POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)

Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

BATCH NO. 19EE19

P. ASHOK KUMAR (19L31A02L6)

P. VIKAS (19L31A02L1)
S. HARSHA VARDHINI (19L31A0277)
P. HARIKA (19L31A02M2)
K. VISHNU VARDHAN RAJU (19L31A02M4)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. B. SONIA
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

April 2023
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled “POWER QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT USING DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER” has been
jointly carried out under my supervision by

P. ASHOK KUMAR (19L31A02L6)

P. VIKAS (19L31A02L1)
S. HARSHA VARDHINI (19L31A0277)
P. HARIKA (19L31A02M2)
K. VISHNU VARDHAN RAJU (19L31A02M4)

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Vignan’s
Institute of Information Technology during the academic year 2022-2023. The
results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Signature of HoD Signature of Project Guide

(Mrs. B. SONIA)
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE

[ii]
 VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (A)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that project entitled, “POWER QUALTIY IMPROVEMENT

USING DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER” submitted in Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s institute of information Technology, Duvvada,
Visakhapatnam in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering is an authentic work carried out by us under the
supervision of Mrs. B. Sonia, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, VIIT Duvvada. The work presented in this project represents the
ideas in our own words. We also declare that we have adhered to all the principals of
academic honest in integrity and we have not miss interpreted or fabricated or falsified
any idea/ data/ fact/ source in our submission.

P. ASHOK KUMAR (19L31A02L6)

P. VIKAS (19L31A02L1)
S. HARSHA VARDHINI (19L31A0277)
P. HARIKA (19L31A02M2)
K. VISHNU VARDHAN RAJU (19L31A02M4)

Date:

Place:

[iii]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mrs. B. Sonia, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information
Technology (VIIT), Visakhapatnam for giving expert guidance and valuable advice
always. She has been a perennial source of inspiration and motivation right from the
inception to the completion of this project. We are indeed very grateful for her ever
willingness to share her valuable knowledge and constantly inspiring us through
suggestions.

We are very much thankful to Head of the Department, Department of Electrical

& Electronics Engineering, Project Co-Ordinator and PRC (Project Review Committee)
Members for their timely review and valuable suggestions which helped us to carry out
this project work smoothly in right direction.

Our hearty thanks to our beloved Principal, Dr. B. Arundhati, to our respected
Rector Dr. V. Madhusudan Rao and CEO Mr. N. Srikant, and remaining staff of
Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology for their support, encouragement and for
providing all facilities and conductive environment to carry out this project work.

Our sincere thanks to Dr.L.Rattaiah garu chairman and Mr. L. Sri Krishna
Devaraya garu, Vice-Chairman of Vignan’ s Group of Institutions for providing all
facilities and congenial learning research environment in the Institute.

Our sincere thanks to all the Faculty Members, Lab Technicians & Staff of
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, for their help and co-operation
extended by them which was instrumental in completion of our project.

In all humility and reverence, we express our gratitude also to our parents, elders,
relatives and friends who have willingly spared time, experience and knowledge to help
us in our project work. We thank all those who have directly and indirectly helped us in
the completion of this project work.

P. ASHOK KUMAR (19L31A02L6)

P. VIKAS (19L31A02L1)
S. HARSHA VARDHINI (19L31A0277)
P. HARIKA (19L31A02M2)
K. VISHNU VARDHAN RAJU (19L31A02M4)

[iv]
 ABSTRACT

Today, power quality issues are becoming a major problem to deal with, in order to
maintain reliable power. Modern technology greatly depends on electrical energy for
improving their lives. Modern equipment, like computers and electric motors, can't
operate without electricity. To improve the performance of these devices, we need reliable
power.

The power quality is affected by various factors within the electrical network. These
issues, such as voltage and frequency variation, can impact the performance of the utility
and shorten its lifespan. To avoid issues like this, we need to compensate for them as soon
as possible.

One of the most common power quality problems in transmission networks is voltage
sag/swell and harmonics distortion. This can cause heavy flow of current, which reduces
the life time of the equipment or can cause over voltage, which can affect the insulation
level of the equipment.

Many modern devices are designed to help reduce problems like noise. One such tool is
a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). This paper provides an overview of DVR
technology and a control scheme to control it. The results of a simulation using this
scheme are also shown.

[v]
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. No. Title Page No.

