Final Fantasy

Final Fantasy[a] is a Japanese science fantasy anthology media franchise created by Hironobu
Sakaguchi and developed and owned by Square Enix (formerly Square). The franchise centers on
a series of fantasy and science fantasy role-playing video games. The first game in the series
was released in 1987, with 15 numbered main entries having been released to date. The
franchise has since branched into other video game genres such as tactical role-playing, action
role-playing, massively multiplayer online role-playing, racing, third-person shooter, fighting, and
rhythm, as well as branching into other media, including CGI films, anime, manga, and novels.
 Final Fantasy

Genre(s) Role-playing video game

Developer(s) Square, Square Enix

Publisher(s) Square, Square Enix

Creator(s) Hironobu Sakaguchi

Composer(s) Nobuo Uematsu

Platform(s) Arcade
Android
BlackBerry OS
Game Boy
Game Boy Advance
GameCube
iOS
Java ME
MSX
Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo DS
Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo Switch
Ouya
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 4
PlayStation 5
PlayStation Portable
PlayStation Vita
Super NES
Wii
Windows
Windows Phone
WonderSwan
Xbox 360
 Xbox One
Xbox Series X/S

First release Final Fantasy

December 18, 1987

Latest release Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII Reunion

December 13, 2022

Spin-offs Kingdom Hearts

Mana
SaGa

Final Fantasy primary installments are generally stand-alone anthology series of role-playing
games, each with different settings, plots and main characters, but the franchise is linked by
several recurring elements, including game mechanics and recurring character names. Each plot
centers on a particular group of heroes who are battling a great evil, but also explores the
characters' internal struggles and relationships. Character names are frequently derived from the
history, languages, pop culture, and mythologies of cultures worldwide. The mechanics of each
game involve similar battle systems and maps.

Final Fantasy has been both critically and commercially successful. Several entries are regarded
as some of the greatest video games, with the series selling more than 173 million copies
worldwide, making it one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time. The series is well
known for its innovation, visuals, such as the inclusion of full-motion videos (FMVs),
photorealistic character models, and music by Nobuo Uematsu. It has popularized many
features now common in role-playing games, also popularizing the genre as a whole in markets
outside Japan.

Media

Games

The first installment of the series was released in Japan on December 18, 1987. Subsequent
games are numbered and given a story unrelated to previous games, so the numbers refer to
volumes rather than to sequels. Many Final Fantasy games have been localized for markets in
North America, Europe, and Australia on numerous video game consoles, personal computers
(PC), and mobile phones. Future installments will appear on seventh and eighth generation
consoles. As of November 2016, the series includes the main installments from Final Fantasy to
Final Fantasy XV, as well as direct sequels and spin-offs, both released and confirmed as being
in development. Most of the older games have been remade or re-released on multiple
platforms.[1]

Main series

Release timeline
1987 Final Fantasy
1988 Final Fantasy II
1989
1990 Final Fantasy III
1991 Final Fantasy IV
1992 Final Fantasy V
1993
1994 Final Fantasy VI
1995–1996
1997 Final Fantasy VII
1998
1999 Final Fantasy VIII
2000 Final Fantasy IX
2001 Final Fantasy X
2002 Final Fantasy XI
2003–2005
2006 Final Fantasy XII
2007–2008
2009 Final Fantasy XIII
2010 Final Fantasy XIV (original)
2011–2012
2013 Final Fantasy XIV
2014–2015
2016 Final Fantasy XV
2017–2022
2023 Final Fantasy XVI

Three Final Fantasy installments were released on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).
Final Fantasy was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1990.[2][3] It introduced
many concepts to the console RPG genre, and has since been remade on several platforms.[3]
Final Fantasy II, released in 1988 in Japan, has been bundled with Final Fantasy in several re-
releases.[3][4][5] The last of the NES installments, Final Fantasy III, was released in Japan in
1990;[6] however, it was not released elsewhere until a Nintendo DS remake in 2006.[5]
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) also featured three installments of the main
series, all of which have been re-released on several platforms. Final Fantasy IV was released in
1991; in North America, it was released as Final Fantasy II.[7][8] It introduced the "Active Time
Battle" system.[9] Final Fantasy V, released in 1992 in Japan, was the first game in the series to
spawn a sequel: a short anime series, Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals.[3][10][11] Final
Fantasy VI was released in Japan in 1994, titled Final Fantasy III in North America.[12]

The PlayStation console saw the release of three main Final Fantasy games. Final Fantasy VII
(1997) moved away from the two-dimensional (2D) graphics used in the first six games to three-
dimensional (3D) computer graphics; the game features polygonal characters on pre-rendered
backgrounds. It also introduced a more modern setting, a style that was carried over to the next
game.[3] It was also the second in the series to be released in Europe, with the first being Final
Fantasy Mystic Quest. Final Fantasy VIII was published in 1999, and was the first to consistently
use realistically proportioned characters and feature a vocal piece as its theme music.[3][13] Final
Fantasy IX, released in 2000, returned to the series' roots by revisiting a more traditional Final
Fantasy setting rather than the more modern worlds of VII and VIII.[3][14]

Three main installments, as well as one online game, were published for the PlayStation 2
(PS2).[15][16][17] Final Fantasy X (2001) introduced full 3D areas and voice acting to the series, and
was the first to spawn a sub-sequel (Final Fantasy X-2, published in 2003).[18][19] The first
massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) in the series, Final Fantasy XI, was
released on the PS2 and PC in 2002, and later on the Xbox 360.[20][21] It introduced real-time
battles instead of random encounters.[21] Final Fantasy XII, published in 2006, also includes real-
time battles in large, interconnected playfields.[22][23] The game is also the first in the main series
to utilize a world used in a previous game, namely the land of Ivalice, which had previously
featured in Final Fantasy Tactics and Vagrant Story.[24]

