Lit Review

Organic agriculture is an unconventional agricultural method which originated
early in the twentieth century in response to rapidly changing agriculture practices.

Certified organic farming accounts for 70 million hectares globally, with over one-
half of the amount in country. Organic agriculture continues to be produced by
several organizations today. It is determined by the usage of fertilizers of organic
origin, e.g., compost organic, green manure, and white nutrition and puts stress on
techniques, e.g., crop rotation and companion planting. Natural pest mechanism,
mixed cropping and the encouragement of insect predators are promoted. Organic
measures are designed to permit the use of naturally occurring substances while
forbidding or purely restricting artificial substances. For example, naturally
occurring pesticides much as pyrethrin and rotenone are allowed, while artificial
fertilizers and pesticides are mostly forbidden.
Fears about environmental harm from agriculture led to the growth of " sustainable
" techniques, ,e.g., organic agriculture, which rejects the usage of synthetic
fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural technologies. Organic agriculture
creates lower yields, but there is evidence that it creates sufficient quantities of
food with less environmental harm.
Essential matter is food produced by methods complying with the criteria of
organic agriculture. Measures change worldwide, but essential agriculture features
practices that cycle resources, promote ecological balance, and maintain diversity.
Establishments regulating essential products may limit the usage of specific
pesticides and fertilizers in the agriculture methods used to create such products.
Wholesome nutrients typically are not processed using irradiation, business
solvents, or artificial food additives.
There is widespread public belief that organic food is safer, more nutritious, and
better tasting than conventional food, which has largely contributed to the
development of an organic food culture. Consumers purchase organic foods for
different reasons, including concerns about the effects of conventional farming
practices on the environment, human health, and animal welfare.
(novapublishers.com.)
The process of growing into an essential farmer isn''t necessarily fast and simple.
Earth must be pesticide free for three years; during this period, farmers can' 't still
sell their goods as essential. But in spite of these drawbacks, Crowder says that
large and growing demand for organic matter is unrivaled by the new supply: Just
about 1 percent of land currently uses organic methods. (Worland, J., Jun. 2015)
Some of the major advantages of organic agriculture are that the creation of good
and quality farming production is comparatively more as compared to artificial
agriculture. Likewise, organic agriculture is environmentally friendly since it helps
better soil fertility and thereby the repeated use of this specific patch of land for
farming purposes is feasible. This, in exchange, assists in reducing deforestation
caused
Biological agriculture works together with the physical diversity of each farmed
environment, encouraging the quality of living organisms-both complex and
animal-that shape each individual system to grow together with food plants. Rather
than providing the structured method, Fukuoka distilled this raw cultivation
mentality into five rules: No tillage, No chemical, No pesticides or herbicides, No
weeding, No pruning. Cultipacker is a piece of farming equipment that crushes soil
clods, removes gas pockets, and pushes down tiny rocks, forming a slick, firm
seedbed. Where seed has been distributed, the wheel gently firms the ground in the
seeds, ensuring shallow seed position and superior seed-to-soil communication.
The collision of natural farming on usual resources favors connections that are
vital for both organic production and nature protection within the agro-ecology.
Biological services results include stabilization forming and conditioning of soil,
nutrient and waste recycling, predation and habitats. Development of pollution-free
agriculture systems depends upon the consumer's purchasing power to buy organic
products. Getting higher resources of farming and cultivation is why humans live
in this world. Farming is an essential resource of continued existence; the lack of
these resources leads to famines all over the world. Organic farming was a natural
process for the last several years that did not harm the land; many generations of
crops have been produced without affecting the fertility of soil. However, modern
farming practices have started farming pollution that affects the ecosystem, land,
and environment. Farming is a multifaceted activity in which the growth of crops
and livestock has to be balanced perfectly.
No-till farming dramatically reduces erosion in a field. While much less soil is
displaced, any gullies that form get deeper each year instead of being smoothed out
by regular plowing. This may be handled by creating sod drainways, waterways,
permanent drainways, cover crops, etc. (Robinson)
Chemical-free farming is still struggling to be part of mainstream agriculture
interventions. Each of the three major stakeholder groups-government, farmers and