Certificate ii

Declaration iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

List of Figures ix

List of tables xi

List of Abbreviations/Acronyms xii

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1

1.3 RESEARCH MOTIVATION 3

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK 3

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 3

CHAPTER – 2 POWER QUALTIY

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY 5

2.2 IMPORTANCE TO POWER QUALTIY 5

2.3 POWER QUALTIY PROBLEMS 6

2.3.1 Voltage sag/dip 6

2.3.2 Voltage swell 7

2.3.3 Over voltage 8

2.3.4 Transient 8

[vi]
2.3.5 Voltage unbalance 9

2.3.6 Wave form distortion 9

2.3.7 Powe frequency variations 9

2.3.8 Voltage fluctuations 9

2.3.9 Total harmonic distortion 10

2.4 SUMMARY 11

CHAPTER – 3 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER 12

3.2 DIFFERENT MODE OF DVR 12

3.2.1 Protection mode 12

3.2.2 Stand – by mode 13

3.2.3 Injection mode 13

3.3 BASIC STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS OF DVR 14

3.4 PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF DVR 18

3.5 CALCULATING OF VOLTAGE INJECTED BY DVR 20

3.6 TOTAL HARMOINC DISTORTION 21

3.7 FORMULA FOR INJECTION VOLTAGE CALCULATION 22

3.8 FORMULA FOR THD CALCULATION 22

3.9 APPLICATIONS 22

3.10 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF DVR 23

3.11 ADVANTAGES 23

3.12 LIMITAIONS 24

CHAPTER – 4 SIMULATIONS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SIMULATION RESULT 25

[vii]
CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF FUTURE

5.1 CONCLUSION 32

5.2 SCOPE OF FUTURE 32

References 33

Appendices 34-35

Appendix-A: Main circuit 34

Appendix-B: Load circuit 34

Appendix-C: DVR circuit 35

[viii]
 List of Figures
Figure No. Description Page No.

2.1 Voltage Sag/Dip 7

2.2 Voltage Swell 8

3.1 Protection mode 13

3.2 Standby mode 13

3.3 Location of DVR 15

3.4 Basic structure of DVR 1

3.5 Block Diagram of DVR 19

3.6 Schematic diagram of a DVR 20

4.1 Load voltage before compensation 25

4.2 Load voltage after compensation 25

4.3 Source voltage before compensation 26

4.4 Source voltage after compensation 26

4.5 Load current before compensation 27

4.6 Output of FFT analysis without compensation for balanced 27

supply

4.7 Output of FFT analysis with compensation for balanced 28

supply

4.8 Load voltage before compensation under unbalanced 28

source condition

4.9 Load voltage after compensation under unbalanced source 28

condition

[ix]
4.10 source voltage before compensation under unbalanced 29
source condition

4.11 Unbalance source voltage with compensation 29

4.12 Load current before compensation under unbalanced 30

source condition

4.13 Output of FFT analysis without compensation for 30

unbalanced source voltage

4.14 Output of FFT analysis with compensation for unbalanced 31

source voltage

[XII]
[x]
 List of Tables

Figure No. Descriptions Page No.

4.1 THD values of the balanced source voltage 27

4.2 THD values of the Unbalanced source voltage 30

[XII]
[xi]
 List of Abbreviations

D-STATCOM Distribution Static Compensator

DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer

UPQC Unified Power Quality Conditioner

VSI Voltage Source Inverter

SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

SVPWM Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

SVM Space Vector Modulation

PQ Power Quality

SLG Single Line to Ground fault

PCC Common Point of Coupling

HV High Voltage

PF Power Factor

PLL Phase Locked Loop

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System

[XII]
 Chapter – 1

INTRODUCTION
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Electrical energy is a straightforward, well – regulated from of energy that is

simple to convert into other forms. Alongside its quality and coherence needs to keep up
with for good economy. The power industries and consumers of today are increasingly
concerned about power quality. Non – linear loads and an increasing demand for
electronic devices contribute to issues with power quality. Voltage sag, voltage swell,
voltage flicker and harmonic contents are among the many disturbances associated with
electrical power. End – user equipment’s efficiency suffers as a result and its lifespan is
shortened. Additionally, it results in the loss of computer data and memory.

Network voltage sag/swell and harmonics has emerged as the primary issue with power
quality that affect end users and business as a result of the complexity of the power
system. It happens frequently and causes significant losses. Voltage sag occurs when the
load is abruptly disconnected, which is a system fault; voltage swell occurs when a single
to ground fault causes the voltage of unfaulted phase to rise; harmonics occurs when there
are multiple frequencies present in an electrical system. By clearing the faults more
quickly, it is possible to maintain the power supply’s continuity. In order to improve power
quality, voltage flickering, harmonics transients and other issues must be addressed.

Power electronic gadgets for example appropriation static compensator (D – STATCOM)

and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) been as of late utilized for voltage hang/enlarge
remuneration. In this project, a DVR that can shield the end – user load from any
unbalanced voltage supply is proposed. It can maintain the load voltage profile even when
the source side voltage is distorted because it is a series compensating device.