In 2009, Final Fantasy XIII was released in Japan, and in North America and Europe the following
year, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[25][26] It is the flagship installment of the Fabula Nova
Crystallis Final Fantasy series[27] and became the first mainline game to spawn two sub-sequels
(XIII-2 and Lightning Returns).[28] It was also the first game released in Chinese and high
definition along with being released on two consoles at once. Final Fantasy XIV, a MMORPG, was
released worldwide on Microsoft Windows in 2010, but it received heavy criticism when it was
launched, prompting Square Enix to rerelease the game as Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn,
this time to the PlayStation 3 as well, in 2013.[29] Final Fantasy XV is an action role-playing game
that was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2016.[30][31] Originally a XIII spin-off titled
Versus XIII, XV uses the mythos of the Fabula Nova Crystallis series, although in many other
respects the game stands on its own and has since been distanced from the series by its
developers.[32][33][34][35][36][37] The next mainline entry, Final Fantasy XVI, was announced in
September 2020 for the PlayStation 5.[38]

Remakes, sequels and spin-offs

Final Fantasy has spawned numerous spin-offs and metaseries. Several are, in fact, not Final
Fantasy games, but were rebranded for North American release. Examples include the SaGa
series, rebranded The Final Fantasy Legend, and its two sequels, Final Fantasy Legend II and Final
Fantasy Legend III.[39] Final Fantasy Mystic Quest was specifically developed for a United States
audience, and Final Fantasy Tactics is a tactical RPG that features many references and themes
found in the series.[40][41] The spin-off Chocobo series, Crystal Chronicles series, and Kingdom
Hearts series also include multiple Final Fantasy elements.[39][42] In 2003, the Final Fantasy
series' first sub-sequel, Final Fantasy X-2, was released.[43] Final Fantasy XIII was originally
intended to stand on its own, but the team wanted to explore the world, characters and mythos
more, resulting in the development and release of two sequels in 2011 and 2013 respectively,
creating the series' first official trilogy.[28] Dissidia Final Fantasy was released in 2009, a fighting
game that features heroes and villains from the first ten games of the main series.[44] It was
followed by a prequel in 2011.[45] Other spin-offs have taken the form of subseries—Compilation
of Final Fantasy VII, Ivalice Alliance, and Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy. In March 2022,
Square Enix released the action-role playing title Stranger of Paradise: Final Fantasy Origin
developed in collaboration with Team Ninja, which takes place in an alternate, reimagined reality
based on the setting of the original Final Fantasy game, depicting a prequel story the explores
the origins of the antagonist Chaos and the emergence of the four Warriors of Light.[46][47]
Enhanced 3D remakes of Final Fantasy III and Final Fantasy IV were released in 2006 and 2007
respectively.[48][49] The first installment of the Final Fantasy VII Remake project was released on
the PlayStation 4 in 2020.[50]

Other media

Film and television

Square Enix has expanded the Final Fantasy series into various media. Multiple anime and
computer-generated imagery (CGI) films have been produced that are based either on individual
Final Fantasy games or on the series as a whole. The first was an original video animation (OVA),
Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals, a sequel to Final Fantasy V. The story was set in the same
world as the game, although 200 years in the future. It was released as four 30-minute episodes,
first in Japan in 1994 and later in the United States by Urban Vision in 1998. In 2001, Square
 Final Fantasy in film and television
1994 Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals
1995–2000

2001 Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within

Final Fantasy: Unlimited
2002–2004

2005 Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children

Last Order: Final Fantasy VII
2006–2015

2016 Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV

Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV
2017 Final Fantasy XIV: Dad of Light
2018
2019 Final Fantasy XV: Episode Ardyn – Prologue

Pictures released its first feature film, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within. The film is set on a future
Earth invaded by alien life forms.[51] The Spirits Within was the first animated feature to seriously
attempt to portray photorealistic CGI humans, but was considered a box office bomb and
garnered mixed reviews.[51][52][53]

A 25-episode anime television series, Final Fantasy: Unlimited, was released in 2001 based on
the common elements of the Final Fantasy series. It was broadcast in Japan by TV Tokyo and
released in North America by ADV Films.

In 2005, Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, a feature length direct-to-DVD CGI film, and Last Order:
Final Fantasy VII, a non-canon OVA,[54] were released as part of the Compilation of Final
Fantasy VII. Advent Children was animated by Visual Works, which helped the company create
CG sequences for the games.[55] The film, unlike The Spirits Within, became a commercial
success.[56][57][58][59] Last Order, on the other hand, was released in Japan in a special DVD
bundle package with Advent Children. Last Order sold out quickly[60] and was positively received
by Western critics,[61][62] though fan reaction was mixed over changes to established story
scenes.[63]

Two animated tie-ins for Final Fantasy XV were announced at the Uncovered Final Fantasy XV
fan and press event, forming part of a larger multimedia project dubbed the Final Fantasy XV
Universe. Brotherhood: Final Fantasy XV is a series of five 10-to-20-minute-long episodes
developed by A-1 Pictures and Square Enix detailing the backstories of the main cast.
Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV, a CGI movie released prior to the game in Summer 2016, is set
during the game's opening and follows new and secondary characters.[64][65][66][67] On February
26, 2019, Square Enix released a short anime, produced by Satelight Inc, called Final Fantasy XV:
Episode Ardyn – Prologue on their YouTube channel which acts as the background story for the
final piece of DLC for Final Fantasy XV giving insight into Ardyn's past.

