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Aberrant Cell Growth

The document summarizes information about cancer including histological grading of tumors from well differentiated (Grade 1) to immature and undifferentiated (Grade 4). It also lists etiologies of cancer such as viruses, chemical carcinogens, and physical carcinogens. Characteristics of normal cells are described in contrast to malignant cells such as uncontrolled growth. Differences between benign and malignant tumors are provided such as rapid growth and metastasis of malignant tumors.

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aziz ali
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31 views3 pages

Aberrant Cell Growth

The document summarizes information about cancer including histological grading of tumors from well differentiated (Grade 1) to immature and undifferentiated (Grade 4). It also lists etiologies of cancer such as viruses, chemical carcinogens, and physical carcinogens. Characteristics of normal cells are described in contrast to malignant cells such as uncontrolled growth. Differences between benign and malignant tumors are provided such as rapid growth and metastasis of malignant tumors.

Uploaded by

aziz ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cancer

HISTOLOGICAL ANALYTIC CLASSIFICATION

The histological grading of tumors, the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are
evaluated for many tumors, four grades are used.

Grade 1; Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated
(Moderate)
Grade 2; Cells are more abnormal from normal cells and moderately differentiated
(Severe)
Grade 3; Cells are very abnormal than the normal cells and poorly differentiated

Grade 4; Cells are immature and un-differentiated.

ETIOLOGY OF CANCER

1- Virus
2- Chemical Carcinogens
3- Physical Carcinogens
4- Drugs and Hormones

1- VIRUS; Some virus (DNA or RNA) can induce the malignant transformations.
Hepatitis G virus cause the hepatocellular carcinoma of liver, Epstein-Barr virus cause the
Burkitts Lymphoma, HIV cause the Kopsi’s sarcoma.

2- CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS; The Chemical carcinogens though to cause the cancer


in the human being due to close and prolonged contact and persons who are effected usually
are the workers in the industries where the chemical are used by the products with neoplasm
are as fallow.

Cigarette ---------------------------------lung cancer, bladder cancer


Asbestos ---------------------------------lung cancer
Arsenic ----------------------------------skin, lung cancer
Benzene ----------------------------------leukemia
Cadmium --------------------------------Prostate, kidney cancer
Nickel ---------------------------------lung, nasal sinuses cancer
Uranium --------------------------------lung cancer
Nitrates -----------------------------------stomach cancer
Mustard gas -----------------------------lung cancer

3 - PHYSICAL CARCINOGENS;
a) ionizing Radiation i.e. Radon, Uranium
b) Ultra violet Radiation: Sun rays contain ultraviolet rays that can alter the DNA structure
i.e. Basal or squamous cell carcinoma.

1
Cancer

4 - DRUGS AND HORMONES;

(a) Cytotoxic Drugs; i.e. cyclophosphosphomide (Acute Mylogenous Leukemia)

(b) Corticosteroid; i.e. hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone (Osteosarcoma)

(c) Radioisotopes; i.e. phosphorus (Acute leukemia)

CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMALS CELLS AND MALIGNANT CELLS

NORMAL CELL MALIGNANT CELLS

A- Mitotic cell Division A- Mitosis leads to or may not


Mitotic cell division leads resembles to parent cell.
to two daughter cells

B- Appearance B- Cells larger, grow more rapidly


Cells of same type homogenous heterogeneous in the size and shape
In size, shape and growth

C- Uniform size to nucleus C- large or more prominent nucleus.

D- Well differentiated cell D- lack of differentiated

E- Dot not invade adjacent E- Invade to adjacent tissues


tissues

F- Growth in ideal conditions F- Growth adverse conditions such


as lack of nutrients

G- Stable cell Membrane G- loss of cell control as a result cell


membrane charges.

H- Have specific and designated H- Serve no useful functions


Functions

I- Contribute to the overall well I- Do not contribute the well being


Being of the host of the host

J- Can’t grow in necrosis or J- Grow in presence in necrosis and


Inflammation inflammations

2
Cancer

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALINANT TUMOUR

BENIGN TUMOUR MALINANT TUMOUR

A- Speed of Growth A- They usually grow rapidly


They grow slowly continue to
grow throughout life unless
surgically.

B- Grow by enlarging and B- Grow by infiltrating surroundings


expending always remain tissues. May remain localized (in situ)
localized. but usually infiltrates other tissues.

C- Usually well differentiated C- Usually poorly moderately or


Cells undifferentiated cells

D- Recurrence extremely D- Recurrence is common following


un usually when surgically by the surgery because tumor
removed. cells spread into surrounding tissues.

E- Metastasis never occurs E- Metastasis is very common

F- Nor harmful to the host unless F- Always harmful to the host. Result is
located area where it causes or death unless removed surgically
obstructions of vital organs. removed or destroyed by radiation
or chemotherapy.

G- Dose not cause wt; loss G- Weight loss, Anemia and wasting is
anemia or wasting positive

I- Prognosis is very good, I- Depend on the cell type and


tumor generally removed speed of diagnosis. Poor prognosis
surgically if cell are poorly differentiated. Good
Prognosis if cells are still resembles
with normal cells.

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