Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippine

 Introductory Message

This learning module in Statistics and Probability is designed for you Grade 11
learners. It is aligned to the K to 12 Curriculum of the Department of Education which
focuses on the most essential learning competencies. The lessons, activities and
assessments in this module are organized, developed, and made simple to allow
students to exercise independent learning.

Researches from different fields want to learn about a population and describe its
properties and characteristics. The problem is, it may be impossible, impractical, and
inconvenient to obtain data from a very large population. Thus, unbiased samples
are chosen randomly to represent the total population. In this module, we will
consider another type of distribution which is sampling distribution.
This module is all about the sampling and sampling distribution. It is consist of the
following lessons:

 Lesson 1: Random Sampling

 Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic
 Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
 Lesson 4: The Central Limit Theorem and the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean using the Central Limit Theorem
 Lesson 5: Problems involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

This module starts with the presentation of the learning competencies to be

achieved in the entire learning experience. The sections in this module are organized
to provide learners with a smooth but challenging learning experience. Each lesson
starts with What I Know to assess what the learner knows about the lesson to take.
The section, What’s In, provides a connection of the current lesson with the previous
lesson by going over points that were taught or learned previously. What’s New
introduces learners to the new lesson through a story, an activity, a poem, song,
situation, or activity. What is It guides and helps learners discover and understand
the concept through asking questions in a logical manner that lead to formative
assessment. A brief discussion of the lesson is also included in this section. What’s
More provides an opportunity to practice what they have learned through
guided/controlled practice, guided/controlled assessment, independent practice, or
independent assessment. What I Have Learned provides an avenue for learners to
process what they learned from the lesson. What I Can Do contains an activity that
challenges learners to transfer the skills/knowledge gained or learned into real-life
concerns/situations. Assessment contains exercises and problems to evaluate the
learner’s level of mastery in achieving the learning objectives. Additional Activities
contains activity or activities in any form that can increase the strength of the
response and tends to induce repetitions of actions/learning.
It is hoped that the module has achieved its purpose in producing a concise
learning material useful to you in enriching your knowledge and by applying the
concepts and skills in Statistics and Probability.
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling;
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic;
3. identify sampling distributions of statistic (sample mean);
4. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean;
5. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population
when the variance is: (a) known; (b) unknown;
6. illustrate the Central Limit Theorem;
7. define sampling distribution of the sample mean using the central limit
theorem; and
8. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.

To achieve the objectives of this module, here are a few reminders:

1. Take your time in reading the lessons.
2. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
3. Perform all activities. The activities are designed to enhance your
understanding of the ideas and concepts being discussed.
4. DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON ANY PART OF THIS MODULE. Write
your answers to activities in a separate notebook.
 Lesson
Random Sampling
1
What’s In
Some researches aim to study, describe and infer patterns of behaviour,
properties, and characteristics about a population; sometimes, they intent to study in
a very large scale and because of the fact that we cannot study a very large
population due to feasibility, impracticality, and inconvenience, that is why we must
select a representative sample from the population. In this lesson, sampling
techniques that will help researches select samples that would represent true
inferences about the population where these samples came from.

What’s New

Analyze and compare the following cases:

1. Mrs. Cruz wants to do an analysis on students' final examination scores in her

40 Grade 11-Baguio Mathematics class for the semester. Should she
consider her all the students’ scores or only some of the students’ scores?
2. A group of researchers want to determine the average Mathematics grade for
the semester of Grade 11 students in the Philippines. Should the group
consider conducting a survey to all the Grade 11 students in the Philippines or
random students of selected places?
Analysis: For case number 1, this task is only dealing with the students' final
examination scores in one specific class with 40 students. The intent is not to the
students' final examination scores of students in a much bigger population. Since the
teacher has the entire population available for this situation, she should use the all of
them. In case number 2, the population is extremely large. There is actually an
impractical and an inconvenient way of obtaining all of the data in the population.
You simply will not have all of the data available for your use especially if you only
have a limited time. You will need to use a sample of the population.

What is It

Population is the group you want to generalize. It consists of all the members
of the group you are interested in. Sample is the subset from the population you
want to examine. A population commonly contains too many individuals to study
conveniently and practically, so an investigation is often restricted to one or more
samples drawn from it. A well-chosen sample will contain most of the information
about a particular population parameter but the relation between the sample and the
population must be such as to allow true inferences to be made about a population
from that sample.
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined
number of observations are taken from a larger population. There are various
sampling methods that allow all the units in the population to have an equal chance
of being selected. These sampling methods are discussed below.

1. Simple Random Sampling

Each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected. There
are no rules that dictate where and how you will start the selection process, as
long as you do not intentionally look for a specific number. In this method, the
samples can be selected through:

a. Lottery Method
Every member is assigned a unique number. These numbers are put in a
jar and thoroughly mixed. After that, the researcher picks some numbers
without looking at it and those people are included in the study.

b. Use of Table of Random Numbers

This table consists of a series of digits (0-9) that are generated randomly.
The numbers are arranged in rows and columns and can be read in any
direction. All the digits are equally probable.