Square Enix also released Final Fantasy XIV: Dad of Light, an 8-episode Japanese soap opera
based. It features a mix of live-action scenes and Final Fantasy XIV gameplay footage. It
premiered in Japan on April 16, 2017, and became available worldwide via Netflix in September
of the same year.

It was announced in June 2019 that Sony Pictures Television is working on a first ever live-action
adaptation of the series with Hivemind and Square Enix. Jason F. Brown, Sean Daniel and Dinesh
Shamdasani for Hivemind will be the producers while Ben Lustig and Jake Thornton will write for
the series and will serve as executive producers.[68]

Other media

Several video games have either been adapted into or have had spin-offs in the form of manga
and novels. The first was the novelization of Final Fantasy II in 1989, and was followed by a
manga adaptation of Final Fantasy III in 1992.[69][70] The past decade has seen an increase in the
number of non-video game adaptations and spin-offs. Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within has been
adapted into a novel, the spin-off game Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles has been adapted into a
manga, and Final Fantasy XI has had a novel and manga set in its continuity.[71][72][73][74] Seven
novellas based on the Final Fantasy VII universe have also been released. The Final Fantasy:
Unlimited story was partially continued in novels and a manga after the anime series ended.[75]
The Final Fantasy X and Final Fantasy XIII series have also had novellas and audio dramas
released. Final Fantasy Tactics Advance has been adapted into a radio drama, and Final Fantasy:
Unlimited has received a radio drama sequel.

A trading card game named the Final Fantasy trading card game is produced by Square Enix and
Hobby Japan, first released Japan in 2012 with an English version in 2016.[76] The game has
been compared to Magic: the Gathering, and a tournament circuit for the game also takes
place.[77][78]

Common elements

Although most Final Fantasy installments are independent, many gameplay elements recur
throughout the series.[79][80] Most games contain elements of fantasy and science fiction and
feature recycled names often inspired from various cultures' history, languages and mythology,
including Asian, European, and Middle-Eastern.[81] Examples include weapon names like
Excalibur and Masamune—derived from Arthurian legend and the Japanese swordsmith
Masamune respectively—as well as the spell names Holy, Meteor, and Ultima.[80][81] Beginning
with Final Fantasy IV, the main series adopted its current logo style that features the same
typeface and an emblem designed by Japanese artist Yoshitaka Amano. The emblem relates to
a game's plot and typically portrays a character or object in the story. Subsequent remakes of
the first three games have replaced the previous logos with ones similar to the rest of the
series.[80]

Plot and themes

Final Fantasy V is similar to the earlier games in the series, in that the heroes must attempt to retrieve crystals to save the
world from an ancient evil.

The central conflict in many Final Fantasy games focuses on a group of characters battling an
evil, and sometimes ancient, antagonist that dominates the game's world. Stories frequently
involve a sovereign state in rebellion, with the protagonists taking part in the rebellion. The
heroes are often destined to defeat the evil, and occasionally gather as a direct result of the
antagonist's malicious actions.[3][81] Another staple of the series is the existence of two villains;
the main villain is not always who it appears to be, as the primary antagonist may actually be
subservient to another character or entity.[3] The main antagonist introduced at the beginning of
the game is not always the final enemy, and the characters must continue their quest beyond
what appears to be the final fight.[81]

Stories in the series frequently emphasize the internal struggles, passions, and tragedies of the
characters, and the main plot often recedes into the background as the focus shifts to their
personal lives.[23][82] Games also explore relationships between characters, ranging from love to
rivalry.[3] Other recurring situations that drive the plot include amnesia, a hero corrupted by an
evil force, mistaken identity, and self-sacrifice.[3][83][84] Magical orbs and crystals are recurring in-
game items that are frequently connected to the themes of the games' plots.[81] Crystals often
play a central role in the creation of the world, and a majority of the Final Fantasy games link
crystals and orbs to the planet's life force. As such, control over these crystals drives the main
conflict.[81][85] The classical elements are also a recurring theme in the series related to the
heroes, villains, and items.[81] Other common plot and setting themes include the Gaia
hypothesis, an apocalypse, and conflicts between advanced technology and nature.[81][83][86]

Characters

The series features a number of recurring character archetypes. Most famously, every game
since Final Fantasy II, including subsequent remakes of the original Final Fantasy, features a
character named Cid. Cid's appearance, personality, goals, and role in the game (non-playable
ally, party member, villain) vary dramatically. However, two characteristics many versions of Cid
have in common are being a scientist or engineer, and being tied in some way to an airship the
party eventually acquires. Every Cid has at least one of these two traits.

Biggs and Wedge, inspired by two Star Wars characters of the same name, appear in numerous
games as minor characters, sometimes as comic relief.[23][80] The later games in the series
feature several males with effeminate characteristics.[87][88] Recurring creatures include
Chocobos, Moogles, and Cactuars.[89] Chocobos are large, often flightless birds that appear in
several installments as a means of long-distance travel for characters. Moogles are white, stout
creatures resembling teddy bears with wings and a single antenna. They serve different roles in
games including mail delivery, weaponsmiths, party members, and saving the game. Cactuars
are anthropomorphic cacti with haniwa-like faces presented in a running or dashing pose. They
usually appear as recurring enemy units, and also as summoned allies or friendly non-player
characters in certain titles. Chocobo and Moogle appearances are often accompanied by
specific musical themes that have been arranged differently for separate games.[3][23][80]

