TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control

Vol. 21, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 556~565

ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i3.24324  556

Medical image encryption using multi chaotic maps

Abbas Zamil Hussain, Maisa’a Abid Ali Khodher

Department of Computer Science, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Over the last twenty years, chaos-based encryption has been an increasingly
popular way to encrypt and decrypt data using nonlinear dynamics and
Received Jul 28, 2022 deterministic chaos. Discrete chaotic systems based on iterative maps have
Revised Nov 05, 2022 gotten a lot of interest because of their simplicity and speed. In this paper,
Accepted Dec 28, 2022 three kinds of chaotic maps are utilized to build a digital image encryption
strategy depending on a chaotic system. These chaotic maps are the logistic
map, Arnold Cat’s map, and Baker’s map. In addition to using the triple data
Keywords: encryption standard (3DES) encryption scheme with the chaotic maps
mentioned. The results of the experiments revealed that the suggested digital
3DES image encryption technique is both efficient and secure, making it ideal for
Chaotic maps usage in insecure networks. The transmission control protocol
Cryptography (TCP)/internet protocol (IP) protocol was used for the purpose of
Medical images transferring data from server to client through the network and vice versa.
TCP/IP
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Abbas Zamil Hussain
Department of Computer Science, University of Technology
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Chaos theory has expanded and changed several disciplines, since its discovery in the 1960s, it has
been used in a variety of fields, such as physics, engineering, computer programming, economics, and
biology. Academics didn’t discover there were intimate links and analogies connecting chaos theory and
encryption until the 1990s, and ever since, chaos has begun to infiltrate into current cryptography [1].
As illustrated in Figure 1, any property of chaotic systems has a corresponding counterpart in traditional
cryptosystems [2].

Figure 1. Chaos-based cryptography [2]

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  557

Despite the fact that chaotic systems are deterministic, their unique traits make them relevant to
secure multimedia communications (i.e., confusion and diffusion, unpredictability properties, and sensitivity
to initial conditions and parameters) [3]. Each of these characteristics can be linked to the standard
cryptographic qualities of a good cipher, such as confusion and diffusion, for the purpose of with standing
statistical analysis assaults. As a result, the commonalities between chaotic systems and crypto systems make
collaboration appealing [4].
Many academics have pointed out that chaos and cryptography have a significant relationship.
The most significant advantage of a chaotic system over a noisy one is that it is predictable, allowing the
recovery of a message with perfect knowledge of initial conditions and system characteristics. The concept of
chaotic cryptography was first proposed by Alghafis et al. [5]. This paper is partitioned into sections as:
in section 2, we looked at some of the related works. Section 3 went through the theoretical foundation in
greater depth. In section 4, the proposed scheme architecture was provided. Section 5 contains the experimental
results as well as security evaluations. In section 6, we look at several algorithm comparisons from the literature,
section 6 has the conclusion.

