PhD

Desendert variable Oher names ase (

xplained yarable, fndictard varinble, kegnsson
Resbaie, Endege nert, Oafeome, Controlek Vaninte
2. de be nttnt va.nble Olk nanitd ast
Explannty rsinblt dieh SAimulus
kegnssoe, SAmulus
Exogenecd, Covariale, lontal mrable
Thr vasable veg nGin eani
Y:J()
:4,,-)
4
nlom heans shschashe,It lak
ean a Vasta6le thkl- Can
Walk a qi'ven nbliy.
on
ny Sef ef va ues, beukie ngabn, r

imee s i t s dala S + i s a set ef pbsorVahn! on lhi v lues

larsable talces at ddterent tines
hat
.

a
Sueh dak may be Celleetel at vgnlur time aadervak
Sush es
daiy Stock pri«es, senlhic epalk kreely
n y fey ) "menhly Ce he unemsymeat Yat, °"7,
untr or), anoually (oert bu
6 ime Serrs stationtay i i i
?5 mean -+Varianite do net chmge.
Systtmah'caldy Over time
olal on One Dr men
VArialles
Co<S Sctial clala ' tross.Sechina
Collectel at lhe Same Aoiaf in time

Fr examfu, Labnr pmdach'vly g wajes e utnshis ef drdenat

() Sati ndi
Cxese Sechmal dali qeneraly
Helengeneit (ueual Yniancts
 ,EA SLun hMerts

Met une 4Nal Varnmus meand

dome Slali may Shen
Ah
hlabur pauctily dile Somt muay ths la lelur þrdue Konf
a
fitealar ime pd
8 Peoled dali Dolk S.thm alals
int Se.ei & Cross set a
lalien inlo Coniictesnhn al auy atiular ht
tXle Relakas shif L«tvten labnr bodutiuily &w
,
2
dsent dint
Y,,
po nd/a 201,
2019, 2222 o
anet onitudnal br M.zo panel Dala
hs is a
spetel type ef Pacle l dala in ich lha
Same Coss Sechianl urd lite busines4 frn
a t tam
is Suniey ed Over time
EXape', o stdy 1hi dynamiet ehouse hold behavin
Vey Varceut tint ferial.

Panal drla set 2 ype

ypes
a Balanced fanal dald
fauel dala
I n talancal dntind
nuubes tóserVmbini
olonied fanel dali Telil
Vonl tme ÁtnrM.
Same r

b) balaniel fauel dalá Talal Aembe

o chir uakns chargec
Vaoins time enal

Hence, in racartk Ne hue

Mad'eli

anel lali g esti

 eceCycral fatterg exsli ehen lui dala exhib
Vies ane fals Uat od are not a fixes frd

a)vend: r hend eyrslr kkean lhin ts a

longterm
inraA ordet suse in z dli

Säde
atasius
nsitcar
SAGE
AORoUP
OFONS TTUTIO 0EBN SAGAR SAGE AGRAWAL Foundation
nagng happneas to uocety
 Exsesi mtatal os nen
expeniuneutol cdalá : J perimenbL
Acla esearther
Waxt l6 celact dala ohle
holdig Certairfochre
Centtant ia Osder lo acsess imAact Soe Kz
ae t en a
tutw phenomenga Eeriueubl oldA
lway bcomu uledal in hatural Sccenct
14 a

Sn nn experimeutol Adi aa aj plu'rable in Sotak

Suene, he xestarchor kat h Coayt' dalá/frchrt
Example Dali er NP nempleyuent, Stock þriet ebe
a r net direc Hy umder la lenbel of lz
i'nveshzahr:
wmennaoopasaanoe s n a s n

12. Dal latems wt have onoannanatonnaaoonie

Data =
PaHern errrs(or Kesieluls")
ur dala Patem wwreoeee

a)Hort2 onbrl olala PaHern

wwww.ww

Ve rhralL Aala Patern wwwwww.www.wwwveevvveonoweeoeeicevoreeereveeeeveeeeooooo

yueal ** ereeeveeweerovweveeserueaao euwoteorseasrooamoeeesrnonramuounwruusg

d) rashlar
me enits dalá Palten * * * * wwww.
www.w.wwreiowe weewwwwe

a) Horizonta Paitrn Here dalä Value fluctuats

********eee

Qrtund
Constomt menn a
Sueh C eies is Called"S tationary in i menn "

b) Sea Sonal Patern Here Serize dal is «flueAs d ey

Seasnal faehr,

SAGAR GROUP SAGAR

SAGE NTERNAoNA
SCHOOL SAGEAGRAWAL ELSTY-ME N PowER PVT LTD
Sage
Foundation
 ptaI trfs totality al bossible ehte runhmt, MeASLun merks
butcomes
tusrvahim u alko Called Size 4 Ppu latin
7otaley a all pescebe
ys a) ili tefulatin Fioik csse nak'nd:

E Conomemts pneraly deals rlt intin hservahins

i st f chseruadm seleched fren h hask

sa a

Se Sge Tphal numher okservahim in a

Sanple
adom Smple For Yandlon Sample
a)pulafhm Ahorl ke finl
i oltained 6y v * E
Thena Xardo m Santble
Sains ekoson
inivdunlL in lk bepulatsn a n egkal
chance
tK
u
olarvahi'o
c) For iafail þipulahim, ancdom lample exrslr if ench

indendent enery blles blhsenvatn

Charactaietied bd Ppulathn Samples

claraeenzs
R Stanelard deyindins
as
Measn , Varane
are Callhd lára melerd. hile
2. Charactersku ef pepulatin
Statistes
Sample
Slatahu (Sample )
Saemehes (ulatm)
mean

Hpulatn mtan x (0 Sample

Jam ple Varantte

o Ppulahn Variant Slandad

Ppu latim Shndard St hwple dencaha.
deviatin
 Aribuli Jt xfrs lo ke
ritne Or alsenee i e n hemn
charach shu in
Sample or pepul afim.
a

Constant Jis a nagnitude kal

dos not change. at ddfermt poini
ime
Coetiznt: hen Conatad is foinee lo a varinlle u Called oeHitut
Kat variable
Adem Vainblus The variables Ahoie. values Cannot be fully Contvolleec

r detrnined rier thsarvahme ae Called

Yandbm Varables or Sio tdastiz. varial les

Na anclom Variades bo ben Stochashe Varial les : 7huse Vanables

arful Contro?able atleaut ful re clirtcble

VRble
be Continupus yehue k numerieal
May (can ascumd Any on

i e Ame, lempevare, intomefn

May be nenConinuons o ror dscstte

No Endo geatdbs Variables are Sto chautht în nahire

txogone ous Varinbl ast on Stechanhe i'n nature

ExogeneDu Vannsle a classikrd aL

a)atremenl: specieally mancpuladed So a li ach.eve So m c

taxes
tarzeltke Gert. hendito,
Suls rolces,
Non iastrumena Cxagene CuS Varin bla,
 6
sthikudimi 4means Orgari Sadim da
Y a)Frequency drstri.ku tin
) Aa frbaklity dest:kukn.

a)Fe ncy edrhikuckm: Htve dali i latd l6

eyiney distr.hhin ù an
sanpes
Uzanited þruntahim
hGhservo d valutt a vari'nlde. in a Sample .

li
nCouefdtni yariae trquney deshiutin shows
nunber t ehservath'mi r eaeh Value. i yanrble in l l Sampl.

C
h Ca Continuths Vanirblefrgwney dsthibutn hant he
number Ma ehsorvahmi in oah derval yalues A
Varinble in ASomple
reguen TY AL&olade grsueney , /he
eath
number tf chce r vathmd 1

ta
eath tlass .

Telave feng TKe prosporhin

Kepe sentahn a dezikukim Fregun
we ave epretenefah'n in 2 frm
aTasulargwn bn a 9nmpl

A k 2 malhimalial formula
Var.ables
deshrhtw t dste
l
Grabhialh fequentrj
ram
Qe breuewtd by a freqaenty0gn ahi10

Tmprrtnt Featn hrctosao

Sum Yelahve fre queneaes Aenee
Ara Xebresend
i enl lo.
 7 Jn A
Pwlah'm, k Concept
frtkney dxhiban i Kresn hL Comhnday
PrOkahili d:frk.
6) Indakly dstihutiy. Hre dali u velatds pipulahin
Xalom Variable Kas Some- prhakility assocink
ach Value. t a
all values ú=),
N:lk SaM t/et «babikiha d
itself Me
Thepebabilily Aicdr:hubin deserihes eyery
Value.
f hz
bccurance
anclom Vanable aknywik Mr mbabihs
Typs a) Dseli febab:kly drk:hkn
) Cnfinuut frkab:l Astibufn
ChAsntnkis bf whabrhi elstribuhm. 2 charactoinhs
Nome y
a Expe ted Vabee