Gameplay

In Final Fantasy games, players command a party of characters as they progress through the
game's story by exploring the game world and defeating enemies.[3][81] Enemies are typically
encountered randomly through exploring, a trend which changed in Final Fantasy XI and Final
Fantasy XII. The player issues combat orders—like "Fight", "Magic", and "Item"—to individual
characters via a menu-driven interface while engaging in battles. Throughout the series, the
games have used different battle systems. Prior to Final Fantasy XI, battles were turn-based with
the protagonists and antagonists on different sides of the battlefield. Final Fantasy IV introduced
the "Active Time Battle" (ATB) system that augmented the turn-based nature with a perpetual
time-keeping system. Designed by Hiroyuki Ito, it injected urgency and excitement into combat
by requiring the player to act before an enemy attacks, and was used until Final Fantasy X, which
implemented the "Conditional Turn-Based" (CTB) system.[3][23][90] This new system returned to
the previous turn-based system, but added nuances to offer players more challenge.[19][91] Final
Fantasy XI adopted a real-time battle system where characters continuously act depending on
the issued command.[92] Final Fantasy XII continued this gameplay with the "Active Dimension
Battle" system.[93] Final Fantasy XIII's combat system, designed by the same man who worked
on X,[94] was meant to have an action-oriented feel, emulating the cinematic battles in Final
Fantasy VII: Advent Children. The latest installment to the franchise, Final Fantasy XV, introduces
a new "Open Combat" system. Unlike previous battle systems in the franchise, the "Open
Combat" system (OCS) allows players to take on a fully active battle scenario, allowing for free
range attacks and movement, giving a much more fluid feel of combat. This system also
incorporates a "Tactical" Option during battle, which pauses active battle to allow use of
items.[95]

Like most RPGs, the Final Fantasy installments use an experience level system for character
advancement, in which experience points are accumulated by killing enemies.[96][97][98][99]
Character classes, specific jobs that enable unique abilities for characters, are another recurring
theme. Introduced in the first game, character classes have been used differently in each game.
Some restrict a character to a single job to integrate it into the story, while other games feature
dynamic job systems that allow the player to choose from multiple classes and switch
throughout the game. Though used heavily in many games, such systems have become less
prevalent in favor of characters that are more versatile; characters still match an archetype, but
are able to learn skills outside their class.[23][80][81]

Magic is another common RPG element in the series. The method by which characters gain
magic varies between installments, but is generally divided into classes organized by color:
"White magic", which focuses on spells that assist teammates; "Black magic", which focuses on
harming enemies; "Red magic", which is a combination of white and black magic, "Blue magic",
which mimics enemy attacks; and "Green magic" which focuses on applying status effects to
either allies or enemies.[3][80][90] Other types of magic frequently appear such as "Time magic",
focusing on the themes of time, space, and gravity; and "Summoning magic", which evokes
legendary creatures to aid in battle and is a feature that has persisted since Final Fantasy III.
Summoned creatures are often referred to by names like "Espers" or "Eidolons" and have been
inspired by mythologies from Arabic, Hindu, Norse, and Greek cultures.[80][81]

Different means of transportation have appeared through the series. The most common is the
airship for long range travel, accompanied by chocobos for travelling short distances, but others
include sea and land vessels. Following Final Fantasy VII, more modern and futuristic vehicle
designs have been included.[81]

Development and history

Origin

Hironobu Sakaguchi, creator of the Final Fantasy series

In the mid-1980s, Square entered the Japanese video game industry with simple RPGs, racing
games, and platformers for Nintendo's Famicom Disk System. In 1987, Square designer
Hironobu Sakaguchi chose to create a new fantasy role-playing game for the cartridge-based
NES, and drew inspiration from popular fantasy games: Enix's Dragon Quest, Nintendo's The
Legend of Zelda, and Origin Systems's Ultima series. Though often attributed to the company
allegedly facing bankruptcy, Sakaguchi explained that the game was his personal last-ditch
effort in the game industry and that its title, Final Fantasy, stemmed from his feelings at the time;
had the game not sold well, he would have quit the business and gone back to
university.[100][101][102] Despite his explanation, publications have also attributed the name to the
company's hopes that the project would solve its financial troubles.[101][103] In 2015, Sakaguchi
explained the name's origin: the team wanted a title that would abbreviate to "FF", which would
sound good in Japanese. The name was originally going to be Fighting Fantasy, but due to
concerns over trademark conflicts with the roleplaying gamebook series of the same name, they
needed to settle for something else. As the English word "Final" was well-known in Japan,
Sakaguchi settled on that. According to Sakaguchi, any title that created the "FF" abbreviation
would have done.[104]

The game indeed reversed Square's lagging fortunes, and it became the company's flagship
franchise.[52][101] Following the success, Square immediately developed a second installment.
Because Sakaguchi assumed Final Fantasy would be a stand-alone game, its story was not
designed to be expanded by a sequel. The developers instead chose to carry over only thematic
similarities from its predecessor, while some of the gameplay elements, such as the character
advancement system, were overhauled. This approach has continued throughout the series;
each major Final Fantasy game features a new setting, a new cast of characters, and an
upgraded battle system.[5] Video game writer John Harris attributed the concept of reworking
the game system of each installment to Nihon Falcom's Dragon Slayer series,[105] with which
Square was previously involved as a publisher.[106] The company regularly released new games
in the main series. However, the time between the releases of Final Fantasy XI (2002), Final
Fantasy XII (2006), and Final Fantasy XIII (2009) were much longer than previous games.
Following Final Fantasy XIV, Square Enix stated that it intended to release Final Fantasy games
either annually or biennially. This switch was to mimic the development cycles of Western
games in the Call of Duty, Assassin's Creed and Battlefield series, as well as maintain fan-
interest.[107]

