Wax Pattern and Technique of Constriction of Wax Pattern

 BY:
Mai Ali Ibrahim Gomaa
Alrayah mohamed almubark
Yahia abulazayam
Riham Fakhry
Amira Mokhtar

 ILO’S

1. Introduction for the wax pattern.

2. Classifications and properties of Dental waxes.
3. List different types of inlay waxes and describe the uses of each one.
4. Definition of wax pattern.
5. Prerequisites for construction of wax patterns.
6. List different techniques for inlay wax construction.
7. Waxing up of posterior teeth.
8. Waxing up of anterior teeth.
9. Cutback & connector waxing up
10.Advanced methods in the construction of wax patterns.
 Introduction
 BY: Alrayah mohamed almubark

Waxes are used in many aspects of dentistry in the clinic and the laboratory. Although not used
in the final dental restoration, waxes are often important in the fabrication and success of the
final metal or ceramic restoration.

Dental
waxes
2- 3.
1-pattern processing Impression
waxes waxes waxes

casting inlay baseplate Milling Boxing Beading Utility sticky Corrective Bite
waxes wax wax wax wax wax wax wax Impression registration
Wax wax

PROPERTIES OF WAXES
American National Standards Institute– American Dental Association (ANSI-ADA) describes
minimum requirements.

•Melting Range
•Excess Residue
•Flow
•Thermal Expansion
•Residual Stress
 Melting Range
Because waxes are mixtures of different components, they do not melt at a single temperature
and do not have a melting point.
Rather, they have a melting range.

Excess Residue
Because wax patterns used in the lost-wax technique are melted or burned to remove them
from the casting mold, the wax must not leave a residue, which would affect the quality of the
final restoration

Flow
Flow is the change in shape under an applied force. It is
caused by the slippage of the long-chained wax molecules
over each other. Flow is highly dependent on temperature
and time.

Waxes show deformation when subjected to

constant load for a period of time.

Amount of flow depends upon:

• temperature of the wax
•the force bringing about the deformation
•the time the force is applied
 NB:
For pattern waxes, flow is not desirable at room or mouth temperature, it results in a
permanent distortion of the wax pattern.
For processing waxes, flow is a highly desirable property because these waxes need to be
pliable at room temperature.

Thermal Expansion
When waxes are heated, they expand significantly. This expansion can be quantified as a
percentage of the original dimension. This number is called the “coefficient of thermal
expansion of the wax,” and the higher this coefficient is, the greater the expansion as the
wax is heated.

Residual Stress
•Residual stress is stress remaining in a wax as a result of
manipulation during heating, cooling, bending, carving, or other manipulation.
Manipulation of wax puts molecules of the wax into positions that they do not like but
cannot change because of their solid state.

To prevent the release of stress already created, wax patterns should not be subjected
to temperature changes or should not be stored at high temperatures.

The time between finishing and investing the pattern should be minimized (less than 30
minutes) because longer storage times allow time for stresses to be released.
 DESIRABLE PROPARITES OF WAX
1. The wax should be uniform when softened..
2. The color should contrast with die materials or prepared teeth.
3. The wax should not fragment into flakes or similar surface particles when it is molded after
softening.
4. The wax must not be pulled away by the carving instrument or chip as it is carved or such
precision cannot be achieved.
5. Ideally, when wax melts and is vaporized at 500 °C, it should not leave a solid residue that
amounts to more than 0.10% of the original weight of the specimen.

6. The wax pattern should be completely rigid and dimensionally stable at all times until it is
eliminated.

NB

•Expansion and shrinkage of casting wax are extremely sensitive to temperature.

•Normally soft wax shrinks more than hard wax. High shrinkage wax may cause significant
pattern distortion when it solidifies..

1-PATTERN WAXES
pattern waxes are used to create a model of a dental restoration such as a crown or partial
denture that eventually is cast using the lost-wax technique.

must have:-

•excellent adaptability,
•must be free from distortion, flaking, or chipping
•must be able to volatilize, and be eliminated
completely from an investment mold
during the burnout or wax elimination procedure.
 1-PATTERN WAXES
A-Inlay Wax:
Inlay waxes generally are used to fabricate wax patterns for
crowns, inlays, or bridges.. They are available in various
hardnesses for different casting applications.
Inlay casting waxes are currently
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the
American Dental Association (ADA)categorized waxes into two
types:
1. Type I: a medium-hardness wax (generally used with the
direct technique for making patterns in the oral cavity)

2. Type II: a softer wax (generally used for the indirect

fabrication of castings)

• 1-PATTERN WAXES
B-Casting Wax :
These waxes are used to form the wax pattern of the metallic
framework of removable partial dentures

•These waxes are available in the form of sheets, usually of

28- and 30-gauge (0.40 and 0.32 mm) thickness, readymade shapes,
and in bulk

C- Baseplates wax
(or record bases) are used to build the contours of a denture and hold the
position of the denture teeth before the denture is processed in acrylic.
Its has various hardnesses.
Supplied in 1- to 2-mm-thick red or pink sheets.