2. RELATED WORKS
Several chaos-based image encryption algorithms have recently been proposed. In this section, some
be arranged in chronological order from oldest to newest. Gupta et al. [6] proposed a method that is robust,
efficient, secure, and rapid, as evidenced by the results of many parameters. The cat map and chaotic function
have been successfully and effectively applied to a variety of images. The simulation results show that the new
approach reduces the risk of a brute force decryption assault and is fast enough for real image encryption.
Gashim and Hussein [7] integrated two logistic maps to create the key. The created key is employed
in the stages of confusion and dissemination. The image’s pixel is permuted in the confusion stage, while the
value of each pixel is modified in the diffusion step. These approaches’ security and performance were
extremely precise and quick.
Balaska et al. [8] merged the Grain-128a stream cipher technique with a 2D Zaslavsky chaotic map to
increase sensitivity and security in the initial parameter selection. Then, to generate the chaotic map’s needed
parameters, a 256-bit secret key with a fixed length is used. The sequences will then be used to encrypt the
image using a diffusion approach and some confusion. The simulated experiments demonstrated that the
proposed approach for encrypting images of any type or format is incredibly dependable and effective.
Guodong et al. [9] used the cryptosystem to produce the initial parameters for the fundamental
quantum logistic map. Discrete cosine transform (DCT), on the other hand, transfers images to the frequency
domain. Substitution-permutation network (SPN) with five rounds offers effective protection against
differential-like assaults. In comparison to asymmetric-based images, encryption requires procedures with
reduced computational complexity.
Kari et al. [10] proposed a set of innovative chaotic maps depending on discret wavelet transform
(DWT) and the double chaotic function to increase encryption quality and execution. The proposed map was
commonly hyper-chaotic, with great sensitivity and complexity, as determined by dynamical analysis and
sample entropy techniques. As a result, the suggested chaos-based picture cipher could be a valuable tool for
a variety of applications.
Alhumyani [11] created an image cipher that makes advantage of the DCT chaotic Baker map (BM).
Before rearranging the DCT coefficients of the original plain image with the BM, the proposed DCT-based BM
image cipher’s module DCTs the plain image. The proposed DCT-based BM image cipher’s superiority in terms
of sensitivity, statistics, noise immunity, and differential was demonstrated through a number of experiments.
Ibrahim et al. [12] introduced a broad medical image encryption system depending on a novel
combination of two extremely efficient structures: dynamic substitution boxes (S-boxes) and chaotic maps.
Experiments have shown that the suggested architecture, regardless of implementation, passes all security
tests. Any chaotic map can be created, as well as any key-dependent dynamic S-box construction method.
Elghandour et al. [13] proposed the chaotic sequences are generated via a two-dimensional
piecewise smooth nonlinear chaotic map. These sequences are then converted to numbers between 0 and 255.
Ultimately, the chaotic sequences are employed to mask the image that has been jumbled (diffusion). Their
method was secure, quick, and resistant to numerous assaults.
Guodong et al. [14] developed a novel asymmetric image encryption system. The starting values for
a quantum logistic map are generated first using the asymmetric public key Rivest-Shamir Adleman (RSA)
technique. On the plain image, the Arnold scrambling process is used to accomplish the basic concealment of
visual information. Finally, exclusive-OR (XOR) diffusion is applied to each row and column of the image as
separate units. Then, Arnold’s map parameters are calculated. The experimental testing show better
distribution of pixel values uniformly minimizes high correlation and can withstand various assaults.

Medical image encryption using multi chaotic maps (Abbas Zamil Hussain)
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Ankita et al. [15] proposed dividing the color images into red, green, and blue channels, transposing
them from the pixel plane to the bit-plane, and then scrambling the matrix using the Arnold cat map (ACM).
The new system is more sensitive to differential assaults, more secure, and more resilient to brute-force
attacks. The performance and security metrics histogram, correlation distribution, correlation coefficient,
entropy, number of pixel change rate, and unified averaged changed intensity are calculated to show the
potential of the proposed encryption technique.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
In this section, the technologies utilized in the suggested medical image encryption model are
discussed. A brief description of each algorithm or technique used in the proposed system is given. It includes
the types of encryptions and the concept of chaos theory and its types in addition to clarifying the protocol used
to transmit medical images through the network from sender to receiver.

3.1. Introduction to cryptography

Cryptography is a technique for assuring data security. It encrypts sensitive data to protect it from being
captured by attackers, hackers, or the public in general, and therefore only authorized transmitters or users are able
to accurately decrypt the data. Both encryption and decryption methods are depicted in Figure 2. The private
message is written in plaintext. Encryption is a method of hiding the true message in plaintext using a secret key
and then displaying the ciphertext. During the decryption procedure, only the proper secret key will decrypt the
ciphertext and retrieve the plaintext [16].
There are two main cryptography kinds are symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, which are
determined by the encryption key. Symmetric cryptography uses only one key for encryption and decryption.
Asymmetric cryptography employs two paring keys (public key) and a private key that is never exchanged over
the network. This type of cryptography takes longer and is more complicated than symmetric cryptography [17].
The 3DES is an example of symmetric cryptography, in this section, we will explain it briefly [18].
Triple DES (3DES): the development of 3DES is based on a double DES approach for enhancing DES
security that was previously available. Three keys are needed for both encryption and decryption in the 3DES
technique. The same key is used in symmetric cryptography to encode and decode data. For contemporary use,
3DES encryption with two or three distinct keys is reliable. The flowchart of 3DES rounds presents in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Encryption and decryption [16]