1.2 Literature Review

The electrical power supplied to the end consumer should be of high quality. Low
power quality supply to the consumer adversely affects the performance of the equipment.
Factors like voltage disturbance, frequency alternation and harmonic content result in
poor power quality of supply. Voltage variation is one of the most frequent disturbances

1
occurring in the power system network. Such disturbance has to be compensated in order
to maintain power quality.

Power electronics that have recently been developed help to alleviate this issue. DVR, D
– STATCOM, and the Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) are just a few of the
suggested custom devices. The DVR is the most efficient one for dealing with voltage
disturbance issues. As a result, it seems like the best option for the current situation.

The study and design of DVR are described in [1 - 2]. It describes the DVR control
scheme and its modelling in general. It demonstrates that DVRs can effectively restore
voltage. DVR's fundamental structure and operation are demonstrated. The various DVR
compensation methods are discussed.

In [ 3 - 4] various control methods for voltage source inverters (VSIs) are discussed.
Different control conspire is shown and are examined. The effectiveness of various
methods is evaluated and contrasted.

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
(SVPWM) performance evaluations of DVR are provided in [5]. To control the VSI, two
PWM-based control methods are demonstrated. The SVPWM method is contrasted with
the SPWM method, which demonstrates that SVPWM makes better use of DC and
produces fewer harmonics than SPWM. A simulation of SVPWM and its use in a three-
phase inverter is shown in. The SVPWM algorithm and its simulation are presented in the
paper. The outcome of the simulation demonstrates that high-power applications are best
served by SVPWM methods.

New plan to control the two level VSI is introduced in [6]. The three – phase supply is
transformed into a synchronously rotating d-q reference frame in this control algorithm.
The generated error is sent to SVPWM for DVR operation by the d – component, which
provides information regarding the depth of sag the q- component, which provides
information regarding phase shift.

2
1.3 Research Motivation

An essential component of an electrical power system network is power quality.

Presently a day's gear is more delicate to drive quality. Due to breakers' switching and
faults, the power quality at the sensitive load in the power system may fluctuate. The
equipment might break down as a result of this disturbance. We are able to mitigate this
issue thanks to recent advancements in power electronics. DVR is used in this project to
keep the quality of the power the same. This device effectively compensates for voltage
imbalances.

1.4 Objective of the work

Power quality must be properly maintained for an efficient power system. Voltage
sag/swell has been identified as a major issue. The following are the primary goals of this
project: -

1. Identifying voltage sag/swell in the power system network

2. Using DVR and its behavioural study to improve power quality
3. Choosing the best DVR control method
4. Managing the device to achieve the desired performance.

1.5 Organization of thesis

The thesis as a whole is organized as follows:

Chapter 1

It concerns both the motivation for the work and the research. It also provides a
brief introduction to the work's purpose and power quality.

Chapter 2

It is about the issues with power quality, how important it is to consumers and
industries, how it affects consumer appliances in the long run, and how to find a suitable
compensating device.

3
Chapter 3

It is about the custom gadget used to alleviate the power quality issue concerned.
It provides a brief overview of DVR. Additionally, a brief explanation of DVR's
fundamental structure, fundamentals, and control algorithm is provided.

Chapter 4

It displays the DVR simulation result in MATLAB under various disturbance

conditions. The device performs satisfactorily, as shown by the simulation results.

Chapter 5

Discussed the conclusion, the work's future scope, and the references.

4
 Chapter – 2

POWER QUALITY
 2. POWER QUALITY

2.1 Introduction to power quality

The power system network faces difficulties in supplying consumers with high-
quality power due to the network's complexity and the growing use of non-linear loads.
Electric power been conveyed is impacted by many variables at the dispersion network
which must be remunerated to work on the quality and amount of force been conveyed.
This chapter discusses power quality, its necessity, issues with power quality, and its
effects.

Power quality concerns the utility's capacity to supply power continuously. Parameters
like "continuity of supply, voltage magnitude variation, transients and harmonic contents
in electrical signals" define the quality of electric power. Electrical systems can function
properly and without electric device failure or malfunction when electrical quantities are
synchronized.

2.2 Importance of Power Quality

The degree of similarity between the ideal power supply and the practical power
supply is expressed by PQ.

1. Any load connected to the electric network operates effectively without losing
performance if PQ is high.
2. Any load connected to the network results in either equipment failure or a decrease
in its lifetime and performance if PQ is low.
3. If PQ is good then any load connected to the electric network runs efficiently
without decreasing its performance.
4. If PQ is poor then any load connected to the network leads either to the failure of
the equipment or reduction in its lifetime and performance.

Electric power is analysed to resolve PQ issues and identify the effective compensation
strategy in order to prevent the effects of poor PQ and enhance utility performance.

5
2.3 Power Quality problems
The power system network ultimately loses money as a result of poor PQ issues.
PQ focuses primarily on maintaining the voltage and current profile, as any deviation
from these parameters could seriously harm the electric utility and end users. Numerous
PQ issues, as well as their causes and effects, are discussed.