consumers-has multiple concerns that act as barriers to the growth of organic and
natural farming movement in the country (see Table 5: Barriers in the growth of
organic and natural farming).
The problem worsens due to the high interdependence of certain barriers. For
example, if a farmer wishes to earn extra money on organic produce for the
additional effort or risk, the consumer has to be ready or able to afford to pay that
extra money. On the other hand, if the consumer wishes to buy organic produce at
the same price as conventional produce, the farmer may not be motivated enough.
This creates a feedback loop and the problem is likely to continue unless a third
stakeholder like the government addresses any one concern. But this too may not
happen if the government has its own reasons that prevent it from stepping in.
soil fertility
The soil's ability to provide plants with the substances they need in inadequate
amounts. This avoids toxic concentrations of substances. Therefore, fertile soil has
a balanced amount of nutrients sufficient to meet the plant's needs. Fertile soil
contains large amounts of all necessary nutrients. H. It contains nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, etc., and contains the necessary nutrients in a smaller
amount. H. Magnesium, molybdenum, iron, zinc, etc. Soil fertility and soil
productivity are two different terms. The potential of a soil to produce a particular
crop yield using an agricultural system is soil productivity. Soil fertility has a
significant impact on soil productivity. Productive soil must be fertile, but fertile
soil may or may not be productive
pH test
When planning a new garden, it's important to know if your soil is suited to the
types of plants you will grow. The soil's pH is rated on a scale of 3.5 to 9.0, and
most plants do best in soil that test within the neutral range of 6.0 to 7.0. Growth
may still occur if the soil tests higher or lower than this, but plants may exhibit the
effects of an improper balance through poor development and fruiting.
The letters "pH" stands for potential hydrogen, the element that spurs the formation
of acids in the soil. Ratings far below 7 indicate very acidic soil, while much
higher readings reflect high alkalinity, sometimes called sweetness. Amendments
such as lime are usually not necessary in neutral soils that are suited to most
commonly grown plants. Major effects of extremes in pH levels include gaps in
nutrient availability and the presence of high concentrations of minerals that are
harmful to plants. In very alkaline soil, certain micronutrients such as zinc and
copper become chemically unavailable to plants. In very acidic soil,
macronutrients such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorous are not absorbed
while others reach toxic levels.
Important nutrients are absorbed by plants at varying levels of effectiveness based
upon the soil's acidity level. Nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, magnesium and iron are
available along a broader range of acidity, while the availability of phosphorus,
manganese, copper, boron and zinc lessens as alkalinity increases. Molybdenum, a
trace nutrient, increases in availability proportionate to the soil's alkaline level.
water retention
The water content, solution phase content, or wetness of the soil may be expressed
on a weight, volume, or degree of saturation basis. For analysis of water flow in
soil profiles, the volume basis is most useful. The water retention function is
primarily dependent upon the texture or particle-size distribution of the soil, and
the structure or arrangement of the particles. The soil-water system is in hydraulic
contact with the body of water via a water-wetted porous plate or membrane.
Water retention measurements on subsoils, especially those in which there is a
significant degree of structural development, should be made on "undisturbed"
core samples. The chemical composition of the wetting fluid can affect the water
retention of the samples, particularly in fine-textured soils that contain significant
amounts of swelling clays. The intensity of the forces retaining the water in the soil
at a given matric pressure head is temperature-dependent.
Salination
Salinity is a measure of the total amount of soluble salts in soil. A high
concentration of water-soluble salts makes it difficult for plants to extract water
from the soil. Some plants are more resilient than others, but experience water
stress when salinity exceeds their water extraction capacity. This is known as
chemical drought because the affected plants exhibit visual symptoms similar to
those suffering from water deficit.
High salinity can be caused by poor soil drainage, inadequate irrigation (often short
steps), highly saline irrigation water (domestic water running through a water
softener), excessive amounts of fertilizer, manure , or the application of compost,
or the use of salt on the street. used on sidewalks and roads

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Organic agriculture is an unconventional agricultural method which originated

early in the twentieth century in response to rapidly changing agriculture practices.

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