Figure 3. Diagram of triple-DES [18]

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3.2. Image processing and image encryption terminologies

An image that has been digitally encoded is called a digital image. A digital image is arranged in a
rectangular pattern in a 2-dimensional grid. A raster image or a bit-mapped picture is the numerical
representation of a two-dimensional image. The brightness of an image at every position (𝑥, 𝑦) is represented by
the value of “𝑓” [19]. The process of transforming an original image into a coded image is known as image
encryption. Image decryption is a reversible encryption method that allows you to restore an encrypted image to
its original state. It protects the image while it is being transmitted over a public network. Using the secret keys
and decryption technique, only an authorized person can acquire the original image in this procedure [20].

3.3. Chaos theory

The science of unexpected events is known as chaos. dynamic systems with nonlinear and
unpredictable behavior are involved. Turbulence, weather, the stock market, mental states, and other
unpredictable behaviors are addressed by chaos theory. Chaos theory gives us a starting point for a better
understanding of chaotic and fractal phenomena [21]. A chaotic map is defined as one that exhibits chaotic
behavior. In the following subsections, some chaotic systems will be introduced: the logistic map, Arnold’s
cat map, and Baker’s map.
a) Logistic map
It is an American ecologist who developed the logistic equation. In 1976, it was planned. The logistic
equation was utilized to investigate the link between insect populations and environmental conditions. It was a
one-dimensional non-linear equation that was both simple and important. The following are the items on the
logistic map as in (1).

𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝜇𝑦𝑛 (1 − 𝑦𝑛 ) (1)

Where 𝑦0 ∈ (0, 1) represents the starting state of the chaotic system at any time 𝑛 and 𝜇 ∈ (0,4), is the
system parameter also called the bifurcation parameter as shown in Figure 3. The next stage of the system is
expressed by 𝑦𝑛+1 , where 𝑛 shows the discrete time. The behavior of the logistic map highly depends on the
value of the control parameter 𝜇 [22].
b) Arnold cat map
Vladimir Arnold’s Arnold cat map is a two-dimensional chaotic system. The transformation
procedure is built by converting an image to an 𝑁 × 𝑁 matrix. It’s a straightforward demonstration of Chaos
Theory, Vladimir Arnold’s theory of chaos. Each pixel’s coordinates are given by an ordered pair of (𝑋, 𝑌) in
the real range [0, 1], which is represented by two independent (2) and (3).

𝑋𝑛+1 = 𝑋𝑛 + 𝐴𝑦𝑛 (𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑁) (2)

𝑌𝑛+1 = 𝐵𝑋𝑛 + 𝐴𝐵𝑌𝑛 (𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑁) (3)

Where 𝑋𝑛 , 𝑌𝑛 are the sample positions in the 𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, . . . , 𝑁 − 1, and 𝑋𝑛+1 , 𝑌𝑛+1 are the
transformed positions after cat map, and A, B are two control parameters that are positive integers.
The encryption procedure is carried out via cat map iteration; after 𝑀 iterations, there exist 𝑇 positive
integers such that (𝑋𝑛+1 , 𝑌𝑛+1 ) = (𝑋𝑛 , 𝑌𝑛 ). The period 𝑇 is determined by the parameters 𝐴 and 𝐵, as well as
the size of the sample’s matrix (𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥) [23].
c) Baker map
The chaotic Baker map is a well-known encryption technique in the image processing domain. It’s a
permutation-based tool that uses a secret key to change the pixel positions in a square matrix of dimensions
𝑁 × 𝑁. In a bijective mode, it assigns a pixel to another pixel position. The discretized Baker map is a useful
tool for generating random numbers in a square matrix. The discretized map is denoted by 𝐵(𝑛1 , … , 𝑛𝑘 ), where
the vector [𝑛1 , … , 𝑛𝑘 ] represents the secret key as 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑦 . The secret key is chosen so that each integer 𝑛𝑖 divides
𝑁, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛1 + ⋯ , +𝑛𝑘 = 𝑁, using 𝑁 as the number of data items in one row. Allow 𝑁𝑖 = 𝑛1 + ⋯ , +𝑛𝑖 .
The indices (𝑟, 𝑠) data item is relocated to the indices as shown in (4).

