000 miles of roads throughout their empire using techniques like layered stone foundations. After the fall of Rome, road maintenance declined but innovations like horse collars and carriage springs continued to improve land transport. By the 18th century, innovators like John Macadam and John Palmer helped modernize roads and mail coach systems in England.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    LESSON 1.

    2
    ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

    Concept

    As man, from ancient times to the 20th century, sought to make


    their transport facilities more efficient, they have always endeavored to
    move people and property with the least expenditure of time, effort
    and money.

    It was stated in the preceding lesson that man first traveled by


    foot. Then, primitive man supplemented their own carrying of goods
    and possessions by starting to domesticate animals – training them to
    bear small loads and pull crude sleds.

    The following are some of the inventions and innovations and


    important events that lead to modern transportation:

    A. WHEEL was invented probably in Western Asia – such invention


    was a milestone and great step forward in transportation. A wheel
    was perfected, crude carts and wagons began to appear in TIGRIS
    EUPHRATES VALLEY about 3500 B.C. and the later in CRETE,
    EGYPT and CHINA. The wheel was one of man’s great
    inventions. It enabled him to transport burdens beyond the power
    of man or animals to carry or drag, and permitted much greater
    facility of movements than the simple sledge on rollers which had
    to be continually picked up and moved by hands as the sledge is
    advanced.
    Ljublijana Marshes Wooden Wheel- This is the oldest wheel
    found in Europe or anywhere i9n the world. This was discovered
    by two Slovene Archeologist in April 2002 in the Ljublijana
    Marshes in Slovenia. When carbon-dated, the remains are
    estimated to be 5,200 years old. The following where some of the
    earliest types of wheeled carts.

    Retrieved:9/20/22 Source : www.google .com Ljubljana marshes wheel

    The following were some of the earliest types of wheeled carts:


    1. Solid wheel on fixed axle- this ancient cart represents an early
    step in the evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels,
    which were made of a single piece of wood, rotated on single
    axle.
    Retrieved: 9/30/2021 / source: www.google .com

    2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels – this chariot, of about


    2400 B.C., had solid wheels built up of the three pieces, and so
    was more durable than the one-piece wheel.

    Retrieved: 9/30/2021 / source: www.google .com

    3. Greek Quadrica with spooked wheels – drawn by four horses


    was, light and elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C. It
    had spooked wheels and axles of irons or bronze, handles for
    aid in mounting, and seat formed by a board placed across the
    handles.
    Retrieved: 9/30/2021 / source: www.google .com

    4. Roman Carpentum- a closed, two-wheeled cart, was the


    favored vehicle when Roman women journey outside the city.

    Retrieved:
    9/30/2021 / source: www.google .com

    5. Italian Cocchio, in 1288- travelling wagon in which the


    passengers were protected by a covering of leather or cloth
    fixed over a wooden framework.
    B. ANCIENT ROME —The following are the ancient wheeled vehicles
    in Ancient Rome. (bibleh1st0’Y1c0m)

    1. Arcera – It has four wheels, cover and was generally drown by two
    or more horses. The outside consisted unhewn boards covered by
    loose drapery. This vehicle was especially used to convey the sick and
    infirm and was of sufficient size to allow occupants to recline.

    Retrieved 9/21/22,
    Source www.google.com

    2. Arcima- it was a small conveyance that is large enough for only one
    person.

    Retrieved 9/27/2022 Source: www.google .com


    3. Basterna - it was commonly used by women travelling and was
    borne by two mules, one before and one behind each hitched to a
    separate pair of shafts.

    Retrieved:9/27/2022
    source: www.google.com

    4. Benna-This four wheeled conveyance is made of wickerwork and


    was of Gallic origin it can accommodate several persons when
    travelling.
    Retrieved:9/27/2022 source: www.google.com

    5. Carpentum-used by early romans as early as 500 BC and as late as


    5th century of the Christian era. It was a covered carriage with two
    wheels, had seats of two or three and was usually drawn by two
    mules, horses or even oxen.

    Retrieved: 9/27/2022 source: www.google.com

    6. Carruca- this vehicle had four(4) wheels with the front ones smaller
    than the two behind. This had a cover and was drawn by two to four
    horses or mules. It was often ornamented by carvings in bronze and
    ivory and by chasings in silver and gold. Members lof the imperial
    families were fond of travelling using this kind of coach.
    Retrieved 9/27/2022 Source www.google.com

    7. Carrus –a cart with two wheels and boarded sides, it was drawn by
    oxen or bullocks and was mainly used by roman armies for the
    transportation of their baggage and supplies.

    Retrieved 9/27/22 Source www.google .com

    8. Cisium- alight open vehicle of Gallic origin, had two wheels and
    room for two persons. It also has box in case beneath the seat, where
    small baggage can be carried in. Two or three horses or mules where
    used to draw this and because of the lightness of the carriage this is
    especially suitable for the rapid travels.

    Retrieved 9/27/2022 source: www.google.com


    9. Pelintum- used chiefly by women of the upper classes. It was
    furnished with cushions, had a covered top, but open sides. It was also
    used on state occasions by Roman matrons, priests and vestal virgins.
    In this, they carried sacred vessels and rode in processions and public
    games.

    Retrieved 9/27/22 source www.google.com

    10. Four-wheeled plaustrum- usually employed for heavy burdens but


    were also used for travelling

    Retrieved 9/27/22 source www.google.com


    11. Raeda- was common among the Romans during the last century of
    the republic. A commodious vehicle of Gallic origin and had four
    wheels, this was used by man when he travelled with his family
    because this has sufficient room for the several persons together with
    their luggage.

    Retrieved 9/27/22 source www.google.com

    12. Sarracum- use by ancient Roman farmers as a travelling vehicle


    for themselves and their families.

    Retrieved 9/27/22 source www.google.com

    13. Tensa- a sacred vehicle elaborately ornamented with the ivory and
    silver; had either two or four wheels and was drawn by two or four
    horses, this carriage was used during the Circensian games to carry the
    images of deities.
    C. WHEELED VEHICLES could not use the narrow paths and
    trails used by packed animals, and early roads were soon built.
    D. The ROMANS are the major road builders in the ancient world.
    The Romans road network reached a total of about 50,000 miles
    (80,000 kms.), with FEEDER roads branching out from the main
    highways. It was costly because its deep foundation, formed by
    layer after heavy stone, was necessary to make roads that would
    carry traffic for many years.

    Retrieved 9/29/2021 / source: www.google .com

    E. JOHN L. MACADAM did not abandon the theory of feeder


    road building and perfected the macadamized road in England
    abou1815.

    Retrieved 9/29/2021 / source: www.google .com


    F. AFTER THE FALL KOF THE ROMANS in the 5th century,
    land haulage (or colonizing foreign lands by the European
    kingdoms and countries)generally declined because highways
    suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such improvements
    however, as the horse collars (10th century),the additions of
    springs to coaches, new methods of road construction, and
    introduction of roads (18th century) all continued to ease and
    speed land travel.
    The invention of larger carriages and vehicles pulled either by
    human beings or animals could be considered the basis of
    modern highway construction.

    G. IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so bad


    that the coaches could average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h) and
    the mail was usually carried by boys on horses.

    H. JOHN PALMER introduced his first mail coach in March of


    1785 and by 1800, the English coach system was in full swing.

    Retrieved 9/29/2021 / source: www.google .com


    First mail coach

    Retrieved 9/29/2021 / source: www.google .com

    You might also like