TRANSPORT PROCESSES -

MASS TRANSFER
 dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB )
dz c
 Learning Outcome
It is expected that students will be able to:
Explain the principle of mass transfer and Fick’s law
Derive the equation for mass diffusion in gas, liquid
and solid phase.
Calculate the rate of mass transfer.
Apply the empirical equation to determine mass
transfer coefficient.
Calculate amount of mass transfer in the system.
 Introduction

Mass transfer may occur in a gas mixture, a liquid

solution or solid.

Mass transfer occurs whenever there is a gradient

in the concentration of a species.

The basic mechanisms are the same whether the

phase is a gas, liquid, or solid.
 Concept
 Whenever there is concentration difference in a medium,
nature tends to equalize
things by forcing a flow
from the high to the low
concentration region.

Before After

 The molecular transport process of mass is characterized

by the general equation:

Rate of transfer process = Driving force/Resistance

 Mass Transfer Mechanisms

Molecular diffusion - Transfer of individual molecules

through a stationary fluid by random, individual
movement.

Convective mass transfer - Transfer of material

through a moving fluid or between two relatively
immiscible moving fluids.
 Mass Transfer Equations
The mechanisms of mass transfer
 Molecular diffusion
 Convective mass transfer

Basic equation;
diffusivity
o Molecular diffusion
Fick’s law: dc A
J   DAB
*
A
dz

o Convective mass transfer Mass transfer coefficient

Mass Flux:
NA = k(CA1 - CA 2 )
 Fick’s Law and Fourier’s Law
Fourier’s law:
qx dT
 k
A dx
Temperature gradient
Heat flux (Energy per area per time) (temperature per distance)

Thermal conductivity

dc
Fick’s law : J*Az   DAB A
dz
concentration gradient
(concentration per distance)

diffusion flux of A in relation to the bulk motion diffusion coefficient (or diffusivity) of A in B
in z-direction (mass per area per time)
 MASS TRANSFER IN GAS PHASE
General equation of molecular diffusion:

dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB )
dz c
dx B cB
NB = -cDBA + (NA + N B )
dz c

NA - mass flux in mole A/m2.s

DAB - diffusivity in m2/s

C - average or total concentration

CA - concentration of component A

xA - mole fraction of A
 Molecular Diffusion

 Gas movement in the lung

 Partial pressure of gas is
greater in one region than
another.
 Transfer of gas from the
alveolus to the blood occurs by
simple diffusion.
 Diffusion Rate

Depends on their masses.

Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than
those with high molecular masses.

the higher the temperature, the faster the particles

move and so the faster the diffusion.
 Diffusivity, DAB
System Temp °C Diffusivity cm2/s System Temp °C Diffusivity cm2/s
Air-NH3 0 0.198 H2-benzene 38.1 0.404
Air-H2O 0 0.220 H2-Ar 22.4 0.83
25 0.260
H2-NH3 25 0.783
42 0.288
Air-CO2 3 0.142 H2-SO2 50 0.61
44 0.177 H2-C2H5OH 67 0.586
Air-H2 0 0.611 He-Ar 25 0.729
Air-C2H5OH 25 0.135 He-n-butanol 150 0.587
42 0.145
He-air 44 0.765
Air-CH3COOH 0 0.106
Air-n-hexane 21 0.080 He-CH4 25 0.675
Air-benzene 25 0.0962 He-N2 25 0.687
Air-toluene 26 0.086 He-O2 25 0.729
Air-n-butanol 0 0.0703 CO2-N2 25 0.167
26 0.087
CO2-O2 20 0.153
H2-CH4 25 0.726
H2-N2 25 0.784 N2-n-butane 25 0.0960
85 1.052 H2O-CO2 34.3 0.202
CH3Cl-SO2 30 0.0693
(C2H5) 2O-NH3 26.5 0.1078
Derivation – Equimolar Counter Diffusion in Gas
Phase
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB )
dz c
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + [-N A ])
dz c

dx A
N A = -cDAB
dz

pA dpA
xA = dx A =
P P
Boundary condition
z = z1 x = xA1
z = z2 x = xA2
Concentration of Gas Molecules
Driving force : Concentration

Concentration CA - mol/m3

Mol fraction xA
Partial Pressure, pA

Ideal gas law: PV = nRT

Total n P Concentration c  n A  p A
c= = A
concentration V RT of A V RT

cA pA
Mole fraction x A, y A  
c P
 EQUIMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION

 For molecules A and B

pA1 pA2 P = pA + pB
pB1 pB2
J*A c = cA + cB
P P
J*B
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB )
dz c
dcA dc B
NA = -N B J *
A = -DAB *
= -J B = -(-)DBA
dz dz
 Mole of A diffuse to the right = Mole of B diffuse to the left
Fick’s Law
DAB = DBA
Equimolar Counter Diffsuion (Example 6.1-1)