𝑁 𝑁 𝑛𝑖 𝑁
𝐵(𝑟. 𝑠) = [ (𝑟 − 𝑁𝑖 ) + 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ( ) . (𝑠 − 𝑠 ( )) + 𝑁𝑖 ] (4)
𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑖 𝑁 𝑛𝑖

The chaotic permutation is carried out in the following steps:

− 𝑁 rectangles of width 𝑛𝑖 and the number of components 𝑁 are divided into a square matrix of 𝑁 × 𝑁.
− Each rectangle’s elements are organized into a row in the permuted rectangle. From left to right, upper
rectangles are taken first, followed by lower rectangles.

Medical image encryption using multi chaotic maps (Abbas Zamil Hussain)
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The scan begins at the bottom left corner of each rectangle and works its way up. Chaos systems is a
sophisticated nonlinear sequence that is hard to understand and predict. For such an “a word a secret”
encryption system, the chaotic sequence is a suitable key sequence. Chaotic sequences have a number of
cryptographic advantages over normal ciphers, including the fact that they are difficult to attack and crack [24].

3.4. Overview of TCP/IP protocol

Two of the most important protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite are transmission control protocol
(TCP) and Internet protocol (IP). TCP/IP is organized in layers, just like other networking software. Along
with its tiered structure, the term protocol stack denotes the stack of layers in the protocol suite. To connect
with all those above and below them, layers use basic interfaces. In this way, a layer can both serve the layer
above it and use the services of the layer below it [25]. Figure 4 illustrates the TCP/IP protocol stack.

4. THE PROPOSED MODEL

In this work, a set of chaotic maps with a 3DES algorithm were used for the purpose of encoding
medical images. First, a set of preprocessing is performed on the image, then the image is encoded using
3DES, then the output is encoded by using one of the chaotic maps, and then the cipher image is sent to the
receiver. On the other hand, the receiver decodes the image to get the plain image. Figure 3 explains the
overall diagram of the proposed system. As shown in Figure 5, the proposed system is a gray medical image
encryption system. The image goes through two encryption stages, the first is encryption using 3DES, and
the next stage is encryption. The purpose of the proposed method is to increase data security by using two
algorithms that provide high security. Because one of the most important things to consider when sending
data through the network as in our proposed system is the issue of data security. After applying the
encryption algorithms on the client side and sending the data to the server side, decryption processes are
applied in reverse for the purpose of retrieving the original image. The TCP/IP protocol was used for data
transmission. Algorithm (1) explains all the processes that take place within the network between the sender
side and the receiver side.

Figure 4. Conceptual model of the TCP/IP protocol stack [26]

Figure 5. An overall diagram of the proposed method

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Algorithm 1. The proposed method

Input: plain image on the client-side
Output: cipher image on server-side, plain image on client-side
Begin
1) Define a thread that will use a TCP connection socket to serve a client the behavior of the
thread
2) Make a TCP socket that listens

On client-side
3) While (true)
Begin
− Wait for a client to establish a connection
− Establish a new thread that will serve the client using the newly formed TCP connection socket
− Go to 4
End while
4) Read the input plain image then do:
− If the input image is a color image convert it to grayscale, then go to 5
− Else
− Go to 5
− End if
5) Apply the 3DES encryption algorithm
6) Select the chaotic map form (Logistic or Arnold cat or Baker) map
7) Send the cipher image to the server-side

On server-side
8) After receiving the image on the server-side do:
9) Perform the inverse operation of the chaotic map that was selected on the client-side
10) Apply the 3DES decryption algorithm to the cipher image
11) Return the plain image
End

5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

In this section, the results of the encryption system based on chaotic maps are presented and
discussed. Several metrics were used to test the proposed system in the encryption and decryption operations.
These metrics are illustrated.