Type I : wax is soft at room temperature and is used for contouring

dentures.

Type II : is a medium wax to be used for patterns that will be placed into
the mouth in a temperate climate.
Type III: waxes are hardest and are for mouth use in tropical climates.
The flow qualities of Type III wax are similar to inlay wax.

USES:

•To establish vertical dimension ,plane of occlusion,and initial arch form in the technique
for the complete denture restoration.

•To form all or a portion of tray itself.

•Used to produce desired contour of the denture after teeth are set in position.

• 1-PATTERN WAXES
D-Milling wax: is used for milling and carving. These also exist as CAD/CAM milling waxes that
support the computer aided processes.
 Important Properties of Pattern Waxes
All pattern waxes must possess :

•low flow at their working temperature to prevent distortion of the wax pattern.
•The melting range of the wax also must be higher than the environment in which the
pattern is made.

•pattern waxes and resins must burn out with no residue because the residue would
interfere with the casting of the pattern

2-PROCESSING WAXES
Processing waxes are used in various auxiliary roles in the fabrication of models and impressions
and in soldering. Several processing waxes deserve special comment because they are widely
used.

• 2-PROCESSING WAXES
A-boxing ,Utility and beading Waxes :
Boxing and utility waxes are soft, pliable waxes used primarily in taking and
pouring impressions.
They also can be melted easily to seal them to these surfaces. Their soft
nature allows them to be adapted to impression materials that are easily
distorted, such as alginate.

Uses of utility wax:

A standard perforated tray for use with hydrocolloids may easily be brought
to a more desirable contour by utility wax.It can be
used to alter the stock tray extensions.
#Boxing wax as sheets. #Beading wax as strips.

Uses:

•Beading wax is adapted around the impression borders to create the land area of the cast.
•Boxing wax is used to build up vertical walls around the impression in order to pour the
gypsum product to make a cast base.
 • 2-PROCESSING WAXES
B-Sticky Wax :
Sticky wax is hard and brittle at room temperature. However,
when heated, it is sticky and will adhere tenaciously to dry stone
or other dental materials.

Uses:

•It is used to align fractured parts of acrylic dentures .

•It is used to align fixed partial denture units before soldering .

• 2-PROCESSING WAXES
C-Block-out wax:
a special wax for blocking out cavities and rough surfaces in cast metal denture preparation.
 3- Impression wax
Impression waxes, though rarely used to record complete impressions, they can be effectively
used to correct small imperfections in other impressions.

• A-Corrective Impression Wax

Wax in combination with resins of low melting point can be used in corrective impression
technique in partial and complete denture prosthesis.

The peculiarity of impression wax is that they flow at mouth temperature

Uses:
As a wax veneer over an original impression to contact and register the details of the soft
tissue..

• B-Bite-Registration Wax
It is used to record the relationship of the upper & lower teeth in dentulous patients .
• Wax is softened under hot running water
• Full arch, quadrant or just a few teeth can be taken
 Wax pattern
 By Mai Ali

• It is the process of rebuilding the prepared teeth, on the removable die,

by wax using direct or indirect technique
• Direct technique: fabrication inside the patient mouth
• Indirect technique: fabrication in the laboratory on a cast-and-die system

Prerequisites :
• It should be clean and smooth.
• It should duplicate accurately the anatomical features of the
original tooth.
• It should be free from any debris.
• information needed for duplication of the anatomical features is
taken from the adjacent teeth, the opposing teeth, and from
general knowledge of dental anatomy.
Requirements of a good wax :
1. Can flow easily when heated, without chipping , flaking or loosing its
smoothness.
2. Rigid when cool.
3. Can be carved precisely without chipping , distorting or smearing.
4. Color must contrast with the stone die ( blue /red /green)
5. can be finished and polished.
6. Evaporate without residue during burnout. Can compensate part of metal
solidification Shrinkage

Casting procedure :

is the process of converting the wax pattern into metallic restoration by pouring
the molten metal into a mold
Uses:
• Inlays
• onlays
• Post and core.
• Crown and bridges.
• Removable partial dentures. Cast metal denture base for complete
dentures.
Ditching :
• before waxing, we should do ditching, which is the trimming of the stone
that represents the gingiva around the prepared tooth in order to expose
our finishing line which is located sub gingivally or with the level of the
gum.
• It is done by using a sharp hand instrument (sharp knife).

