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    The document discusses various failure criteria for materials and structures. It defines failure and describes different failure modes like yielding, creep, and fracture. It then summarizes common failure criteria including Tresca and von Mises criteria for ductile materials and maximum normal stress theory for brittle materials. The document also discusses creep failure in three stages and defines different types of fractures. It concludes with a brief overview of risk analysis methods for predicting failure probabilities.

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    The document discusses various failure criteria for materials and structures. It defines failure and describes different failure modes like yielding, creep, and fracture. It then summarizes common failure criteria including Tresca and von Mises criteria for ductile materials and maximum normal stress theory for brittle materials. The document also discusses creep failure in three stages and defines different types of fractures. It concludes with a brief overview of risk analysis methods for predicting failure probabilities.

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    The document discusses various failure criteria for materials and structures. It defines failure and describes different failure modes like yielding, creep, and fracture. It then summarizes common failure criteria including Tresca and von Mises criteria for ductile materials and maximum normal stress theory for brittle materials. The document also discusses creep failure in three stages and defines different types of fractures. It concludes with a brief overview of risk analysis methods for predicting failure probabilities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    51 views14 pages

    My Presentation..

    Uploaded by

    merlin otemakumi
    The document discusses various failure criteria for materials and structures. It defines failure and describes different failure modes like yielding, creep, and fracture. It then summarizes common failure criteria including Tresca and von Mises criteria for ductile materials and maximum normal stress theory for brittle materials. The document also discusses creep failure in three stages and defines different types of fractures. It concludes with a brief overview of risk analysis methods for predicting failure probabilities.

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    of 14

    TOPIC : FAILURE CRITERIA

    COURS : CIV 529 ADVANCED STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

    DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

    FULL NAME : MERLIN LOTENGO OTEMAKUMI

    STUDENT NUMBER : 20223810

    SUPERVISIOR : Assos.Prof. dr. Rifat Reşatoğlu

    SEMESTER FALL 2022


    CONTENT

     Definition of failure

     Failure by yielding

     Creep

     Definition of fracture

     Types of fracture
    1. Definition

    - Significant and temporary decrease in physical strength.


    - Weakness, inability.

    Note : A failure criterion is needed to predict the safety limits of a material's use under
    combined stresses.

    Figure 1 : Theorie of faillure

    Figure 1 : Theorie of faillure

    Failure occurs when ̅ , where is the failure strength of the material. Failure is
    not expected if ̅ is less than

    1.1. Failure criteria

     Cinematic criteria
     Strength criteria :
    - Sudden static failure (brittle elastic behavior)
    - Excess plastic deformation
    - Fatigue failure
    - Creep
    - Collapse
    - etc ...
    1.2. Failure mode

    - Corrosion : pitting, stress, cavitation, chemical attacks, erosion, galvanic.


    - Shrinkage : fatigue, wear, corrosion
    - Buckling : thermal, high cycle, low cycle, surface
    - Brinelling, spalling
    - Wear : impact, adhesive, shrinkage, ...
    - Fragile
    - Combined fatigue and buckling
    - Thermal shock
    - Thermal relaxation
    - Corrosion stress
    - Elastic deformation
    - Combined temperature stress
    - Radiation
    - Acoustic fatigue

    Figure 2 : Typical failure modes of the SCS beam element.

    1.3. Causes of failure


    The usual causes of failure are :

    - Improper selection and processing of materials


    - Inadequate design of the component
    - Improper use of the component.
    In summary

    Figure 3 : the organizational chart

    2. Failure by yielding
    2.1. Use of fracture mechanics in design
    Two approaches are used for the design of structures. The first one, the most classical
    one, is based on the material yield strength σ_E, while the second one is based on the
    concept of toughness from linear fracture mechanics.

    In the first case, structures are sized so that the applied stresses σ remain below the
    yield strength (σ < σ_E). A safety factor is usually introduced to prevent any risk of
    brittle failure : (σ < α σ_E, with α <1).

    2.2. Energy criterion


    The energy approach is based on the following postulate: the extension of a crack that
    leads to failure occurs when the energy supplied is sufficient to overcome the strength of
    the material.

    With
    G : energy restitution rate
    E : Young's modulus
    a : length
    : means the critical value of the energy obtained for the
    applied stress
    : the critical defect length at which the rupture occurs
    2.3. Criteria to consider for the design of a structure
    The 3 most common modes of failure encountered in the design of a structure by means
    of admissible stresses are :

    2.3.1. Static failure in tension / shear


    When the level of tensile and shear stress locally exceeds a certain level, depending on
    the state of stress and the nature of the material, a tear is observed whose appearance is
    variable (ductile fractures, brittle fractures ...). If the neighbouring elements cannot take
    up the loads that the broken element can no longer transmit, there is a total rupture of
    the structure.
    TRESCA CRITERIA
    The Tresca criterion evaluates the maximum shear stress.

