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    Module 1 Activity No. 4

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    Benz Dy
    Friction scratches, transverse and internal cracks, built-up edge, seams, porosity, shrinkage cavities and pipes, slivers, oxide and slag inclusions, and chemical segregation are common defects that can occur in steel manufacturing and processing. Transverse cracks extend perpendicular to the material and result from axial loading or temperature changes. Internal cracks are discontinuities caused by stresses during cooling. Built-up edge is material accumulation on the cutting tool. Seams are longitudinal crevices not fully welded. Porosity and shrinkage defects occur during solidification from trapped gases or uneven cooling. Slivers are torn steel rolled onto surfaces. Inclusions are non-metallic substances in the steel.

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    Module 1 Activity No. 4

    Uploaded by

    Benz Dy
    25 views4 pages
    Friction scratches, transverse and internal cracks, built-up edge, seams, porosity, shrinkage cavities and pipes, slivers, oxide and slag inclusions, and chemical segregation are common defects that can occur in steel manufacturing and processing. Transverse cracks extend perpendicular to the material and result from axial loading or temperature changes. Internal cracks are discontinuities caused by stresses during cooling. Built-up edge is material accumulation on the cutting tool. Seams are longitudinal crevices not fully welded. Porosity and shrinkage defects occur during solidification from trapped gases or uneven cooling. Slivers are torn steel rolled onto surfaces. Inclusions are non-metallic substances in the steel.

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    Friction scratches, transverse and internal cracks, built-up edge, seams, porosity, shrinkage cavities and pipes, slivers, oxide and slag inclusions, and chemical segregation are common defects that can occur in steel manufacturing and processing. Transverse cracks extend perpendicular to the material and result from axial loading or temperature changes. Internal cracks are discontinuities caused by stresses during cooling. Built-up edge is material accumulation on the cutting tool. Seams are longitudinal crevices not fully welded. Porosity and shrinkage defects occur during solidification from trapped gases or uneven cooling. Slivers are torn steel rolled onto surfaces. Inclusions are non-metallic substances in the steel.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views4 pages

    Module 1 Activity No. 4

    Uploaded by

    Benz Dy
    Friction scratches, transverse and internal cracks, built-up edge, seams, porosity, shrinkage cavities and pipes, slivers, oxide and slag inclusions, and chemical segregation are common defects that can occur in steel manufacturing and processing. Transverse cracks extend perpendicular to the material and result from axial loading or temperature changes. Internal cracks are discontinuities caused by stresses during cooling. Built-up edge is material accumulation on the cutting tool. Seams are longitudinal crevices not fully welded. Porosity and shrinkage defects occur during solidification from trapped gases or uneven cooling. Slivers are torn steel rolled onto surfaces. Inclusions are non-metallic substances in the steel.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Module 1: Activity No.

    4
    Plate No. 1: Steel Manufacturing Processes

    Name: Dy, Loyd Benz M.


    Student No.: 20171110159

    VI. Defects:
    Friction scratches may be caused by an encounter with an
    abrasive surface.

    Figure 6.1 Steel scratches


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    Transverse cracks are cracks that extends along the cross-
    section of a material or object, usually perpendicular to its
    centerline. It is typically the result of axial loading from external
    forces or shrinkage due to temperature changes. Cracks not
    only reduce the strength of the weld through the reduction in the
    cross-section thickness but also can readily propagate through
    stress concentration at the tip, especially under impact loading
    or during service at low temperature.

    Figure 6.2 Chevron cracks


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    Internal cracks are local discontinuity produced by a fracture


    which can arise from the stresses generated on cooling or
    acting on the structure. Internal cracks require ultrasonic or
    radiographic examination techniques.

    Figure 6.3 Hydrogen cracks in steel


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    Built-up edge (BUE) is an accumulation of material against the
    rake face, that seizes to the tool tip, separating it from the chip.
    The build-up of material changes the geometry of the cutting tool.

    Figure 6.4 Built-up Edge


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    Seams are longitudinal crevices that are tight or even closed at the
    surface, but are not welded shut. They are close to radial in
    orientation and can originate in steelmaking, primary rolling, or on
    the bar or rod mill.

    Figure 6.5 Seam crack


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    Porosity occurs when air is trapped into the metal by the die casting machinery, often leaving
    gaps at the top of the die or filling a mold too slowly and having some solidification occur too soon.

    Figure 6.6 Porosity


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    A shrinkage cavity is a depression in a casting which occurs during the solidification process.
    Shrinkage porosity appears with angular edges, compared to the round surfaces of gas porosity.
    Cavities might also be paired with dendritic fractures or cracks. Pipes are open shrinkage defects
    that form at the surface and burrow into the casting. Closed shrinkage defects usually appear at
    the top of hot spots, or isolated pools of hot liquid.

    Figure 6.7 (a) shrinkage cavity, (b) shrinkage porosity, (c) centerline shrinkage, (d) corner
    shrinkage and (e) surface sink
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    Slivers are segments of steel that have been torn from the
    steel and rolled onto the surface of the metal. This defect
    is most common in low strength steel which can easily tear
    due to incorrect or high-speed rolling processes. Slivers
    can also start from defects that were not previously
    removed by conditioning.

    Figure 6.8 Slivers on rolled steel


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    Inclusion defects of castings are defects such as slag of


    oxides and other substances generated in the ladle by the
    reaction and sand of molds and the cores that flake away and
    are included in molten metal, flowing into products and
    appearing on the surfaces of parts as non-metallic inclusions.

    Figure 6.9 Oxide inclusions


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    Chemical segregation is a separation of impurities and alloying elements in different regions of
    solidified alloy. It develops on three scales. Macrosegregations are the most important ones
    since it is the type of segregation that is far more difficult to reduce subsequently by thermo-
    mechanical post-treatments. Microsegregation is the pattern of composition variation that
    remains in a solidified alloy. Mesosegregations develop on the scale of primary grains.

    Figure 6.10 Macrosegregation in ingots Figure 6.11 Oxide inclusions


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