Correction of defects :
• Even a very small undercut on the die of a tooth preparation makes wax
pattern removal very difficult.
• Small dimples in the die (resulting from caries removal or loss of a previous
restoration) may be undercut in relation to the path of placement of the
planned restoration
Making margins :
• The margins should be marked in order to locate it during wax carving.
• the marked area can be coated with a thin layer of cyanoacrylate.
a die-hardening agent can be applied to the die to prevent abrasion by
waxing instruments during margining of the wax pattern

Die spacer :
• Is a material that applied to the die to increase the cement space between
axial walls of the prepared tooth & the restoration
The ideal dimension for the luting space has been suggested at
20 to 40 μm for each wall
 factors that increase vs decrease the space for the luting agent

increasing factors:
• increased thermal and polymerization shrinkage of the impression material
• Use of die spacers
• Increased expansion of the investment mold
• Use of an internal (initial) layer of soft wax in the wax pattern
• Use of a solid cast with individual stone die

Decreasing factors:

• Reduced thermal and polymerization shrinkage of the impression material

• Use of alloys with a higher melting temperature range
• Reduced expansion of the investment
• Use of resin or electroplated dies
Methods of wax pattern fabrication
 By Amira Mokhtar

 Direct technique.
Type I: a medium-hardness wax , generally used
with the direct technique for making patterns in the
oral cavity
 Indirect technique.
Type II: a softer wax (generally used for the indirect
Fabrication of castings)
A. Addition method
B. Molten press method
C. Injection method

Armamentarium
 Bunsen burner
 • Inlay wax
 • Waxing instruments
PKT instruments (designed by
Dr. Peter K. Thomas specifically for the additive waxing
technique)
No. 1 and No. 2 are wax addition instruments, No. 3 is a burnisher for refining
occlusal anatomy,
and Nos. 4 and 5 are wax carvers.
Sharp colored pencil (in color that contrasts with wax)
Separating liquid
• Occlusal indicator powder
• Soft toothbrush
• Cotton balls
• Fine nylon hose
 Electric waxing instrument
1. Dual Digital Wax Carving Touch Pencils
2. Pro Waxer Duo.
3. Ultra-Waxer

Advantages
 They enable precise control of the wax temperature, which is important for
proper manipulation.
 They minimize carbon buildup, which easily results from overheating a
waxing instrument in a Bunsen flame.

 Waxing of posterior teeth

1. Internal surface (coping fabrication)
2. Wax pattern removal and evaluation
3. Proximal surfaces
4. Axial surfaces
5. Occlusal surface
6. Margin finishing

 Coping fabrication
1. Apply die lubricant with a clean brush and allow the lubricant to dry, and
paint on a second coat (repeat periodically as needed).
2. Flow wax onto the die from a well-heated,with large waxing instrument like
PKT no.7
3. When applying the initial layer, be sure that the wax is fully molten.
4. If it is not, wax solidity may cause distortion.
5. Dipping the lubricated die in a pot of melted wax is another method for
making well-adapted internal surfaces
6. Give the proximal areas extra bulk for strength and to help grip the coping
and prevent its distortion on removal from the die.

7. Trim the wax back to the margin so that the coping can be removed and
evaluated. Careless use of a sharp carver at this stage may scratch the
fragile margin of the die or chip it. Therefore, a slightly warmed blunt
instrument should be used and the margins rubbed with a burnishing
action.

 Wax pattern removal and evaluation

1. The wax pattern should be sufficiently cooled
2. Removed using the thumb and forefinger with light grip pressure.
3. If the pattern is not coming out the excess wax at the margin should be
trimmed of.
4. After its removal the patterns is evaluated

 Proximal surfaces
The proximal surfaces of natural teeth are not convex, they tend to be flat
or slightly concave from the contact area to the cemento-enamel junction.

Over-contouring often makes maintaining periodontal health difficult.