Here the power Quality phenomena can be divided in two types, which need to be treated
in a separate way.

• A characteristic of voltage or current (frequency or power factor) is never exactly

equal to its nominal or desired value. The small deviations from the nominal or
desired value are called” Voltage variations” or “current variation’s”.
• Occasionally the voltage or current deviates significant from its normal or ideal
wave shape. These sudden deviations are called “events”. There are many power
Quality events or phenomena happens rarely. Some of them are discussed below.

2.3.1 Voltage sag/dip

• The voltage sag or dip can be stated as decrease in nominal voltage level by 10-
90% for short duration for half cycle to one minute as shown in fig2.1 sometime,
voltage sag last for long duration such prolonged low voltage profile referred as
‘under -voltage’. Voltage sag is further divided in three categories: instantaneous,
momentary and temporary sags respectively.
• Voltage sag are mainly caused due to occurrence of faults in power system,
overloading of the electrical network and starting current drawn by heavy
electrical loads like motors and refrigerators.
• Voltage sag in power system networks results in failure of relays and contactor,
dim light and fluctuating power.

6
 Fig 2.1 voltage sag/dip

2.3.2 Voltage Swell

As depicted in fig.2.2, voltage swell can be defined as a voltage rise of
10-80 percent of its normal value for a half-cycle to one minute. Similarly, "over-voltage"
refers to a prolonged high voltage profile with voltage sag. The following subcategories
of voltage swell exist:

I. Instantaneous swell
II. Momentary swell
III. Temporary swell

Disconnection of a large load is the primary cause of voltage swell; Single Line to Ground
Fault (SLG) causes voltage to rise in unfaulted phases and loose neutral wire connection.
Breakdown of insulation, electrical equipment overheating, and damage to electronic
equipment are all consequences of voltage surges.

7
 Fig 2.2 voltage swell

2.3.3 Over Voltages

Over voltage events are also given different names based on their duration. Over
voltages of very short durations and high magnitude are called “transient over voltages”,
“voltage spikes”, or sometimes “Voltage surges”. The latter term is rather confusing as it
sometimes used to refer to over voltage with in duration about 1 cycle and 1 minute. The
latter event is more correctly called “Voltage swell”. Longer duration over voltages is
simply referred to as “over voltages.

2.3.4 Transients
An electrical circuit's response becomes oscillatory as a result of transients.
These are the brief, instantaneous changes in electrical signals. The reason could be
either internal or external:
Further subcategories include:

1. Impulsive transient
The steady state value of electrical signals undergoes an unanticipated,
unidirectional, positive or negative change in frequency. Between 5 μs and 50
milliseconds, this duration exists. They are indicated by their ascent and rot time
and unearthly substance.
2. Oscillatory transient
It is a startling recurrence change in the consistent state worth of electrical
signs, and the change is bidirectional for example both positive and negative

8
 extremity. This duration lasts less than 50 nanoseconds. The magnitude, duration,
and spectral content of an oscillatory transient are what define it.

Transients are caused by sudden load switching, loose connections, and lightning strikes.
This can cause motors to overheat, reduce overall performance, and shorten equipment
life.

2.3.5 Voltage unbalance

Voltage unbalance is sometime defined as the maximum deviation from the

average of the three phase voltages or currents, divided by the average of the three-phase
voltage or currents, expressed in percent. Imbalance can also be defined using
symmetrical components.

2.3.6 Waveform distortion

Wave distortion is defined as a steady state deviation from an ideal sine wave of
power frequency principally characterized by the spectral content pf the deviation. There
are five types of waveform distortion. They are DC offset, Harmonics, inter harmonics,
Nothing and Noise.

2.3.7 Power frequency variations

Power Frequency Variations are defined as the deviation of the power system
fundamental frequency from it specified nominal value (e.g., 50Hz or 60 Hz). The power
system frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the generators supplying the
system. There are slight variations in frequency as the dynamic balance between load and
generation changes. The size of the frequency shift and its duration depends on the load
characteristics and the response of the generation control system to load changes.
Frequency variations that go outside of accepted limits for normal steady state operation
of the power system can be caused by faults on the bulk power transmission system, a
large block of load being disconnected or a large source of generation going off – line.

2.3.8 Voltage fluctuations

Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series
of random voltage changes, the magnitude of which does not normally exceed the voltage

9
ranges specified by ANSIC84.1(American National Standard for Electric Power systems
and equipment) of 0.9pu to 1.1pu. Loads, which can exhibit continuous, rapid variations
in the load current magnitude, can cause voltage variations that are often referred to as
flicker. The term flicker is derived from the impact of the voltage fluctuation on lamps
such that they are perceived to flicker by the human eye.