    Plastic flow when τmax > τadm

    For a uniaxial test : σ1 > 0, σ2 = σ3 = 0 → τadm. = σY/ 2

    For a biaxial test (σ planes) :

    (a) σ1 ≥ 0, σ3 = 0 → τadm. = σ1/2; Plasticization when σ1 = σY

    (b) σ1 ≥ 0, σ3 ≤ 0 → τadm. = (σ1- σ3)/2; plasticization when σ1 - σ3 > σY

    (c) σ1 = 0, σ3 ≤ 0 → τadm. = σ3/2; plasticization when |σ3| = Σy

     An example of this

    Von Mises criterion


    The Von Mises criterion evaluates the maximum distortion energy

    Plastic flow when the distortion energy reaches the critical value

    Distortion energy : ̅

    Maximum distortion energy : ̅̅̅̅̅̅

    Von Mises equivalent stress :


     An example of this

    σ1 = 208 MPa

    σ2 = 200 MPa

    σ3 = −108 MPa

    σY = 270 MPa

    Maximum Normal Stress Theory (for Brittle Materials)


    The MNS theory predicts that failure will occur when any of the three principal stresses
    equals or exceeds the ultimate strength obtained from tensile or compressive test.

     For general state of stress (𝜎1 ≥ 𝜎2 ≥ 𝜎3 ), according to MNS theory ,failure


    occurs whenever : 𝜎1 ≥ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝜎3 ≤ −𝑆𝑢𝑐

     For plane stress (𝜎𝐴 & 𝜎𝐵) :

    - 𝜎𝐴 ≥ 𝜎𝐵  𝜎𝐴 ≥ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝐵 ≤ −𝑆𝑢𝑐
    - 𝜎𝐴 ≤ 𝜎𝐵  𝜎𝐴 ≤ −𝑆𝑢𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝐵 ≥ 𝑆𝑢t

    Coulomb-Mohr Theory and Modifications (for Brittle Materials)


    The same Coulomb-Mohr theory used for ductile materials is also used for brittle
    materials but instead of using the yield strength, the ultimate strength is used to define
    failure.
     Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr : (Plane Stress) 𝜎𝐴 & 𝜎B

    3. Creep
     Stages of creep failure in materials
    Creep failure occurs in three different stages in materials when they are subjected to
    their creep temperature. In these creep stages, the material gradually loses its strength
    and forms creep voids. These creep voids under additional load will propagate into
    creep-induced cracks.

    - Primary creep : a rapid increase in length where the rate of creep decreases as
    the metal work hardens.
    - Secondary creep (steady state) : Secondary stage creep is also called steady
    state on the creep curve. The creep rate here is almost flat. The secondary creep
    stage is the longest on the time graph to occur compared to the other creep
    stages.
    - Tertiary Creep : This occurs when the creep life is nearly exhausted, voids have
    formed in the material and the effective cross-sectional area has been reduced.
    The rate of creep accelerates as the stress per unit area increases until the
    specimen eventually fails.

    Figure 5 : Schematic creep curve


    4. Définition of fracture
    Fracture is defined as the separation of a part into two or more pieces.

    4.1. FRACTURE MODES

    4.2. Type of fracture


    There are two categories of structural failure :

    - That resulting from negligence in the design, construction or use of the structure,
    - That related to the use of a new material or a new process, which can cause an
    unexpected failure.

    For a test under monotonic loading of a single tensile specimen, different types of failure
    modes can be distinguished :

    a. Elastic - brittle failure


    b. Quasi-brittle failure
    c. Plastic fracture - brittle.
    d. Ductile fracture
    e. Creep failure
    f. Fatigue failure
    g. Polymer fracture

    In short : the failures are also made according to the materials as for example the fragile
    materials, plastics, elastoplastics, viscoplastics, etc...
    4.3. Diagnosis

     Risk
    Risk = probability of failure × consequences

    Unacceptable risk : Can only be justified under exceptional circumstances.

    Tolerable risk : Tolerable if the cost of reducing the risk is disproportionate.

    Negligible risk : There is no need to reduce the risk further.

    Individual risk : The reference is usually the annual probability of accidental death or
    injury.

    Societal risk : The reference is usually the expected average number of deaths per year.

    - Acceptable individual risk (RI)

    Pf = 1 - reliability; this is the probability that the failure function Z will become negative
    or zero during a reference period chosen for estimation.

    β : Reliability index; β = φ -1 (1 - Pf) = - φ -1(Pf)

     Probability of failure
    Si R S ; survival

    Si R S ; failure

    FS = R/S

     Failure rate (λ)

    λ=

     Repair rate (µ)

    µ=
     Probabilité de risque (q)

    q= et MDT =

    Avec :

    MTBF : Mean Time Between Failures

    MDT : Mean Down Time

    MTTF : Mean Time To Failure

    MTTR : Mean Time To Repair

     Example
    An equipment in operation for a total time TT = 2083 days, has been subject to P = 5
    failures causing it to be taken out of service for repair for a total repair time TRT = 3
    days.
    THANK YOU EVERYONE
    Reference List :
    1. Lecture Notes AEE 361, Demirkan ÇÖKER), 2009, “Static Failure Theories”

    2. Static Failure theories, Ansel C. UGURAL & Saul K. Fenster, 2007, “Advanced
    Strength and Applied Elasticity”, fourth edition.

    3. J. M. Vance, F. Y. Zeidan et B. Murphy, Mac hi nery vibration and rotordynamics:


    John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

    4. J. I. Taylor, The vibration analysis handbook: Vibration Consultants, 1994.

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