Design

For the original Final Fantasy, Sakaguchi required a larger production team than Square's
previous games. He began crafting the game's story while experimenting with gameplay ideas.
Once the gameplay system and game world size were established, Sakaguchi integrated his
story ideas into the available resources. A different approach has been taken for subsequent
games; the story is completed first and the game built around it.[108] Designers have never been
restricted by consistency, though most feel each game should have a minimum number of
common elements. The development teams strive to create completely new worlds for each
game, and avoid making new games too similar to previous ones. Game locations are
conceptualized early in development and design details like building parts are fleshed out as a
base for entire structures.[79]

The first five games were directed by Sakaguchi, who also provided the original concepts.[81][109]
He drew inspiration for game elements from anime films by Hayao Miyazaki; series staples like
the airships and chocobos are inspired by elements in Castle in the Sky and Nausicaä of the
Valley of the Wind, respectively.[110] Sakaguchi served as a producer for subsequent games until
he left Square in 2001.[81][109] Yoshinori Kitase took over directing the games until Final
Fantasy VIII,[111][112][113] and has been followed by a new director for each new game. Hiroyuki Ito
designed several gameplay systems, including Final Fantasy V's "Job System", Final
Fantasy VIII's "Junction System" and the Active Time Battle concept, which was used from Final
Fantasy IV until Final Fantasy IX.[81][111] In designing the Active Time Battle system, Ito drew
inspiration from Formula One racing; he thought it would be interesting if character types had
different speeds after watching race cars pass each other.[114] Ito also co-directed Final
Fantasy VI with Kitase.[81][111] Kenji Terada was the scenario writer for the first three games;
Kitase took over as scenario writer for Final Fantasy V through Final Fantasy VII. Kazushige
Nojima became the series' primary scenario writer from Final Fantasy VII until his resignation in
October 2003; he has since formed his own company, Stellavista. Nojima partially or completely
wrote the stories for Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII, Final Fantasy X, and Final Fantasy X-2. He
also worked as the scenario writer for the spin-off series, Kingdom Hearts.[115] Daisuke
Watanabe co-wrote the scenarios for Final Fantasy X and XII, and was the main writer for the XIII
games.[116][117][118]

Final Fantasy VI artwork by Yoshitaka Amano, who provided designs for much of the series

Artistic design, including character and monster creations, was handled by Japanese artist
Yoshitaka Amano from Final Fantasy through Final Fantasy VI. Amano also handled title logo
designs for all of the main series and the image illustrations from Final Fantasy VII onward.[109]
Tetsuya Nomura was chosen to replace Amano because Nomura's designs were more adaptable
to 3D graphics. He worked with the series from Final Fantasy VII through Final Fantasy X, then
came back for Final Fantasy XIII, and for the basic design of Final Fantasy XV.[81][109] For Final
Fantasy IX character designs were handled by Shukō Murase, Toshiyuki Itahana, and Shin
Nagasawa.[119] For Final Fantasy XV, Roberto Ferrari was responsible for the character design.
Nomura is also the character designer of the Kingdom Hearts series, Compilation of Final
Fantasy VII, and Fabula Nova Crystallis: Final Fantasy.[120] Other designers include Nobuyoshi
Mihara and Akihiko Yoshida. Mihara was the character designer for Final Fantasy XI, and Yoshida
served as character designer for Final Fantasy Tactics, the Square-produced Vagrant Story, and
Final Fantasy XII.[41][121]

Graphics and technology

Because of graphical limitations, the first games on the NES feature small sprite representations
of the leading party members on the main world screen. Battle screens use more detailed, full
versions of characters in a side-view perspective. This practice was used until Final Fantasy VI,
which uses detailed versions for both screens. The NES sprites are 26 pixels high and use a
color palette of 4 colors. 6 frames of animation are used to depict different character statuses
like "healthy" and "fatigued". The SNES installments use updated graphics and effects, as well as
higher quality audio than in previous games, but are otherwise similar to their predecessors in
basic design. The SNES sprites are 2 pixels shorter, but have larger palettes and feature more
animation frames: 11 colors and 40 frames respectively. The upgrade allowed designers to have
characters be more detailed in appearance and express more emotions. The first game includes
non-player characters (NPCs) the player could interact with, but they are mostly static in-game
objects. Beginning with the second game, Square used predetermined pathways for NPCs to
create more dynamic scenes that include comedy and drama.[122]

In 1995, Square showed an interactive SGI technical demonstration of Final Fantasy VI for the
then next generation of consoles. The demonstration used Silicon Graphics's prototype Nintendo
64 workstations to create 3D graphics.[122][123] Fans believed the demo was of a new Final
Fantasy game for the Nintendo 64 console. 1997 saw the release of Final Fantasy VII for the
Sony PlayStation.[123][124] The switch was due to a dispute with Nintendo over its use of faster
but more expensive cartridges, as opposed to the slower and cheaper, but much higher capacity
Compact Discs used on rival systems.[125][126] Final Fantasy VII introduced 3D graphics with fully
pre-rendered backgrounds.[125][127] It was because of this switch to 3D that a CD-ROM format
was chosen over a cartridge format.[125][128] The switch also led to increased production costs
and a greater subdivision of the creative staff for Final Fantasy VII and subsequent 3D games in
the series.[79]
Final Fantasy VIII, along with VII and IX, used pre-rendered backgrounds.