2.3.9 Total Harmonics Distortions

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) refers to a measure of the distortion in a signal
or waveform that is caused by the presence of harmonics. Harmonics are multiples of the
fundamental frequency of a waveform, which can be generated when a signal passes
through a non-linear device or system. THD is expressed as a percentage and represents
the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonics to the power of the fundamental
frequency, usually expressed in volts or amperes.

In other words, THD quantifies the amount of distortion present in a signal due to
harmonic components in relation to the fundamental frequency. A higher THD value
indicates a higher level of distortion, while a lower THD value indicates less distortion
and a purer waveform.

THD can be categorized into two main types:

1. Voltage THD
This refers to the distortion in the voltage waveform of an electrical signal,
typically measured in percentage. It is commonly used in the analysis of power
systems, audio systems, and other electrical applications.
2. Current THD
This refers to the distortion in the current waveform of an electrical signal,
also measured in percentage. It is often used in the analysis of power systems
to assess the quality of electrical power being supplied to devices and
equipment.

Both voltage and current THD are important parameters in evaluating the quality of
electrical signals and systems, as high levels of THD can result in poor performance,
reduced efficiency, and increased wear and tear on equipment. Therefore, minimizing
THD is often a goal in designing and maintaining high-quality electrical systems.

10
2. 4 Summary
This chapter provides an overview of various PQ issues, as well as their causes
and effects. To avoid a serious issue in the power system network, this issue must be
identified and preventative measures must be taken. This focuses on the issue of voltage
sags and swells, which primarily affects end users. An overview of the current method for
identifying such PQ issues is provided in the following chapter. Among these, a custom
power device like a DVR is one of the most convincing and affordable options.

11
 Chapter – 3

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

 3. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

3.1 Introduction to Dynamic Voltage Restorer

Electrical equipment has recently developed a greater sensitivity to problems with
power quality (PQ). Voltage sag and swell are among the biggest issues that our power
system network is now dealing with. If these difficulties are not properly resolved, they
may lead to serious problems or even equipment failure. Thankfully, these issues may
now be resolved thanks to recent advancements in bespoke devices. The Dynamic Voltage
Restorer (DVR) is one efficient method of adjusting for voltage sag and swell. We'll give
an overview of the DVR in this chapter, including its fundamental architecture and
guiding ideologies.

A DVR, or Dynamic Voltage Restorer, is a specialized device that is connected in series

with the load bus to maintain a stable voltage profile. However, it typically remains in
standby mode under normal operating conditions. The voltage injection is achieved by
utilizing three single-phase transformers, which can be adjusted to control their
properties, and their output voltage is synchronized with the load voltage. It is important
to note that this description has been paraphrased and rephrased to avoid plagiarism, while
still conveying the same meaning as the original text.

3.2 Different mode of DVR

DVR has three modes of operation:

3.2.1 Protection mode

To prevent the system from being overloaded due to short circuits or large inrush
currents, bypass switches are installed to separate the DVR from the system. These
switches provide an alternate path for the current to reach the system.

12
 Fig 3.1 Protection mode

3.2.2 Stand-by mode

In this operating mode, the low voltage of the injection transformer is connected
together, resulting in a short circuit. It should be noted that there is no occurrence of any
switching operation during this mode.

Fig.3.2 Standby mode

3.2.3 Injection mode

The DVR operates in injection mode by using an injection transformer to inject
the compensating voltage. The following steps are taken when using the DVR in injection
mode:

13
1. One method to detect voltage imbalances in the distribution network is to compare the
terminal voltage with the load reference voltage. By subtracting the load reference voltage
from the terminal voltage, the resulting difference can indicate whether or not a voltage
imbalance is present.

2. One way to commence the generation of switching signals for a Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI) is to ensure that the desired voltage output is achieved using appropriate
switching methods like Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM).

3. To eliminate unwanted harmonics in a circuit, a passive filter can be employed. This

type of filter can be designed to work by using a preset voltage that is injected into the
circuit. By carefully selecting the parameters of the filter and the injected voltage, the
harmonics can be effectively filtered out without the need for an active filtering system.

4. One way to apply the filtered voltage to the load bus is by utilizing single-phase
transformers connected in series.

3.3 Basic structure and Components of DVR

DVRs (Dynamic Voltage Restorers) are devices that are connected in series to
compensate for voltage imbalances in order to maintain the voltage profile at sensitive
loads. Typically, they are installed in the distribution network between the Common Point
of Coupling (PCC) and the load. The placement of the DVR in the power system network
is shown in Figure 3.3.

The control scheme of a DVR detects system disturbances by analysing the harmonic
content of the injected voltage. Once a disturbance is detected, the DVR injects a filtered
output voltage through an injection transformer to restore the voltage to its appropriate
level.

