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Tutorial 1math570

This document provides an overview of key concepts in Python including control structures, variables and data types, functions, and NumPy arrays. It discusses selection and loops, boolean, number, string, and list data types. It also covers functions, arguments, scope, and passing functions as arguments. Finally, it outlines how to create, index, and perform computations on NumPy arrays.

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Nghiep Huynh
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35 views

Tutorial 1math570

This document provides an overview of key concepts in Python including control structures, variables and data types, functions, and NumPy arrays. It discusses selection and loops, boolean, number, string, and list data types. It also covers functions, arguments, scope, and passing functions as arguments. Finally, it outlines how to create, index, and perform computations on NumPy arrays.

Uploaded by

Nghiep Huynh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introductory Topics

Control structure
Selection if ...: ... elif ...: ... else: ... Loops while ...: ... or for ... in ...: ... Control in loops can be modied using break and/or continue.

Variables and Data


Boolean: True and False None Numbers: int, long, oat, and complex Lists: Lists can be created explicitly using brackets or from the range function. Useful operations that mutate lists are: del mylist[i] list.reverse(mylist) list.sort(mylist) map(float, mylist) i = list.index(mylist, Ruijun) Ruijun in mylist

Tuple: A tuple is like a list except that it is immutable and constructed with parentheses, which can be omitted when there is no ambiguity. a, b, c = range(3) Dictionary: A dictionary is a sequence in which entries are accessed by a key rather than a nonnegative integer index. sqrt = {1:1, 4:2, 9:3} # a dictionary String: Strings that cross lines should be enclosed in triple quotes. This is a string! "This is a string!" """ This string crosses a line. """ This string also crosses a line. Useful constructions include string[1:2] str.upper(mystring) Attributes: Modules are objects and they may have data attributes, eg sys.argv math.pi and function attributes sys.exit math.sin There are more. Copy and assignment: A Python variable is a reference to an object. To be more specic, a Python variable contains the address of an object in memory. x = 2; y = x; x = 3 print x, y

import copy a = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0] b = copy.copy(a) c = copy.deepcopy(a) Each object x has a unique ID id(x), typically its address in memory. Whether or not variable x and y refer to the same object can be checked with x is y

Functions
A typical Python function can be sketched as def funciton_name(arg1, arg2, arg3): # statements return something All Python functions return a value, default is None. Call by reference def zero(x, y): x = 0. for i in range(len(b)): y[i] = 0. a = 1. b = [2., 3., 5.] zeros(a, b) print a = , a, b = , b, x = , x When the function zero is called, the reference in a and b are copied to local variables x and y, respectively. The function changes x to refer to 0, but there is no change to a. However, b and y are referencing the same list. Upon exist, the local variables become undened,. Scope: The parameter of a function have only local scope. def func(x): a = 1. return x + a + b a = 2. b = 3. func(5.) 3

The variable a is a local variable because it is dened in its rst occurrence, where b is a global variable because it is used without rst being dened. Argument lists: Python permits keyword arguments, which are optional labeled arguments. e.g. plot(x, y, linewidth=1.0) Passing function names: A couple of examples are myplot(f, -1., 1.) myplot(lambda x: x*x, 0., 5.) The lambda operator constructs a function without naming it. It is limited to functions that can be dened with a single expression.

Array
Creating Arrays Array of specied length, lled with zeros: from numpy import zeros # one dimensional array a = zeros(n, float) # two dimensional array b = zeros((p, q), float) Array with a sequence of numbers: from numpy import arange x = arange(-5, 5, 0.5, float) Array construction from a Python list pl = [0, 1.2, 4, -9.1, 5, 8] # Python list c = array(pl) Changing the dimensions of an array: a = array([0, 1.2, 4, -9.1, 5, 8]) a.shape = (2, 3) # turn a into a 2x3 matrix a. shape = (size(a),) # turn a into a vector of length 6 again Array Indexing: A general index has the form start:stop:step, indicating all elements from start up to stop-step in steps of step.

a = arange(-1, 1.01, 0.4) a[2: 4] = -1 # set a[2] and a[3] equal to -1 a[-1] = a[0] # set last element equal to first one a.shape = (2, 3) # turn a into a 2x3 matrix print a[0, 1] # print entry (0, 1) i = 0; j = 0 a[i, j] = 10 # assignment to entry (i, j) print a[:, 0] # print first column a[:, :] = 0 # set all elements of a equal to 0 Array Computations: Check the document list http://www.scipy.org/Numpy Example List ceil(a): nearest integers greater than or equal to a oor(a): nearest integers smaller than or equal to a x(a): round a to nearest integer towards zero round(decimals = 0, out = None) from numpy import * # rounds the items. array([1.2345, -1.647]).round() # integer arrays stay as they are array([1, -1]).round() # round to 1 decimal place array([1.2345, -1.647]).round(decimals=1) # both real and complex parts are rounded array([1.2345+2.34j, -1.647-0.238j]).round() # numpy rounds x.5 to nearest even array([0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5]).round() # different output arrays may be specified a = zeros(3, dtype=int) array([1.2345, -1.647, 3.141]).round(out=a)

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