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University of Basra College of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

This document discusses viscosity, which refers to a fluid's internal resistance to flow. It defines different types of viscosity measurements like dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Methods for measuring viscosity are described, including viscometers, rheometers, and Zahn cups. Factors that affect viscosity are also discussed, such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of the fluid. The purpose of the experiment was to determine viscosities of liquids at different temperatures using kinematic and dynamic measurements. It was found that honey has the highest viscosity while water has the lowest.

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منار علي محسن 72 صباحي
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75 views10 pages

University of Basra College of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

This document discusses viscosity, which refers to a fluid's internal resistance to flow. It defines different types of viscosity measurements like dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Methods for measuring viscosity are described, including viscometers, rheometers, and Zahn cups. Factors that affect viscosity are also discussed, such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of the fluid. The purpose of the experiment was to determine viscosities of liquids at different temperatures using kinematic and dynamic measurements. It was found that honey has the highest viscosity while water has the lowest.

Uploaded by

منار علي محسن 72 صباحي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Basra

College of engineering
Chemical engineering department

Report Title : Viscosity

4th stage
Manar Ali mohsin 61
Introduction

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of


a fluid which is being deformed by either
shear stress or tensile stress. In everyday
terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is
"thickness" or "internal friction". Thus,
water is "thin", having a lower viscosity,
while honey is "thick", having a higher
viscosity. Put simply, the less viscous the
fluid is, the greater its ease of movement
(fluidity).
Viscosity describes a fluid's internal
resistance to flow and may be thought of
as a measure of fluid friction. For
example, high-viscosity felsic magma will
create a tall, steep stratovolcano, because
it cannot flow far before it cools, while
low-viscosity mafic lava will create a wide,
shallow-sloped shield volcano. All real
fluids (except superfluids) have some
resistance to stress and therefore are
viscous, but a fluid which has no
resistance to shear stress is known as an
ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.
The study of flowing matter is known as
rheology, which includes viscosity and
related concepts.

Types of viscosity
• Dynamic (absolute) viscosity – the
measurement of the fluid’s internal
resistance to flow when force is
applied
• Kinematic viscosity – refers to the ratio
of dynamic viscosity to density, or a
measurement of the viscosity of a fluid
in motion
• Steady shear (apparent) viscosity –
refers to the relationship between
viscosity and shear rate, more
specifically the shear stress applied to
a fluid divided by the shear rate.
• Relative viscosity – refers to the ratio
of the viscosity of a solution to the
viscosity of the solvent used
• Extensional viscosity - the resistance of
a fluid to extensional flow (flow
through a field involving a change in
cross-sectional area)

Viscosity measurement
Viscosity is measured with various types
of viscometers and rheometers. A
rheometer is used for those fluids which
cannot be defined by a single value of
viscosity and therefore require more
parameters to be set and measured than
is the case for a viscometer. Close
temperature control of the fluid is
essential to accurate measurements,
particularly in materials like lubricants,
whose viscosity can double with a change
of only 5 °C.
For some fluids, viscosity is a constant
over a wide range of shear rates
(Newtonian fluids). The fluids without a
constant viscosity (non-Newtonian fluids)
cannot be described by a single number.
Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a variety of
different correlations between shear
stress and shear rate.
One of the most common instruments for
measuring kinematic viscosity is the glass
capillary viscometer.
In paint industries, viscosity is commonly
measured with a Zahn cup, in which the
efflux time is determined and given to
customers. The efflux time can also be
converted to kinematic viscosities
(centistokes, cSt) through the conversion
equations.
Also used in paint, a Stormer viscometer
uses load-based rotation in order to
determine viscosity. The viscosity is
reported in Krebs units (KU), which are
unique to Stormer viscometers.
A Ford viscosity cup measures the rate of
flow of a liquid. This, under ideal
conditions, is proportional to the
kinematic viscosity.
Vibrating viscometers can also be used to
measure viscosity. These models such as
the Dynatrol use vibration rather than
rotation to measure viscosity.
Extensional viscosity can be measured
with various rheometers that apply
extensional stress.
Volume viscosity can be measured with an
acoustic rheometer.
Apparent viscosity is a calculation derived
from tests performed on drilling fluid
used in oil or gas well development. These
calculations and tests help engineers
develop and maintain the properties of
the drilling fluid to the specifications
required.
What factors affect viscosity?

CONCEPT: Viscosity: The state of being


sticky, thick, and semi-fluid inconsistency,
due to internal friction of fluids is called
viscosity. The viscosity of a material is
affected by temperature, pressure, nature
of fluid, velocity gradient , etc.

The purpose of this experiment

The purpose of this experiment is to


determine the viscosities (viscous flow
coefficients) of the liquids at the desired
temperature by kinematically and
dynamically. In our daily life, it is possible
to observe that the fluids such as honey,
hard flowing liquid oil etc. flow more
slowly than the others.
Discussion
Viscosity is the measure of the internal
friction of a fluid. This friction becomes
apparent when one layer of fluid is caused
to move relative to another layer. The
greater the friction, the greater the force
required to cause this movement, called
shear, is important.
viscosity, resistance of a fluid (liquid or
gas) to a change in shape, or movement of
neighbouring portions relative to one
another. Viscosity denotes opposition to
flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is
called the fluidity, a measure of the ease of
flow. Molasses, for example, has a greater
viscosity than water.

the errors that we faced in this lab


experiment
humans errors like wrong in recording
time
Avoid/ use a good device to record time
and will do it accurately.
the difference between n viscosity and
apparent viscosity the viscosity of a fluid
is a measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress and tensile
stress.... for a Newtonian fluid, the
apparent viscosity is constant, and equal
to the Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, the
apparent viscosity depend on the shear.
This test has the advantage of being quick,
simple, and requiring Very little
equipment.
conclusion
It is determined that honey has the
highest viscosity and the slowest time
while water has the lowest viscosity and
the fastest time. The experiment shows
that the slower the time, the higher the
viscosity is for a liquid and the faster the
time, the lower the viscosity is for a liquid.

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