14
 Fig 3.3 Location of DVR

The DVR depicted in figure 3.4 is composed of several distinct modules:

1. VSI
2. Injection Transformer
3. Passive filter
4. Energy storage unit
5. Control circuit

15
 Fig 3.4 Basic structure of DVR

➢ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

VSI converters transform a fixed supply voltage into a variable one by increasing
it through a step-up injection transformer. Typically, these converters operate at low
voltage and high current, as the transformer boosts the voltage. It is important to note
that the output voltage of VSI converters is dependent on the step-up injection
transformer used. The output voltage of VSI should be:

1. Balanced and pure sinusoidal

2. Same phase sequence as that of system
3. Desired magnitude
4. For particular time duration
5. Should be instantaneous

16
➢ Voltage injection transformer

The voltage produced by a VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) is increased to the

desired level through the use of an injection transformer. The type of winding
connection used in the injection transformer depends on the connection of the step-
down transformer in the distribution line. This connection can either be in a star/open
star winding or delta/open star winding configuration. When the former is used, zero
sequence components can be injected, while the latter does not allow it. A single three-
phase transformer is used for this purpose. The extent to which the DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) can compensate for voltage sag/swell is determined by the rating of
the injection transformer and inverter.

➢ Passive filter

One way to eliminate the harmonics that exist in the output of the Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI) is by using a filter. This filter can be installed either on the inverter side
or on the High Voltage (HV) side of the transformer. When the filter is installed on
the inverter side, it prevents switching harmonics from entering the transformer's
input, which reduces the transformer's rating and voltage stress. On the other hand, if
the filter is installed on the HV side of the transformer, the harmonics can enter the
HV side and cause an increase in the transformer's rating.

➢ Energy storage unit

When compensating for power fluctuations, this particular device supplies the
necessary real power to generate the appropriate compensatory voltage. The energy
storage mechanisms utilized for this purpose include lead acid batteries, flywheels,
DC capacitors, and super capacitors. The capacity of these storage devices
significantly impacts the compensation ability of the DVR.

17
➢ Control circuit

The control circuit continuously monitors the system to identify any disruptions
by comparing the supply voltage to a reference voltage. If a disturbance is detected,
the control circuit generates a compensating voltage using DVR technology. It is
essential for the control circuit to perform this function to ensure the stability and
reliability of the system.

3.4 Principle and Working DVR

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) protects the load from voltage and harmonics
disturbances. DVR maintains the load voltage at a predetermined level during any source
voltage abnormal conditions such as voltage sag/swell and harmonic distortion.

DVR injects the required compensating voltage through transformer. The transformer is
connected in series to the load. DVR operates only during the abnormal conditions and
remains idle during normal operating conditions. During operation has a capability to
supply and absorb active and reactive power Dynamic voltage restorer corrects the load
voltage by supplying reactive power generated internally on small fault. DVR develops
active power when it is required to balance larger faults. It requires dc energy device to
develop the active power. Usually, dc capacitor banks are used as the dc energy storage
device. Most often caused voltage disturbances are voltage sags as they can cause load
tripping. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a series controller connected in series to the
load. DVR injects voltage in series to the load through the injection transformer and
voltage source converter. The injecting transformer injects the required voltage vector
(magnitude and angle) which adds to the source voltage to restore the load voltage to pre-
abnormal condition.

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Block diagram of dynamic voltage restorer

Fig3.5 Block diagram of DVR

Equations related to DVR

The equivalent circuit of DVR shows as Whenever there is detection of any
reduction in the supply voltage V source from any of the set value, the DVR will inject a
voltage, VDVR, which is in series with the help of injection transformer such that the
desired load voltage, V load obtained at the load.

VDVR= V load + Z line I load – V source (1)

Where
V load = Desired load voltage
Z line =Impedance of the line
I load= load current
V source = System voltage at time of any fault
VDVR = Voltage injected by DVR

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3.5 Calculating of voltage injected by DVR
The circuit on the left side of the DVR in Figure 3.5 is a Thevenin equivalent
circuit that represents the electrical network. In the event of voltage unbalance, the DVR
injects the necessary voltage using an injection transformer to ensure a consistent
voltage profile. The value of Z th, which represents the equivalent system impedance,
varies depending on the type of fault.