5.1. Encryption performance metrics

This set of metrics assesses encryption performance; they include [26].
a) Mean square error (MSE)
The difference between the plain and encrypted images is measured by utilizing the MSE. A large
MSE score indicates a large disparity between plain and encrypted images. It can take the form of an (5).

∑𝑀 𝑁
𝑖=1 ∑𝑗=1 [𝑃(𝑖 .𝑗)−𝐶(𝑖 .𝑗)]
2
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = (5)
𝑀𝑁

Where 𝑀 and 𝑁 are the height and width of the image respectively. 𝑃 (𝑖, 𝑗) is the (𝑖. 𝑗)𝑡ℎ pixel value of the
original image, and 𝐶( 𝑖, 𝑗) is the (𝑖. 𝑗)𝑡ℎ pixel value of the decrypted image.
b) Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR)
It can be used to determine an image’s quality. A decent picture encryption method should result in
encrypted images with a low PSNR value. PSNR is calculated using the (6).

10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (2𝑛−1)2
𝑃𝑆𝑁𝑅 = (6)
𝑀𝑆𝐸

c) Information entropy analysis

Information entropy is a mathematical concept that may be used to explain how random or uncertain
signals are. Using (7), the following information entropy for the image is calculated:
𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 = − ∑2𝑖=0−1 𝑃(𝑚𝑖 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 [𝑃(𝑚𝑖 )] (7)

Where 𝑃(𝑚𝑖 ) denotes the occurrence probability of the gray level 𝑖, and 𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2𝑛 . The 2𝑛 is an
image’s number of grayscale levels.

Medical image encryption using multi chaotic maps (Abbas Zamil Hussain)
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5.2. Experimental tests

For testing, grayscale and color photos are obtained. The simulations are run on MATLAB R2021b
with a Windows 10 operating system and 8 GB of memory. The test images are shown in Figure 6(a) to
Figure 6(f). As a result, these cipher images provide no relevant information about the plain image. The plain
images retrieve as it is after the decryption process. As we can see, our scheme can be implemented quickly.
Table 1 shows the results of evaluation metrics between input and cipher image and time of encryption.
Table 2 shows the results of evaluation metrics between the input image and retrieved image and the time of
decryption. The tables display the results of the encryption and decryption of each image using three chaotic maps,
to compare these results later and to determine the best map in the case of encryption and decryption.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Figure 6. Plain grayscale images with different sizes: (a) 512×512, (b) 600×600, (c) 900×900,
(d) 1024×1024, (e) 612×612, and (f) 500×500

Table 1. PSNR, MSE, entropy, and execution time

Cipher image Method PSNR MSE Entropy Encryption time in sec.
Logistic map + 3DES 9. 9718 20807 7.9993 5.45657
Arnold cat map + 3DES 7.9079 23068 7.9994 4.67588
Baker map + 3DES 13.9898 16384 7.9990 2.87987

512×512
Logistic map + 3DES 15.9809 19092 7.9998 3.98098
Arnold cat map + 3DES 11.4982 22778 7.9990 2.76832
Baker map + 3DES 19.2980 19898 7.9993 3.89797

600×600
Logistic map + 3DES 11.490 25980 7.9994 4.80980
Arnold cat map + 3DES 8.8979 17980 7.9998 6.39878
Baker map + 3DES 9.3675 13897 7.9991 3.99080

900×900
Logistic map + 3DES 11.3780 35980 7.9990 6.39789
Arnold cat map + 3DES 8.9080 26980 7.9993 3.87990
Baker map + 3DES 7.8797 24678 7.9995 1.87979

1024×1024
Logistic map + 3DES 6.7686 35788 7.9993 5.27238
Arnold cat map + 3DES 13.879 56980 7.9997 3.34989
Baker map + 3DES 12.897 25879 7.9993 3.78687