Vartan ce
Th Chamnfriahd ase als Callel Momenlu ttha daibehn.
Bore lMeorehtal Arkabih disthibuhin .

haMLy

Nosmal dotribuh 6) ch:-Sqnarvdest:huhin

c)t-Astribuhin 4)F--deshikahra.
Stotiira nfecante
Jt 1s lentened Wi ü oaking infecentes (dr generalisatiri 2kr
kz pulatioas dn Ilr kasss infornahm Cdaid in lhe

Sanple.
Judge ment Yilatig li f6ulatim pamneters as ef 2 tys
Conteped Wik estimati o a Savane ter

2
Hypolks teuty /a bnt apavamefer.
 Estimatrs s a fermaln hrh dutnles a pmtadere
htaini vaue. w Ppulahin Arameli
A s t Value an
estimatr ic ealed etimade (Tne
T Ecimairt
a) Ged esBimat«
dor
b) fvnt timatr
a Gor stimatr Here ke ef M sampl.ng dittributim
mean

tKat extimator u found o Le egkal l h true Vaue

k arameter
Fde estimatr Heve An estimantr euld be a pekct eztimatr
i l Samblig distikudin i Concentrated

entimly in ne i f & hr rintis also lz e Value z

parn eer
estimatrt Yar
It is l be notd that bafect Qse Vey
ly hin no Vaviatin in
Can be céfainedA
bulatin So t every Sample awn fem lhi rfalakn
iues Yiie lo Samt danVue hck alse Kaspns ls be lha
true Valuu vf he famueter.

freguency edotiluhn droelë Yasdom VArnbe

Extple
n l0OD lersenS ln a village_
Sanble S'ze
=

ly intome (e), Numer f individunls Klahive

CAsoluli freqhony
02
20
2 00/oco Pe2.
260
sue/em 0-s4

2 20 22efme D.22

0.02-

2D
 reyaene Foly

50

300

2c0

eqeney Aly g» (lelakve fre

3
yarinslee e
dizrbutni dacreli
rapinlhy jeaty
5
sented by a fqun PT c a a histej ra»
Jmpertant deatr Htes ray
Sum e Xelattve frezuentits =|
Hra e HeBeg ran
 2c0

eenty hly g» (elakve fe

)

3
d i n c r e l i Vaninbles
yariables
distribuhns discreli
Graplhialhy 7regueay
c a kisthgam
brented ty a
f1
mpertand deature sle ray
efxelative fre queneitl
= |
Sum
Dali prtklhm S.huutm
li lhe ashrek t a clauihed y
DalMder quanlitrl,
Ceuntel o r

1al Can be ueai vol, melhiks ls uie

ehat Slah»keal
d a l a aeterminas
Pt f
IAeiv eacriphin aud aualy bs
Dala"

Statrtahnc 2uenliteine

dala Aala
Coatinuut odakL
utandtahin daln 2. Diseveli dala
be quankhal
quanktal
dals ae l h dals Mat can
Df uantrtahin here Keft
unenkurdartut
In dehinda n i e yild 9uankhak
le
meuemenl

Charetenku hhtse SucaetSive

Values
(ontaudil dala prrient he numentak.
e)ContinuME dala :
a Conhnudad Vanabe
yalui
l h e l Can aseame any
One
Vanehle is A:
Coa hauns went; hni prtenhiy a n
xe pretenhry Qu
a line Seg
2 boinlr On
Getween any lo
ar qu:li freeise and close
valutd. he values
iateval diaat
distaguishably
elhei, yeh
eah Mnablu
louglheke Xprunk Coatinu
Wegh, Heijht,
dals rebrmenF ME nuamncnl
dals'Diseelt
6Direrli varitble
Valus el a dise rtli
wheie Outomes 4
vkrable
vanialle
Astnl
mealuti iel nuumbtrs
defastneunl cue Aay,
Strt
Custmtt Vishy a
No. at an ai-fat Dofeie tmi
.