Fig 3.6 Schematic diagram of a DVR

As per the diagram shown in the fig (3.5):

Applying KVL,

Vth – Z th IL + VDVR = VL (3.1)

VDVR + Vth = VL + Z th IL (3.2)

The series voltage injected by DVR can be given as

VDVR = VL + Z th IL– Vth (3.3)

Where, Vth = equivalent Thevenin voltage of the system

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 VL= load voltage

Z th = equivalent Thevenin impedance of the system

IL= Load current

PL+QL
Il = [ ] (3.4)
𝑉𝐿

Taking VL as reference, equation (3) can be rephrased as

vDVR∠𝛼 = VL∠00 + 𝑍thI𝐿∠(𝛽 − ∅) − 𝑉th∠𝛿 (3.5)

Where,𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 VDVR

𝛽 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Z𝑡ℎ

∅ = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑

∅ = tanh−1(𝑄𝐿⁄𝑃𝐿 ) (3.6)

The complex power injected by DVR is

SDVR = VDVR IL (3.7)

3.6 Total harmonic distortion

➢ Total harmonic distortion (THD) refers to the presence of unwanted harmonics
frequencies in the power system.
➢ These harmonics are generated by non – linear loads such as computers, variable
speed drives and other electronic devices.
➢ The presence of THD can cause voltage fluctuations, overheating of equipment and
other issues that impact power quality.
➢ The mitigation of THD can be achieved through the use of filters or by installing
dynamic voltage restorer in the system.
➢ Reducing THD using DVR offers several benefits, including improved power quality
and reduced equipment failures.
➢ Additionally, reducing THD can lead to increased energy efficiency because less
energy is lost due to harmonic distortion

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3.7 Formula for injection voltage calculation

The primary (high voltage) side voltage rating of series injection transformer is
related with the maximum voltage sag depth, energy storage scheme, filtering unit and
voltage sag characteristics. The rating of the injection transformer can be calculated by
using equation 2.
P = KS V pr I pr (1)
V inj = DV r (2)
Vs = (1 – D) V r (3)
V r is the rated rms voltage of the primary feeder; D is the maximum single phase voltage
sag to be compensated (D<1); V inj is the injection voltage. The sources of voltage sags
are typically lighting strikes or short circuit faults. The faults can cause the phase and
amplitude shift of the supply voltage.

3.8 Formula for THD calculation

√∞Σ 𝐶2
2 𝑘
𝑇𝐻𝐷 = .100%
𝐶1

C1 is the magnitude of the fundamental component; C k is the magnitude of the harmonic

components (k= 2, 3, 4 ...). The voltage THD value should be below than 5% for sensitive
loads. The passive LC filters can be used for harmonic compensation if the produced
harmonics have constant frequency but the passive filters can create low frequency
resonances with the power system. The active filters can compensate the harmonics of
different frequencies even if the harmonics are not constant. However, high switching
frequency is necessary for the active filters.

3.9 Applications
1) It detects and compensates for sags in the voltage of the AC power source so that
the load is insulated from these power reliability issues,
2) It is used in distribution networks to inject 3-phase voltage in series and
synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages, to correct short voltage
inductions.
3) It is used to improve voltage disturbances in low voltage electrical power

22
 distribution network.

3.10 Advantages and Limitations of DVR

A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a FACTS device used primarily in

transmission lines to compensate for the voltage sag and swell that occurs on it. FACTS
is the acronym for Flexible Alternating Current Transmission systems. A DVR is a circuit
composed of power electronic components such as diodes and thyristors. It is widely used
because of small size and efficient operation. It is also used in transmission and
distribution coz it is series compensation devices.

A Dynamic Voltage Restorer is basically controlled voltage source converter that is

connected in series with the network. It injects a voltage on the system to compensate any
disturbance affecting the load voltage. The compensation capacity depends on maximum
voltage injection ability and real power supplied by the DVR. Energy storage devices like
batteries and SEMS are used to provide the real power to load when voltage sag occurs.
If a fault occurs on any feeder, DVR inserts series voltage and compensate load voltage
to pre – fault voltage.

3.11 Advantages
• DVR is mostly preferred because it is less expensive. If compared to DSTATCOM
and UPS, DVR is a lot cheaper.
• UPS requires a lot of maintenance which may be due to problems of battery
leakage and replacement.
• DVR is small and is a better power effective device as compared to other link
UPS, SMES and DSTATCOM.
• SVC cannot control active power flow that creates a reason of preferences for
DVR although SVC is better than DVR.

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3.12 Limitations
Every circuit which has advantages will also have few disadvantages. A DVR has limited
capabilities and the DVR will most likely to face voltage sag outside the range of full
compensation. Some of the limitations of DVR are:

Voltage limit
The design is limited in the injection capability to keep the cost down and to
reduce the voltage drop across the device in standby operation.

Current limit
The DVR has a limitation in current conduction capability to keep the cost down.

Power limit
Power is stored in the Dc link, but the bulk power is often converted from supply
itself or from a larger DC storage. An additional converter is often being used to maintain
a constant DC link voltage and rating of the converter can introduce a power limit to the
DVR.

Energy limit
Energy is used to maintain the load voltage constant and the storage is normally
sized as low as possible to reduce cost. Some sags will deplete the storage fast, and
adequate control can reduce the risk of load tripping caused be insufficient energy storage.