Starting with Final Fantasy VIII, the series adopted a more photo-realistic look.[129][130] Like Final
Fantasy VII, full motion video (FMV) sequences would have video playing in the background, with
the polygonal characters composited on top. Final Fantasy IX returned to the more stylized
design of earlier games in the series, although it still maintained, and in many cases slightly
upgraded, most of the graphical techniques used in the previous two games.[130] Final Fantasy X
was released on the PlayStation 2, and used the more powerful hardware to render graphics in
real-time instead of using pre-rendered material to obtain a more dynamic look; the game
features full 3D environments, rather than have 3D character models move about pre-rendered
backgrounds. It is also the first Final Fantasy game to introduce voice acting, occurring
throughout the majority of the game, even with many minor characters.[19] This aspect added a
whole new dimension of depth to the character's reactions, emotions, and development.[19][131]

Taking a temporary divergence, Final Fantasy XI used the PlayStation 2's online capabilities as an
MMORPG.[132] Initially released for the PlayStation 2 with a PC port arriving six months later,
Final Fantasy XI was also released on the Xbox 360 nearly four years after its original release in
Japan.[133] This was the first Final Fantasy game to use a free rotating camera. Final Fantasy XII
was released in 2006 for the PlayStation 2 and uses only half as many polygons as Final
Fantasy X, in exchange for more advanced textures and lighting.[134][135] It also retains the freely
rotating camera from Final Fantasy XI. Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy XIV both make use of
Crystal Tools, a middleware engine developed by Square Enix.[136][137]

Music
Nobuo Uematsu, primary composer for the series

The Final Fantasy games feature a variety of music, and frequently reuse themes. Most of the
games open with a piece called "Prelude", which has evolved from a simple, 2-voice arpeggio in
the early games to a complex, melodic arrangement in recent installments.[23][80][102] Victories in
combat are often accompanied by a victory fanfare, a theme that has become one of the most
recognized pieces of music in the series. The basic theme that accompanies Chocobo
appearances has been rearranged in a different musical style for each installment. A piece
called "Prologue" (and sometimes "Final Fantasy"), originally featured in the first game, is often
played during the ending credits.[80] Although leitmotifs are common in the more character-
driven installments, theme music is typically reserved for main characters and recurring plot
elements.[52]

Nobuo Uematsu was the primary composer of the Final Fantasy series until his resignation from
Square Enix in November 2004.[52] Other notable composers who have worked on main entries in
the series include Masashi Hamauzu, Hitoshi Sakimoto,[138][139] and Yoko Shimomura. Uematsu
was allowed to create much of the music with little direction from the production staff.
Sakaguchi, however, would request pieces to fit specific game scenes including battles and
exploring different areas of the game world.[140] Once a game's major scenarios were completed,
Uematsu would begin writing the music based on the story, characters, and accompanying
artwork. He started with a game's main theme, and developed other pieces to match its style. In
creating character themes, Uematsu read the game's scenario to determine the characters'
personality. He would also ask the scenario writer for more details to scenes he was unsure
about.[141] Technical limitations were prevalent in earlier games; Sakaguchi would sometimes
instruct Uematsu to only use specific notes.[140] It was not until Final Fantasy IV on the SNES that
Uematsu was able to add more subtlety to the music.[122]

Reception

Overall, the Final Fantasy series has been critically acclaimed and commercially successful,
though each installment has seen different levels of success. The series has seen a steady
increase in total sales; it sold over 10 million software units worldwide by early 1996,[142] more
than 25 million units by 1999,[143] more than 33 million units and nearly $1 billion revenue
(between $1.5–2.4 billion adjusted for inflation) by 2001,[144] 45 million units by August 2003,
63 million by December 2005, and 85 million by July 2008.[145][146][147] In June 2011, Square Enix
announced that the series had sold over 100 million units,[148] and by March 2014, it had sold
over 110 million units.[149] Its high sales numbers have ranked it as one of the best-selling video
game franchises in the industry; in January 2007, the series was listed as number three, and
later in July as number four.[52][150] As of 2019, the series had sold over 149 million units
worldwide.[151] As of October 2021, the series had sold over 164 million units worldwide.[152] As
of March 2022, the series reached cumulative global physical and digital sales of 173 million
units.[153]

Several games within the series have become best-selling games. At the end of 2007, the
seventh, eighth, and ninth best-selling RPGs were Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII, and Final
Fantasy X respectively.[154] The original Final Fantasy VII has sold over 13.9 million copies
worldwide,[155] earning it the position of the best-selling Final Fantasy game.[156] Within two days
of Final Fantasy VIII's North American release on September 9, 1999, it became the top-selling
video game in the United States, a position it held for more than three weeks.[157] Final Fantasy X
sold over 1.4 million Japanese units in pre-orders alone, which set a record for the fastest-selling
console RPG.[154][158] The MMORPG, Final Fantasy XI, reached over 200,000 active daily players
in March 2006[159] and had reached over half a million subscribers by July 2007.[52] Final
Fantasy XII sold more than 1.7 million copies in its first week in Japan.[160] By November 6, 2006
—one week after its release—Final Fantasy XII had shipped approximately 1.5 million copies in
North America.[161] Final Fantasy XIII became the fastest-selling game in the franchise,[162] and
sold one million units on its first day of sale in Japan.[163] Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, in
comparison to its predecessor, was a runaway success, originally suffering from servers being
overcrowded,[164] and eventually gaining over one million unique subscribers within two months
of its launch.[165]
The series has received critical acclaim for the quality of its visuals and soundtracks.[52] In 1996,
Next Generation ranked the series collectively as the 17th best game of all time, speaking very
highly of its graphics, music and stories.[166] In 1999, Next Generation listed the Final Fantasy
series as number 16 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that, "By pairing state-of-
the-art technology with memorable, sometimes shamelessly melodramatic storylines, the series
has successfully outlasted its competitors [...] and improved with each new installation."[167] It
was awarded a star on the Walk of Game in 2006, making it the first franchise to win a star on
the event (other winners were individual games, not franchises). WalkOfGame.com commented
that the series has sought perfection as well as having been a risk taker in innovation.[168] In
2006, GameFAQs held a contest for the best video game series ever, with Final Fantasy finishing
as the runner-up to The Legend of Zelda.[169] In a 2008 public poll held by The Game Group plc,
Final Fantasy was voted the best game series, with five games appearing in their "Greatest
Games of All Time" list.[170]