cem 7 fhlu
ii Ceme
aCens*int Meeid fr sale
ualitahe dalá 1- Jhese dala xder l quatiahe ekjeet
characlenshá t/ a Subjlet
or an

inak oken ili ebtevrakns

charactnsla i qualiahn
ahe dened anA ntled ia ermt e hi preience tlten LR
a Csrtann aHibult in dsta nunbrt
a . NeninelL dola
ald the dali
% Kanik dala
a Nominl Dala hese cdals an 1h Outtoune elasihtaben
ífms v
inlo 2 tr men catey eniu
accsdiy li Seme
n ir
unilr Cepris a Sanple or peßulab
urldy Ckarauknshu

elas.ehn wrkert tecrdiy y skll(asSkillud

Seni ucll gUnsetle4
Enmplaye.s accereif lé love) aducahn (a matheulau
Undr radurks Put 9raluctu"

ake-delí: These edala lhz xanks

e sult oastini
l Speu Drder in term t hitegers 11,3-
- *,).

lo Az leve) a bern and

ankt may, be asned deCerdi
Confes?a Compehkm
Qn iatervier h
a tesf
Candid ate appeann i an ideyvien, tr exauzple
The
pono ,

en her esnancu
in h ioaenrion
defendsy
Soues tSeconcd ary ctala

tintlude aExlnal Vs JadeennL Seuietes

Surtts
) imary V Stcondasy
ExtiralSouries J+ largey onsislu *ular dal publicahin
Central dnd Stale Goverman, ncludins l varind

indivdunl depdmenl, kshe lonpile Qud bnnj out vad anel Vanad
dalsr mlios tk needs planninmondry Qnd evaluahg
krent goven met achivhei
4. rnalburtts
Tne Delx m pabLc. and prunli onanisa Ds.
bedits Companies aud olhir
trade
Cooperbrn,
Annual fal
Stahty ag0auiestastiuts Ceales under laug
hus, att Sourt tkat provide. dalä friwtnly. r ou0n use
1hu
o sla Qud lontsl "Oyanie atimll ofe rmkni eallod at

1nternal Source f dala .

vsearchert
Sourtes int)ude iadiviclual
rima
Timar Sout Primeny
Oanonhind, tvernnent
Universihei Qud velvreh
b a i u and jostiuhint, Planniy Comi'st tin,
gegeniu,
Se i **
Xini.
Btareu at lhö Slali level
Stali piaaning
Comprces all heufe-
þurpole Yeu onvreh bapern
Soustes
Secencdary memeog«phed
eporl, kkeihiz ultikel
or
Quu
Or unpwbushed

inary xeenal 6
dalk whehir drawwn Tran
Nol H val-purpote dala
Souvua asu lagely_Tene
Anlenal primany vanrb
Setondary Soureu, au
7h0Le rawn tin
oue
dali Saues
Spetbe purpere
elde imay dal ollectin
a. Field Survey() 6. stanal rweMs Critwin lhmsh Telephengi
d Mated Cuestio nnair.
Tdo Maor issaes in h aimary dalá Colehtn

Xht ype tf Sanjlay melrd lo idenhly h

Cheosin a

Sample Xspandeai
appr*friali trchaique use tr edali Colive hin
Se lectiy
6. Tecsonal Sntrüesst can he dere Iknah fliag u of thuedind
Unstutturad questionnairts.
also caliud a telpheare_
C.nrwitwal Ikraugk Telephone A is
C.
Survey This trchniqsL Pe Sufposes -

1hat lk lgct auidencts pesessec tlephenet

. The farpece is
obtain quick ciu t

Structurd Qushmnninc. as mailed li Seahrd

a ailed Eusionnnire
Smalt umer ofxsponden l
.Bat br'ashessS,
i Ihz bas:c
l5 xrqueslr fr early Xespon
se
in drhrA
Challnge Over Com
Delehina uationnaire
lh development prfara
hin
fr
Heeuraey u Kqui ved
guesticnn Aire poinlr Should
oinlSheuld
a 9ueifcna, pllomi-
Fer dve pig

o Cons,demd trmal
ha trna er iingrmal
Guehend may
Of uestiont
ater
or indinel:es
dintt
no
1y
Encded r
Mulhpletheite type quesimt e hén
Fre-eherire 9utuk
 6) Sele ctrve
Caelinn
pteding: a)oben Cedirt minte detail
Cons.der dals in
nrther
a tn led.n. Hee, Yse inekcl Categmtk.
hile qeve lapiny
Some

toele- Wk eapeut
Selectrve- tediy He, Ysearcher Sysemahrally
l6aCore Comtest
DevelHia a questitnnair
Mshra

Marketing estavch By M.N.