Excessively concave or under-contoured proximal surfaces also make

flossing problems and must be avoided.
 Large proximal contact areas make plaque control more difficult, which can
lead to periodontal disease.

Very small (point) contacts may be unstable and cause drifting.

Deficient contacts can also lead to food impaction.

Most posterior contact areas are located in the occlusal third of the crown.
However, the maxillary first and second molars make contact in the middle
third.
The contact areas between mandibular teeth are generally centrally
located, the contact areas are usually toward the buccal surface (which
makes the lingual embrasure larger than the
buccal).

 Steps
1. Ensure that proximal contacts are not deficient, and relieve the adjacent
proximal surface slightly by scraping.
2. The structure will be developed with the wax additive technique later.
3. Add wax to the contact areas until they are the correct size, properly
located, and consistent with anatomic form.
4. Shape the proximal surfaces gingival to the contacts to the
correct contour.

 Evaluation of proximal surfaces

a) Return the tooth to the dentoform and verify the location and closure of
the proximal contacts in the occlusogingival and buccolingual directions
b) Excess wax blocking the buccal or lingual embrasures can be carved at this
step with the Hollenback carver.
 Axial surfaces
1. Establish the location, position, and overall outline of the contour, using the
adjacent and contralateral teeth as a guide.
2. Wax the axial surfaces gingivally to form a smooth, flat profile. There
should be no change of direction from the unprepared tooth structure to
the axial restoration contour
3. Shape the middle third of the axial surface, using the adjacent tooth as a
guide.

4. Add wax to join the axial and proximal surfaces, and smooth them.

 Evaluation of axial surfaces

1. Evaluate the greatest convexity of the tooth with the contralateral tooth.
2. Buccal and lingual contours and the embrasures should all be assessed.
3. Each contact area has four embrasures: gingival, buccal, lingual and
occlusal.
4. All the embrasure should be symmetrical.
 Occlusal surface
There are two occlusal scheme: cusp–marginal ridge and cusp fossa

The cusp-fossa arrangement has been recommended over the cusp–

marginal ridge when occlusal reconstruction is undertaken:
• Food impaction is prevented.
• maximum strength in centric occlusion.
• Improved stability results from the tripod contacts for each functional
cusp.

 Steps
1. Determine the position and height of the cusps with wax cones.

2. Mark the central fossae of opposing teeth to

help position the cusps correctly.
3. Position the functional cusps occlude along the buccolingual center of the
opposing tooth.
4. Determine the position and height of the cusps with wax cones.
5. Use the mesiodistal location of the cones to determine the type of occlusal
scheme to be attempted: cusp–marginal ridge or cusp-fossa.
6. Complete marginal ridges and cuspal ridges.
7. Give each cusp a triangular ridge also that runs toward the
center of the occlusal surface.
8. After each addition of wax, check for occlusal contact by
closing the articulator. Do not increase the occlusal vertical
dimension.
9. Make two secondary or supplemental ridges adjacent to each triangular
ridge.
10.All cusps should have a single triangular ridge and two secondary ridges.
11.Any pits can be filled with wax and the grooves carefully smoothed and
finished.
12.The occlusal surfaces are redusted with powdered wax, and the occlusal
contacts are checked.

 Margin finishing
Reflowing margins (margination)
After waxing, a marginal discrepancy is normally apparent, this must be
corrected before investment.
A large, well-heated instrument is used to melt completely through the wax.
Then continues around the preparation margin and adds wax to fill the
depression.
When the pattern has cooled, the marginal excess is carefully trimmed or
burnished.
 Waxing Up of Anterior Teeth
 BY: Reham Ahmed Fakhry

Waxing anterior teeth is slightly different from the approach to waxing posterior
teeth. The anterior guidance is the most crucial one to make while repairing an
occlusion. So, it is very important to restore it.

Any mistake can lead to a major difference in patient comfort, and can effect on
stability of the teeth over time.
any instability of the anterior guiding has the potential to generate posterior
occlusal interferences, retaining contacts for the anterior teeth are necessary.

 Anterior Guidance
In patients with normal jaw relationships, the vertical and horizontal overlap of
anterior teeth and the lingual concavities of the maxillary incisors are highly
significant during protrusive movements.

In lateral excursions, the tooth contacts normally existing between the canines are
usually dominant, although the posterior teeth may also be involved.