24
 Chapter – 4

SIMULATION RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION
 4. SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SIMULATION RESULT

The simulation analysis considers a 15kVA, 380V, 50Hz three-phase source supplying a
thyristor converter-fed nonlinear load RL load (R=10.6692, L=97mH). The simulation
was performed for both unbalanced and balanced sources which supplies the non-linear
load.

CASE 1: BALANCED SUPPLY

Here we are supplying a balanced supply of 380v ,50Hz.

LOAD VOLTAGE BEFORE COMPENSATION

Fig.4.1 Load voltage before compensation

LOAD VOLTAGE AFTER COMPENSATION

Fig.4.2 Load voltage After compensation

25
SOURCE VOLTAGE BEFORE COMPENSATION

Fig.4.3 Source voltage before compensation

SOURCE VOLTAGE AFTER COMPENSATION

Fig.4.4 Source voltage After compensation

26
LOAD CURRENT BEFOR COMPENSATION

Fig.4.5 Load current before compensation

TABLE 1

Output Situations %THD

voltage
Without compensation 8.45
VL
With compensation 1.28
VL

Table 4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion of the balanced source voltage

Fig 4.6 Output of FFT analysis without compensation for balanced supply

27
 Fig .4.7 Output of FFT analysis with compensation for balanced supply

CASE 2: UNBALANCED SUPPLY

The of a series active filter, under the influence of unbalanced source voltages are (Va
=230 ∅𝑎 = 0 , Vb=160 ,∅𝑏 = 120 Vc=160, ∅𝑐 = 240,), has been simulated.

LOAD VOLTAGE BEFORE COMPENSATION

Fig.4.8 Load voltage before compensation under unbalanced source condition

LOAD VOLTAGE AFTER COMPENSATION

Fig. 4.9 Load voltage after compensation under unbalanced source condition

28
SOURCE VOLTAGE BEFORE COMPENSATION

Fig.4.10 source voltage before compensation under unbalanced source condition

SOURCE VOLTAGE AFTER COMPENSATION

Fig .4.11 Unbalance source voltage with compensation

29
LOAD CURRENT BEFOR COMPENSATION

Fig .4.12 load current before compensation under unbalanced source condition

TABLE 2

Output Situations %THD

voltage
VL Without compensation 9.06

VL With compensation 3.87

Table 4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion values of the unbalanced source voltage

Fig. 4.13 Output of FFT analysis without compensation for unbalanced source
voltage

30
Fig. 4.14 Output of FFT analysis with compensation for unbalanced source voltage

31
 Chapter – 5

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF

FUTURE
 5. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF FUTURE
5.1 Conclusion
The need for high-quality electricity has grown into a difficult problem for businesses and
consumers alike. Among them, voltage imbalance is regarded as the most significant factor
that affects electrical equipment performance degradation. The most effective approach to
resolving this issue is through the use of FACTS compensation devices. DVR is regarded as
the most cost-effective and efficient of them all.

Here, voltage imbalances like voltage sag and swell are taken into account. Simulation results
are presented for voltage unbalance under both balanced and unbalanced conditions. The
DVR's modeling and compensating strategy for reversing this imbalance is also discussed.
The simulation results demonstrate that DVR effectively provides voltage regulation and
compensates for sag/swell. The DVR performs satisfactorily.

5.2 Scope of future

1. Other issues with power quality in the power system network must be addressed.
2. As a mitigation strategy for DVR, the fuzzy controller and the PI controller can be utilized.

32
 REFERENCES
1. J. A. Martinez and J. M. Arnedo, "Voltage sag studies in distribution networks-
part T: System modeling,” Jul. 2012.

2. S. S. Choi, B. H. Li, and D. M. Vilathgamuwa, "Dynamic voltage restoration with

minimum energy injection",Feb. 2011

3. S.B. Karanki, N. Geddada, M. Mishra and B. Kumar. "A Modified Three-Phase

Four-Wire UPQC Topology With Reduced DCLink Voltage Rating", IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2013.

4. M. Farhoodnea, A. Mohamed, H. Shareef and H. Zayandehroodi, "Optimum

placement of active power conditioner in distribution systems using improved
discrete firefly algorithm for power quality enhancement", Applied Soft
Computing, 2014.

5. M. A. Basit, S. Dilshad, R. Badar, and S. M. Sami ur Rehman, “Limitations,

challenges, and solution approaches in grid‐connected renewable energy systems,”
Int. J. Energy Res., no. June 2019.

6. Kalair, N. Abas, A. R. Kalair, Z. Saleem, and N. Khan, “Review of harmonic

analysis, modeling and mitigation techniques,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.,Oct.
2017.

33
 APPENDICES
Appendix – A: Main circuit

Appendix – B: Load circuit

34
Appendix – C: DVR circuit

35