See k Medern
fae Ne 121 -134

Edding,Codi Rseaveh -
By MW. Mishra
Mtdevn Maveeding
tage 192- 196
Tabulatn f Dala
kolareh -

By M-N. Mthr
Medern Markicj
Paye 196-213
classifitahn of Dal

N 6desn Marketin Rrseartl By MN-MShra

-

Pa 209-2/

Atin
.
upsse 7 eliminak emrs and Contijtm*
7uestirnnaire
kditiy involus h inshec tim and Coreettn each
3. Eding may done in 2 $toes -
a. Field editing
b. e e editína

a.
o. Fie led eltia
Fild d i) i dcne la OmisSiens
delut lhe dali Qnc

naccuaie in lh Xaw
) t i clone im nuediately after lelectien e dals hecaule intervieners
hen have a frsh dwtenuery tbeut lke lapses R hirng shateuent /
 ns rs.
(ni) The edtim is dene b ind but tenmpl-ieness, legi4ckly prehtns:b.
CanCstency nifor mily ,
b. fre ed:tin
h 9 n ans a lom plede and tho vough Serutiny K suestiennaire
e
by ha, edsvee ecltors Ihey evaluali and examint lka Ceupleteal lurns

h spcndents.
() Jhe bffce eclitors also d eide what ls do Wilk lk dali. lurlkic

Iky
hey ar mO loncened wilk the intorrect and intonblel anshers

Coding
1.9t is a lechnitai þrtcedure by 1orch dlalá are Categerisd
Censeslz 10Ssqning Sy mbols ancl nlumerals lo Cach anCwer.
2 Thst u he Xaw dal transformesl inlë Symbels nd
het nyk Cecling , are

humsals kal may be tabulated Ond Countedl

3. Ceela 6e temes diffieult r

Ceiny then-ended questind

Clacsthcahm Tabulahtn Dala

le kning ordev Inb5

claLsdihm tf elals means hdala inli Or

Comparabl tem
2. classrfcatin elala Comes und Summerisiny lhe xan dala

3 classficeth' s alepencls ubo Fupes or ebjechve of Yeseareh

e thed chsifieaton Xaud cdala

rg MeIkeel T bring Xa olala inl tho aray(amnge utut)
hat lsi all hem in nunmevical Seztuen ce
StCond Me lhsel Croufing lhe dalä inli Sub-clas SeS.
2 L
2hanguagc. & hreleng Couestitns Hern tvchnital terni Shond
bavoideA in lhi formuletn
uestibnhairts .
.UrcerineOuestient Suestions l follono nt after hancl
Olhir Should be Systemahtalhy
b
bgeetive ly These prrtaining l5 a giun f .
Ordesed
artitulaY lheme Should be at ne blaie

Edd questic nn air

ueshonnairQud Sheelal
e betrin a
Drtfernt
provadeA lhen underr lo
Seak qushen kave adequalí shace iu Callesl
lhen, Suck 'type "of
9uesionnajre
Xt Cered ua answer,
a Sehedule
ef questiennar. /ve testing 1S an

dty Cimes afher pe-lsting lhe

Xsearcker li hav
exestise hrh enaslu lk« ilr Suctab:helrn
Suiab:kelr-
impdamt ili
lkz 9ueshomnin fr
epherlunity of tesh
last queihcnnaic.
also hetps check z
amd Werlkinizs. fe testin 1nadeq uactel .
and jnadequaceiel.
rmistaket, in lonsistexeie!
Wrk u Over, all lh Con le lo d
nee hSurvey
ls los k r fosoible
Scheclule1 Xeguir Ikoinygh eAitiny
tnistalkes i enferim lpen
sed s hat maý have bien
haue Xe maicd inComple
lot ouf, intmahin klweu ld
wilh shiek : qustonnaire ay kave
Cud Clhr flanst
6een tetiud batk