 When several anterior teeth are to be restored:

a guide to the lingual and labial contours is essential. The contour of the palatal
and incisal surfaces significantly influences the articulation.

 Customizing Anterior Guidance

designed to precisely locate the correct incisal edge position.
Custom Anterior Guide Table
They are most effectively re-created with the use of a custom anterior guide table.
From Component of an articulator on which the anterior guide pin rests to
maintain the occlusal vertical dimension and influence the articulator movement.

How to Make a Custom Incisal Guide Table?

1-Make accurate impressions and casts of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.

Customized anterior guide table can be made from:

 diagnostic casts (if their initial form was satisfactory)

 from a diagnostic waxing.

 cast made from an impression of interim restorations.

2- Take a facebow transfer.

3. Take a protrusive bite registration record.
4. Mount the maxillary cast with the facebow, and then hand-articulate the
mandibular cast to mount it to the upper. The protrusive record is used to set the
condylar inclinations.
5-Vaseline should be used to lubricate the incisal guide pin so it can easily pass
through the material you have chosen.
6-Materials that can be utilized to create a custom incisal guide table.
a. Duralay.
b. firm silicone putty.
On a stock incisal table, place a little piece of the material that is about 1.0 cm
thick.
  If Triad is used, it is light cured after the movements are all completed. All of
the other materials are auto-curing, so you must move efficiently to avoid
distortions.

7-Lock the condyles and close the articulator so that the incisal guiding pin pierces
the surface and strikes the top of the table. This establishes the home position
which represents maximum intercuspation.
8-Open the articulator and release the condylar lock, Position the casts so the
incisal edges are now touching as in straight protrusive position.
Confirm the teeth are touching as you move the maxillary cast to the home
position. This establishes the straight protrusive incline on the custom incisal
guide table.

9-Simply place the casts in a pure right lateral edge-to-edge position and open the
articulator. Make sure the teeth are contacting as you return the maxillary cast to
its original place. This records the guiding table's right lateral inclination. Repeated
on the left side.
● The pathways have been recorded after completing the protrusive, right
and left, movements.

10-Now record all the lateral protrusive movements by moving the maxillary cast.
Repeated movements will be necessary to establish a smooth custom guide table.
 Standardized Approach to Waxing Full Crown single
anterior teeth
(Construction of anterior wax up)
 Preparation for the tooth to be restored
1.Wax Coping
wax should be of even thickness and cover the entire prepared area.
2.Proximal contact
Add wax cones to connect your wax up with the Mark area on the adjacent teeth.

 Interproximal contacts
at the incisal thirds for central incisors and middle thirds at the mesial of the
lateral incisors, and at the center of the middle third at the distal of the canine.
Can change the interproximal contact position (larger) for esthetic
reasons (to avoid black triangle).

3.Incisal edge
The width and thickness of the incisal edge should conform to that of the adjacent
central incisor

The disto-incisal angle is rounder than the mesio-incisal angle

Cones can be used to initially delineate the approximate position of the incisal
edge. Additional wax can then be applied.
4.Axial surface (Labial surface)
Labial and lingual height of contour is located in the cervical third. The maxillary
central incisors have two shallow labial developmental depressions mesial and
distal to the midline of the tooth. These can clearly be seen from an incisal view.

 The shape of the labial surfaces, particularly the locations of the mesiolabial
and distolabial line angles, determines the appearance of anterior teeth.

 Line angles are generally straight between the proximal contact and the CEJ,
except the lingual line angles of maxillary molars and the labial line angles
of maxillary anterior teeth are usually rounded, the disto-labial being more
convex than the mesiolabial line angle.

 If the labial surface is too bulbous, plaque control may be difficult, and
there may be lingual tilting of the tooth, caused by the force exerted by the
upper lip.

 The labial and lingual embrasures are visualized from the incisal view and
should match the contralateral embrasures in size and location.

4.Axial surface(Lingual surface)

Add a layer of wax to the lingual surface to complete the lingual contour. Apply
more wax at the cervical third to form the cingulum. Apply more wax at the mesial
and distal boundaries to form the marginal ridges.

 The contralateral tooth should be used as a guide

 Mylar shim stock should just “drag” between the patterns.( slightly
resistance between maxillary and mandibular teeth with shim stock.
Tearing of shim stock when dragging= heavy contact
  Finishing
 Complete final smoothing and polishing . Plane the surface with a carver
and buff lightly with a nylon stocking (wax-up a nice polished appearance).
 use only gentle pressure to avoid breaking your wax-up.
 Remove wax flakes on your wax-up using the airway syringe or a brush.