To determine the desired number of samples needed given a certain number of

population, there are different formulas can be used, one of which is Slovin’s
Formula.
N
Slovin’s Formula: n=
N e2

where: n=¿ sample size

e=¿ margin of error,
N=¿ population size

Example:n=; e=¿ 0.05; N=¿ 1000

N
n=
N e2
1000
n= 2
1000 (0.05)
1000
n=
1000 (0.0025)
1000
n=
2.5
n=400 (sample size)
2. Systematic Random Sampling
This can be done by listing all the elements in the population and selecting
every kth element in your population list. This is equally precise as the simple
random sampling. It is often used on long population lists. To determine the
interval to be used in identifying the samples to who will participate in the study,
N
use the formula K = (population/sample size).
n

Example:
N
If Population (N) = 2000, sample size (n) = 500, K = , so k = 2000/500 = 4 th. Use
n
a table of random numbers to determine the starting point for selecting every 4th
subject. With list of the 2000 subjects in the sampling frame, go to the starting
point, and select every 4th name on the list until the sample size is reached.
Probably will have to return to the beginning of the list to complete the selection of
the sample.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

This can be done by first dividing the elements in the population into
strata and then samples are randomly selected from each stratum ensuring that
each selected element is proportionately represented in the total population.
Sampling fraction: n/N (desired sample size divided by the population size)

Example: Assume you have a population of 1000 students with 500 from grade
school, 300 from high school, and 200 from senior high school. Determine the how
many samples you need or you can use the Slovin’s Formula or any other formula
for computing the sample size. In this example, Slovin’s Formula is used and a
sample size of 400 is computed. To get the samples from each stratum, divide 400
by 1000 and the answer is 0.4. Multiply 0.4 to each of the number of students per
stratum (e.g. 0.4 x 500 grade school is 200).

Stratum Populatio Sample

n
Grade school 500 200
Junior High School 300 120
Senior High School 200 80
Total 1000 400

4. Clustered Sampling
A multistage sampling method adopted when it is either impossible or
impractical to compile an exhaustive list of elements found in the target
population. The whole population is subdivided into clusters, or groups, and
random samples are then collected from each group.

Example: A researcher wants to survey about academic performance of high

school students in the municipality of Alubijid. He can divide the entire
 population into different clusters (barangays). Then, the researcher selects a
number of barangays depending on his research through simple or systematic
random sampling. The researcher could draw random samples from the
selected barangay through simple random sampling or take them all.
More examples are given below.

Simple Random Sampling

In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of the
study were selected using the Table of Random Numbers.

Stratified Sampling
A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using mobile phones in
teaching English decided to divide her students into male and female and then she
selected students from each gender group.

Systematic Sampling
The school office personnel gave the researcher a list of 2000 Grade 10 students.
The researcher selected every 25th name on the list.

Cluster Sampling
A researcher surveyed all dengue patients in each of the 10 randomly selected
hospitals in Misamis Oriental.

What’s More

Give one research situation where each of the sampling methods is being
applied. Refer to the previous examples.

1. Simple Random Sampling:

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2. Systematic Random Sampling:

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3. Stratified Sampling
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4. Cluster Sampling
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 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

 Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine.

 There are various sampling methods. These are simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
 Simple random sampling is a sampling method where each element of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. This can be done through
the Table of Random Numbers or lottery method.
 Systematic sampling is done by selecting every k th element in your population
list. The sampling interval, k, is calculated by dividing the population size by the
desired sample size.
 Stratified sampling is done by grouping the elements in the population
according to shared characteristic/s. Then, the researcher selects the
appropriate number of samples from each group.
 Cluster sampling is a sampling method used when the whole population is
subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are then collected
from each group.

What I Can Do

Imagine yourself as a researcher and answer the following questions.

1. If you were to conduct a research, what would be your research topic?

______________________________________________________________
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2. Who are your target population? What sampling technique would be

appropriate in the selection of your samples?
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 Assessment

Identify the type of sampling method used by the researcher in each situation:
simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster
sampling.
_______________1. A researcher chose the participants of his study by selecting
every 8th member of the population.
_______________2. A researcher interviewed all the teachers in each of 15
randomly selected private schools in Cagayan de Oro City.
_______________3. A researcher interviewed people from each barangay in the
municipality of Alubijid for his research on population.
_______________4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction
to the newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and
interviewed every 5th student entering the gate of the school.
_______________5. A researcher randomly selected 15 barangays in a town for her
study. She did this by writing the names of each barangay on a
piece of paper which she folded and put in a bowl then she
draw 15 pieces of paper from the bowl.
_______________6. A researcher selected a sample of n=300 from a population of
900 by using the Table of Random Numbers.
_______________7. A researcher interviewed all the nurses in each of the 5
randomly selected private hospitals in Northern Mindanao.
_______________8. A statistician selected a sample of n=500 high school students
from a private school with 2,500 students. He randomly
selected the students from each grade level.
_______________9. A Statistics student did a research on the time spent by Grade
11 and 12 students in playing mobile legends. He randomly
selected his subjects by using the Table of Random Numbers.
_______________10. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who
were better in mathematics: the males or the females.

Additional Activities

Study the case below. Then, identify and illustrate the sampling method that is
appropriate to the given situation.

Situation:
You are given the task to conduct a survey on the average household size in
your municipality with 16 barangays and a population of 30,000.