Ceeli litefve tala aud

fr Cafeyuani gua
odie a fre cat

clescrihin, lK implitatins and deta

e/ /hse Calegontk
 lhen lh Ste i dalá Vy lacge,Xesearther zeneraly ues Setend
e lherHt 4seleec olola can b choenied from usefl Sei ef dela
Jmpestant indertnctS Can eatily ke edone Uk Strend melkialefchss.kest
J
dlnli.
wintte classificakien Frlloutin4 brintiples Qre Can &idered
be
Number o grduh Subroups Shadld
Oncl
Mber
f qreups dtferenes
Subttandin ehoush lo nord Ihe fesscbla.
in h dala
be homepneous
Similarity : Jhe class intaual. skouled
h tr xous
Respersus classzhd in a parieular tätey
eeh tlast.
be Similary blaced lo Xevenl lhi charaelerigkes
hAy heturren
differences in kespontes
) Keorolns differenees ; Her, lhe
Catyores Shoulel se knosn
sheuld be mada in sutk
Exelusive Categories The classificatien
v) Can be
Plated4
a maoner hal a sesprnse

tOnly Ont. caee made ló

sheuld be
calegeryits) 7h classi tieatim is
. Jf any Ke spense.
)Exhausiive.
inclucde all Xesponses
interect
nlorreet

W:ll be avBially
rey ecorele, Ih
het
analys's
be aveided.
answtrs
Sheuld
extveme
Aveid extremes : Her
also ke aveded.
ended clacs intr vals Sheuld
pen
a class interual Sheuld be ef
(u .dlh of elass inde vals He
egual Size andl ulidth r l give
distribukn tf dnla .
a nbictent
 18
Tabul atim eDala
t13 a technical bvtes$ lhal Coosisli Counting lh ntember

L sevvatinS hat fali inlo hi Varitus Calyories

2 Tabulatim depencds ape
Q. Estolkcking cegoris raw dals
Edtir Ye sbenses
C Codin sense
3Tabulatim es K aclivihii sprtiog lounting
anol enmartis
dala

4yps Tabulatime) Sinple tabilatn v Cne-way tabulahin

C) High
AA)pder tabulat i
6)Cross tabulahn 2-ay tabulathn
dr
Mechan ial Tabulahn e)lomputur Tabulahm
Vaniable is Ceunted
Jimple tabularn Her a Single
20r kogre Van'ablls ase treatel Simultaneoushp,
ECxss

Strting lousting dal (Hand tabulatim

EXample
Tally Mas Frequnm
8
2000
2
2Se

3ee
Jom Tabulakn
Table No
TH (Unit ef Measturement
Head Neli

Stub Caph 7ota

Sub.enies Rdy h: talle
Tt cl
Ccurt
 Sinple tr Cne say Tabulatim e unVaríate Tabulatim

ysa) ofen quustim kzlk toly One Xesponse

) Multiple Xespen ses li then and ntultiple. cheite Qustimt .

a) Exmple of efen qur sB isn A7/" Doly Dne &

sbense
No children Per
family
Number
Childrtn Family roble ms may rce. ksken
Wumb here u no spense dr fallin
Ip 5 he "den 2 knew
"Caty
3 IS Hente, Ikay shonld ke prferly
2 7b Plad in Me takle
35

34
Mre lhan 4
6
Total Ioo

b)Exnenbe Mulksple Xespenits li tfn ancl mulhKle. Cheice.

Gueshed
fern e fTlevisin
ea LenS Frqutnid
News
Adstehse min
Fln &D
Small Switu
Musct. and Song SD
 Crosstabul ahien br To - hJay Tabulatit dr Multivarial "Tábdahy

Vaniahles are devic d inlo gmups anel

tiere, Iht dalá tf S veral.
Sub greups So lhal ha Lehavieur h dobendent Yarinhl tna be
nder Stocd.he nuneber vf variahle s ele Ciodec ha number of groups
ad
Sub zoups. The largev hi variables M lazee rl
L a 7aga
ans Subjxrups in he mulivasiali tabulatin
Cxam ple
seeM.lA Powder Brancl A
Number tf famibjeu
Number od children Ar
Jnttm familyy Toial
On Morn Ihan
ir ienlh (Rs 2 3 4 5

Selev lero 1 60 IS18 23 30 5D 14

Ibo-2poo 2 17 20 25 55 82
3S
2bcc 3beO 4D 20 25 2 4 45 65 263
3 C-4ero 25 512 IS 27 40 184
yoe 50eo 134 13
20 30
30
Mre lhán 5oco 12 IS 2b 3b 95
I50 200 300
Tetal 12 4p 9