 Pontic Wax pattern Fabrication:

Axial surfaces are contoured as described for retainers. Inlay wax is softened and
fused tooth retainer in the form of a cylinder.
Wax cone should be placed on the flat occlusal surface in order to contour the
occlusal surface.
Gingival surface is contoured according to design of pontic.
Wax Connectors
The connectors that join the separate components of a fixed dental prosthesis are
created in wax just before the margins are finalized . they must be shaped in wax
so that their size, Position and configuration.

Connectors to be cast are also waxed on the definitive cast before reflowing and
investing of the pattern. After finished the retainer and pontic ( bridge wax-up)
sectioned with a thin ribbon saw between pontic with one retainer and another
retainer.

The surfaces to be joined should be flat and parallel ,An even gap width of 0.25
mm is recommended.
Connector size is important primarily from a mechanical perspective. To ensure
optimal strength, the connector should be as large as possible.
 From a biologic perspective, connectors should not impinge on the gingival
tissues and should be at least 1 mm above the crest of the interproximal
soft tissue.
Embrasure form gingival to the connectors must enable optimal plaque control.
 In Esthetic areas (anterior fixed dental prostheses)
Connectors should be hidden behind the esthetic ceramic veneer. Therefore,
connectors are often placed slightly lingually.
 Connectors are in the lingual (palatal)
half of the proximal wall.
Single coping wax pattern. (Cut back technique)
 BY: Yahia Abul Azayem
• Full contoured wax pattern is completely fabricated.
• Then sketch the outline of the wax pattern to be removed with a sharp scalpel.
• The ceramic veneer should extend far enough interproximally, particularly in
cervical half to avoid metal display.
• Remove 1.5 mm from the incisal portion of an anterior pattern with the knife.
• Depth cuts of 1mm are places and horizontal vertical grooves are given
connecting the depth cuts.
• Then the islands in between the grooves are removed with a scalpel blade.
• The porcelain metal interface should be given a 90 degrees butt joint.
• The margins are reflowed again.
• The troughing or depth grooves can be placed using a specialized chisel.
• Any sharp margins should be finished off.
 1- Printed wax pattern
• The idea is to create concept models with 3D modeling and then 3D Print wax
patterns of the desired restoration. Then, by adding a refractory material around
this model, a mold is obtained • Wax used for additive manufacturing is made of
100% pure castable wax but can have various colours and properties.
• In some systems, heated wax that solidifies on cooling is used, much like
conventional waxes. • The margins of the resulting patterns can be manually
readapted before investing for subsequent conventional casting of metal
prostheses or pressing of all-ceramic crowns.
• Stabilization of the pattern requires printing supporting struts or matrix as the
patterns are gradually built up.
• On completion of the printing procedure, the supporting sacrificial material is
dissolved in a water or oil bath and rinsed away, after which the pattern can be
invested

2- Milled wax pattern

• The same technology that is used to mill all-ceramic crowns been applied to the
fabrication of wax patterns.
• Sophisticated milling machines can mill multiple patterns from a single specially
formulated wax puck.
• Milled wax pattern creates accurately fitting final results, which facilitate the
subsequent casting and press procedures
• It was assumed that this advanced process may result in reduction of the
manual processing errors and intensive laboratory steps
Machinable wax

• High-quality machinable wax designed for use with various CAD/CAM systems.
Its density and milling capabilities make it ideal for different designs. The wax
discs are a blend of wax and acrylic, merging the best qualities of each.
• The ease of machinability of wax combined with the higher melting point of
acrylic allows the user to cast directly. Features of machinable wax
• It is an extremely hard synthetic wax that machines faster than polyurethane
and epoxy tooling boards or metals without sacrificing quality of finish, surface
detail, or dimensional accuracy.
• Excellent mill capacity
• Low wear out of tools in CAM millings
• Good contrast
• Biocampatiblity
• Burn out without leaving residue
• Cutted parts have mirror-smooth even surface
• Self-Lubricating: eliminates need for coolants or cutting fluids (Dry milling)
Reference:
1-Functional Occlusion from TMJ to Smile Design by Dawson 2007.
2-Rosenstiel, S. F., & Land, M.5th (Eds.). (2015). Contemporary fixed
prosthodontics-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

3-Waxing for Dental Students by (Rowida Abdalla) (z-lib.org).