Many Final Fantasy games have been included in various lists of top games. Several games have
been listed on multiple IGN "Top Games" lists.[171][172][173][174][175][176] Twelve games were listed
on Famitsu's 2006 "Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time", four of which were in the top ten, with
Final Fantasy X and Final Fantasy VII coming first and second, respectively.[177] The series holds
seven Guinness World Records in the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008, which
include the "Most Games in an RPG Series" (13 main games, seven enhanced games, and 32
spin-off games), the "Longest Development Period" (the production of Final Fantasy XII took five
years), and the "Fastest-Selling Console RPG in a Single Day" (Final Fantasy X).[154][178] The 2009
edition listed two games from the series among the top 50 consoles games: Final Fantasy XII at
number 8 and Final Fantasy VII at number 20.[179] In 2018, Final Fantasy VII was inducted as a
member of the World Video Game Hall of Fame.[180]

However, the series has garnered some criticism. IGN has commented that the menu system
used by the games is a major detractor for many and is a "significant reason why they haven't
touched the series."[23] The site has also heavily criticized the use of random encounters in the
series' battle systems.[181][182] IGN further stated the various attempts to bring the series into
film and animation have either been unsuccessful, unremarkable, or did not live up to the
standards of the games.[11] In 2007, Edge criticized the series for a number of related games
that include the phrase "Final Fantasy" in their titles, which are considered inferior to previous
games. It also commented that with the departure of Hironobu Sakaguchi, the series might be in
danger of growing stale.[52]
Several individual Final Fantasy games have garnered extra attention; some for their positive
reception and others for their negative reception. Final Fantasy VII topped GamePro's "26 Best
RPGs of All Time" list,[183] as well as GameFAQs "Best Game Ever" audience polls in 2004 and
2005.[184][185] Despite the success of Final Fantasy VII, it is sometimes criticized as being
overrated. In 2003, GameSpy listed it as the seventh most overrated game of all time, while IGN
presented views from both sides.[186][187] Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII shipped
392,000 units in its first week of release, but received review scores that were much lower than
that of other Final Fantasy games.[188][189][190] A delayed, negative review after the Japanese
release of Dirge of Cerberus from Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu hinted at a controversy
between the magazine and Square Enix.[191] Though Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within was praised
for its visuals, the plot was criticized and the film was considered a box office bomb.[51][52][53][192]
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles for the GameCube received overall positive review scores, but
reviews stated that the use of Game Boy Advances as controllers was a big detractor.[124][193]
The predominantly negative reception of the original version of Final Fantasy XIV caused then-
president Yoichi Wada to issue an official apology during a Tokyo press conference, stating that
the brand had been "greatly damaged" by the game's reception.[194]

Rankings and aggregators

Various video game publications have created rankings of the mainline Final Fantasy games. In
the table below, the lower the number given, the better the game is in the view of the respective
publication. By way of comparison, the ratings provided by Famitsu magazine and the review
aggregator Metacritic are also given; in these rows, higher numbers indicate better reviews. Note
that Metacritic ratings up until Final Fantasy VII largely represent retrospective reviews from
online websites years after their initial release, rather than contemporary reviews from video
game magazines at the time of their initial release.
 Publication I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI

Retro Gamer
2 1
(2004)[195]

GamePro
1
(2008)[183]

Stuff
2 1
(2008)[196]

Empire
1 2
(2009)[197]

Jeuxvideo
3 2 1
(2011)[198]

Kotaku
10 11 8 3 5 1 4 6 2 7
(2013)[199]

Popular
Mechanics 2 1 3
(2014)[200]

Slant
Magazine 3 1 4 2
(2014)[201]

Den of Geek
14 17 6 5 9 1 3 10 4 2 8
(2016)[202]

VentureBeat
12 14 13 10 3 2 5 9 1 7 15
(2016)[203]

Famitsu
9 8 7 1 11 5 3 2
(2017)[204]

GamesRadar+
17 7 13 2 1 10 8 14 18
(2022)[205]

Game
Informer 4 3 1 2 5
(2018)[206]

IGN
7 12 8 4 5 1 6 11 3 9
(2018)[207]
Polygon 14 15 12 4 3 1 8 5 6 10 11
(2018)[208]

Rock, Paper,
Shotgun 7 8 3 1 4 2
(2018)[209]

VG247
9 4 3 2 5 1 8
(2018)[210]

Digital Spy
12 13 10 6 7 4 3 11 2 1
(2019)[211]

Digital Trends
13 15 11 6 9 1 7 2 5 3 10
(2019)[212]

NHK
24 18 12 8 6 3 2 7 4 1 9
(2020)[213][214]