612×612
Logistic map + 3DES 11.110 12675 7.9990 8.76876
Arnold cat map + 3DES 8.564 25643 7.9998 9.98983
Baker map + 3DES 10.786 25249 7.9999 2.87999

500×500

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Table 2. PSNR, MSE, entropy, and execution time of image decryption

Cipher image Method PSNR MSE Entropy Decryption time
Logistic map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2720 5.59879
Arnold cat map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2973 3.89798
Baker map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.8573 2.98080

512×512
Logistic map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2720 6.76867
Arnold cat map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2973 5.78687
Baker map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.8573 3.27868

600×600
Logistic map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.3897 7.67577
Arnold cat map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.3786 7.27868
Baker map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2654 0.37686

900×900
Logistic map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.3677 3.87989
Arnold cat map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.3897 6.87633
Baker map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.3256 2.37687

1024×1024
Logistic map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.1342 6.37683
Arnold cat map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2367 3.27863
Baker map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.8978 0.26578

612×612
Logistic map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.3267 4.97990
Arnold cat map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.2357 5.78687
Baker map + 3DES Inf. 0 7.8273 1.78689

500×500

5.3. Encryption efficiency

The PSNR and MSE of the original and encrypted images are calculated to determine the efficacy of
the encryption operation. Lower PSNR and higher MSE values indicate that image encryption is more
efficient. The higher value of MSE is better because this means the difference between the plain and
encrypted images is high. It is clear from the results that the PSNR values were low, while the sum of the
difference between the pixel value in the original image and its value in the encrypted images which is called
MSE was very large, and this indicates the efficiency of the used chaotic maps.

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5.4. Decryption efficiency

PSNR should be higher and MSE should be lower between the original and decrypted images for
better decryption efficiency. The value of MSE is zero in all cases which means that the original image was
retrieved as it is. While the value of PSNR, in this case, will be infinity because the value is divided by zero.
Therefore, we set a value of 100%, which indicates the optimal value.

5.5. Execution time

In both encryption and decryption processes, the execution time doesn’t exceed a few seconds and
fractions of a second. Any cryptography algorithm’s encryption time is the amount of time it takes to transform
plain text into cipher text. The throughput of any encryption process is computed using the encryption time,
which is calculated as the total encrypted plaintext (in bytes) divided by the encryption time (in ms).

6. CONCLUSION
By employing efficient cryptographic primitives, the proposed medical image encryption system
achieves an exceptional throughput suitable for encryption. The suggested framework’s security and efficiency
benefits may be applied to any chaotic map, whether classic, modern, or future. The suggested method’s most
notable features are its amazing sensitivity to even minor changes in the encryption key, as well as its robustness
versus data loss due to transmission network issues. 3DES is more reliable and has a larger key length, which
avoids several of the attacks that may be used to speed up the process. As a result, chaotic maps provide various
advantages, including a large keyspace and good security. In order to reach higher performance for medical
image encryption in an ideal time, we proposed a method that takes advantage of the long key and the high
security with easy implementation of them. The simulation and performance assessment findings show that the
approach is successful and trustworthy in encrypting images of various sorts and sizes, making it suitable for
dependable and feasible cryptographic usage. The proposed scheme will be paired with image steganography in
the future to allow for secure image transfer utilizing the secret key.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Abbas Zamil Hussain is currently pursuing a master’s degree in computer

science at the University of Technology in Baghdad. He obtained his Bachelor’s Degree in
computer science in 2019. His area of interest includes Information Systems, Cryptography,
and Image Processing. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Maisa’a Abid Ali Khodher obtained her M.Sc. and Ph.D. in 2005 and 2016
from the University of Technology in Iraq, and her M.Sc. in Image Processing, and her Ph.D.
in information hiding. Currently, she is Assist. Prof. in Computer Science. Dr. Maisa’a has
more than 30 years of experience and she has supervised B.Sc. final year projects. And she
has supervised M.SC. and Ph.D. Her research interests include cryptography, image
processing, databases, data security, and linguistic steganography. She can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Medical image encryption using multi chaotic maps (Abbas Zamil Hussain)