Des cripti hert Y: Use t milk Puder Brancd A

Y: f(,, 12) n Com
No. d ch:ldren Prr famiy
X
hamuldi variale tabulahm i Cenveted inló prwtentore, hi anals
become s easitr and quiekes
 statistics
a o a Divicitns o
Statistits 2 Jnfeential Statistiec
.Descibtive

deals selh Celnc ting dummarisr

tDeseribtive statistics ' Ihis statistir
s ,

clalá so hat Some

Simblityig Volu min bus
and

aninsful lonclusims Can be dran rm he dala. D»c he d a l haye

me
& pe sentrd thimgh tables
loen
Colleeted lhes an a csambled, Organi2zul
charli and graphs. Measuns of Central tendenty
tiamam,
li an alyted
Yaud clal .
Aispersin, Skeudnes,
KurtoSig as d

Conticlz omelhds
2ngerentiel Stathstizs : br Snductive StatichitS
Or hm aleing
hat ar tek fr oqravtt înderentel,

braadeneralizatis, about a totaliBy tbtervaken cn Mz basis

Knowlede about
a Part hat totality.
Sohtatishts Comprises Pebulahen anel Sanaple

Krsentatitn o dalä : Two fo rm

form
Graphit form
.TabulAr diem
2.

in he torm i nla
Form; Jt means tahulating lkr dala
Takular

Stahrhcal tables..
Statishital tables ase of tollowi 7f
Xou- tab]es
a Se Columr
rStngle

ple Column and mulh'ple Xoe tables .

ulh infemar
1at-
extentive
Sourte table sIhese. prtstnt
C) Kefecen. t e takles O
nQny Subgecf

tnti
Exawaple Dali ublithed in lhe Aonuel Surey e Indus
dala incluutit! in detail.
ohuch prides a)l tn

1alles Thest art dan from afevenee tableia tr

d ) n mary 1abed, These teLles reunde
Gr ke called analyBical
a
Dne br mort Xe lated aupects tn

Su ma ized dala
en
On
veSabjecd .
 Ctmpenenli a table
Table Number 2. Ttle f lhe takle 3. Heat Neteg usua lly Provedel
nbraClets.
Stub & stub Heads Stub rnfees lo lhe main heading Yu,
l e Stub heads occur as xo headog

re made:"The $tub o a takle Comcislt

eatrits
ainst *hich dalh xohJe X
Stub-heads as he number e
aS manY
bex hend describes
captien i 7he
5. Box hend & Sub. heads. or
2ha dala fevided in
Varibug

lhe title tnder whrch

also Callel Caphion. Si is
Columns. St is

are prouided.
h Column heads
number d cells .& Contains
srsli ef a
6 Bedy f Me table Con Containt
YxCCelt.

anumbtr jhe bedy

ahtut lhr
addrtimal infovmation, if any,
Foet rote (s):t pwvide s

a table
functia pards
in h telle
eatiras wktve lhz elalá þresmtel
8 SturteCs): Stt
ave lo me fm
Example
o Etonomt Stathu
2000 sthudena Accordirg
Closcidi catn b 2x3 Condingeny ai takle)
(A
EconDmt ,Stahus
Low Intome.
Aveage ht ome
Hah Jntem 120
38o
120
Bys 220
8D 20eo
Gis
200
oluMn

SourttEtentmie servey
 (23
Gaphie. fientatin
ala Ji d:splaying tabalar etnla in
means

Theferm Variaraph
1pes ahs a) Bar chart b) Pie charli e) Histgrams
distrcbuhn)
el)0gives Cumalate frequency
)Freeney Poygen
are talen
days
Bar chaels 1. Simp bav chart Het, year, monk,
On X-axis.
2 Component Chat

Uni- 2
Determinahin
e Sompe Siz
N hhert N- Total fulatien

1+ Ne e -
err (Confidena le vel)Sueh as

i.e. D:05 er O:10

S Cr
lo ,

Qu tsmint Sanple Sza- i

N l0o0 D e 0.D5
10000
h D00D 2
I 25
385 (4tpra.
14 Ne2 1+10000o.05)
Sample Size
u 585
pulahn Size loooo Ikan
s*porns
a Samble Sige in
Case
Ddcinatin
er

Ze
Stanetavd limit depending
formul h (
Censielence level. Fr e zanie,
196 limd Cerretbends
lo 5/ level.
Jatk ai O055
e blins e rrer

P hi gn Prforin
ue elevmint dantple
Se if P.2 he
Z96 e 57
h(-(.4-246
-05