TV Asahi
8 7 4 3 1 10 5 2 9
(2021)[215]

Famitsu rating
34[216] 35[217] 36[217] 36[217] 34[218] 37[217] 38[217] 37[217] 38[217] 39[217] 38[217]
(out of 40)

Metacritic
rating (out of 79 79 77 85 83 92 92 90 94 92 85
100)[221]

Legacy

Final Fantasy has been very influential in the history of video games and game mechanics. Final
Fantasy IV is considered a milestone for the genre, introducing a dramatic storyline with a strong
emphasis on character development and personal relationships.[224] In 1992, Nintendo's Shigeru
Miyamoto noted the impact of Final Fantasy on Japanese role-playing games, stating Final
Fantasy's "interactive cinematic approach" with an emphasis on "presentation and graphics" was
gradually becoming "the most common style" of Japanese RPG at the time.[225] Final Fantasy VII,
having been the first title of the series to be officially released in the PAL territories of Europe
and Oceania, is credited as having the largest industry impact of the series,[125] and with
allowing console role-playing games to gain global mass-market appeal.[226] Final Fantasy VII is
considered to be one of the most important and influential video games of all
time.[227][228][229][230]

The series affected Square's business on several levels. The commercial failure of Final Fantasy:
The Spirits Within resulted in hesitation and delays from Enix during merger discussions with
Square.[53][102] Square's decision to produce games exclusively for the Sony PlayStation—a move
followed by Enix's decision with the Dragon Quest series—severed their relationship with
Nintendo.[3][124] Final Fantasy games were absent from Nintendo consoles, specifically the
Nintendo 64, for seven years.[108][125] Critics attribute the switch of strong third-party games like
the Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest games to Sony's PlayStation, and away from the Nintendo
64, as one of the reasons behind PlayStation being the more successful of the two
consoles.[3][124][128] The release of the Nintendo GameCube, which used optical disc media, in
2001 caught the attention of Square. To produce games for the system, Square created the shell
company The Game Designers Studio and released Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, which
spawned its own metaseries within the main franchise.[39] Final Fantasy XI's lack of an online
method of subscription cancellation prompted the creation of legislation in Illinois that requires
internet gaming services to provide such a method to the state's residents.[231]

The series' popularity has resulted in its appearance and reference in numerous facets of
popular culture like anime, TV series, and webcomics.[232][233][234] Music from the series has
permeated into different areas of culture. Final Fantasy IV's "Theme of Love" was integrated into
the curriculum of Japanese school children and has been performed live by orchestras and
metal bands.[235] In 2003, Uematsu co-founded The Black Mages, an instrumental rock group
independent of Square that has released albums of arranged Final Fantasy tunes.[236][237] Bronze
medalists Alison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova performed their synchronized swimming routine at
the 2004 Summer Olympics to music from Final Fantasy VIII.[154] Many of the soundtracks have
also been released for sale. Numerous companion books, which normally provide in-depth game
information, have been published. In Japan, they are published by Square and are called
Ultimania books.[238][239]

The series has inspired numerous game developers. Fable creator Peter Molyneux considers
Final Fantasy VII to be the RPG that "defined the genre" for him.[240] BioWare founder Greg
Zeschuk cited Final Fantasy VII as "the first really emotionally engaging game" he played and
said it had "a big impact" on BioWare's work.[241] The Witcher 3 senior environmental artist Jonas
Mattsson cited Final Fantasy as "a huge influence" and said it was "the first RPG" he played
through.[242] Mass Effect art director Derek Watts cited Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within as a
major influence on the visual design and art direction of the series.[243] BioWare senior product
manager David Silverman cited Final Fantasy XII's gambit system as an influence on the
gameplay of Dragon Age: Origins.[244] Ubisoft Toronto creative director Maxime Beland cited the
original Final Fantasy as a major influence on him.[245] Media Molecule's Constantin Jupp
credited Final Fantasy VII with getting him into game design.[246] Tim Schafer also cited Final
Fantasy VII as one of his favourite games of all time.[247]

See also

Japan portal

Dragon Quest – Initially a competing series from Enix, continues to be produced alongside
Final Fantasy after their merger with Square

Kingdom Hearts – An RPG series developed by Square Enix in collaboration with the American
company Disney, including both Disney-related and Square Enix characters, including those of
Final Fantasy.

Granblue Fantasy – a 2013 video game featuring key staff from Final Fantasy

The Last Story – a 2012 video game featuring key staff from Final Fantasy

List of Square Enix video game franchises

List of Japanese role-playing game franchises

Notes

a. Japanese: ファイナルファンタジー, Hepburn: Fainaru Fantajī

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245. "Gamers Heart Japan (7 minutes)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVihDspGt6k) . YouTube.

GameSpot. April 3, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721010603/https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=uVihDspGt6k) from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2018.

246. "Gamers Heart Japan (30 minutes)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVihDspGt6k) . YouTube.

GameSpot. April 3, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721010603/https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=uVihDspGt6k) from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2018.

247. "Gamers Heart Japan (32 minutes)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVihDspGt6k) . YouTube.

GameSpot. April 3, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721010603/https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=uVihDspGt6k) from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2018.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Final Fantasy.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Final Fantasy.

Official website (https://na.finalfantasy.com/)

 Final Fantasy Games (https://curlie.org/Games/Video_Games/Roleplaying/F/Final_Fantasy_G
ames) at Curlie

IGN Presents the History of Final Fantasy (http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/26/ign-prese

nts-the-history-of-final-fantasy)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Final_Fantasy&oldid=1129998646"

Last edited 11 days ago by Harushiga