A mixture of He and N2 gas is contained in a pipe at

298 K and 1 atm total pressure which is constant
throughout. At one end of the pipe at point 1 the
partial pressure pA1 of He is 0.6 atm and at the other
end 0.2 m pA2 = 0.2 atm. Calculate the flux of He at
steady state if DAB of the He-N2 mixture is 0.687 x
10-4 m2/s.
 Here is the solution…
 Since a total pressure P is constant, the c is constant, where c is as
follows for a gas according to the perfect gas law:

 Where n is kg mol (A plus B), V is volume in m3, T is temperature in

K, R is 8314.3 m3.Pa/kg-mol.K or R is 82.057 x 10-3 cm3. atm/g-mol.
K, and c is kg mol (A plus B)/m3.
 For steady state the flux J*Az is constant. Also DAB for gas is constant.
Integrating,
 Cont’d…
 Also, from the perfect gas law, pAV=nART, and

 Partial pressures are pA1 = 0.6 atm = 0.6 x 1.01325 x 105 = 6.04 x
104 Pa and pA2 = 0.2 atm = 0.2 x 1.01325 x 105 = 2.027 x 104 Pa.
Then, using SI units,
 Example 6.2-1
Ammonia gas (A) is diffusing through a uniform
tube 0.10 m long containing N2 gas (B) at 1.0132
x 105 Pa pressure and 298 K. The diagram is
similar to Fig. 6.2-1. At point 1, pA1 = 1.013 x 104
Pa and at point 2, pA2 = 0.507 x 104 Pa. The
diffusivity DAB = 0.230 x 10-4 m2/s. (a) Calculate
the flux J*A at steady state (b) Repeat for J*B
Solution
Diffusion of A through stagnant, non-diffusing B
Derivation: A diffuse through non-diffusing B
Diffusion through stagnant, non-diffusing B
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB ) D AB dp A p A
dz c NA    NA
NB = 0
RT dz P

Total pressure of the system, P - constant

Real Gas law : c = P/RT, pA = xAP, cA/c = pA/P

dp A = Pdx A
D AB dp A p A
NA    NA
RT dz P

 pA  D AB dp A
N A 1    
 P  RT dz
 Solving the integration, yields…

z2 pA 2
D AB dp A D ABP P p A 2
N A  dz   p  p A  NA  ln
RT A 1 1 
RT(z 2  z1 ) P  p A1
z1

 P 
Recall the log mean formula
P = pA1 + pB1 p B 2  p B1 p A1  p A 2
p BM  
P= pA2 + pB2 ln (p B 2 p B1 ) ln (P p A 2 P  p A1 )

DAB P
NA = ( pA1 - pA 2 )
RT(z2 - z1 ) pBM

In kg-mol/s.m2 Log mean partial pressure with

respect to molecules B
 Time needed for evaporation
with change in z, tF
 To determine time for the level to drop from a starting point zo to
level zf
Introduce time term in the derivative equation.
Mass transfer rate [kmol/s], assume A = 1 m2
M A .dt rA ( dz.1)
N A = N A .A = N A .1= A =
DAB P
( pA1 - pA 2 )
r (dz.1) M A .dt RTzpBM

rA zF DAB P( pA1 - pA 2 ) tF rA zF DAB P( pA1 - pA 2 )

zdz = dt z2 = tF
MA zo RTpBM o 2M A zo RTpBM

rearrange rA RTpBM ( zF2 - zo2 ) MA and rA are

tF = molecular weight and
2M A DAB P( pA1 - pA 2 ) density of A
 Example 6.2-2
Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a
constant temperature of 293 K. The total pressure of air
(dry) is 1.01325 x 105 Pa (1.0 atm) at the same temperature.
Water evaporates and diffuses through the air in the tube,
and the diffusion path z2-z1 is 0.1524 m long. The diagram is
similar to Fig. 6.2-2a. Calculate the rate of evaporation
at steady state (kg mol/s.m2) and evaporation time for z2-z1
to become 0.1530 m. The diffusivity of water vapor at 293 K
and 1 am pressure is 0.250 x 10-4 m2/s. Assume that the
system is isothermal.
 Solution
 From Appendix A.2 the vapor pressure of water at 20°C is pA1
= 0.0231 atm, pA2 = 0 (pure dry air). To calculate the value of
pBM

 Since pB1 is close to pB2, the linear mean (pB1+pB2)/2 could be used
and would be very close to pBM.
 For water vapour diffusing thru non-diffusing air,
NA and tF…

DAB P
NA = ( pA1 - pA 2 ) R is 8314.3 m3.Pa/kg-mol.K
RT(z2 - z1 ) pBM

rA RTpBM ( zF2 - zo2 )

tF =
2M A DAB P( pA1 - pA 2 )
 Try this one

A small diameter tube closed at one end was filled with

acetone to within 18mm of the top and maintained at
290K with a gentle stream of air blowing across the
top. After 15 ks, the liquid level had fallen to 27.5mm.
The vapour pressure of acetone was 21.95 kN/m2.
Calculate the diffusivity of acetone in air. Total
pressure is 99.75 kN/m2.

Data: Macetone = 58, ρacetone = 790 kg/m3

 rA RTpBM ( zF2 - zo2 )
tF =
2M A DAB P( pA1 - pA 2 )
 Multicomponent non-diffusing gas
 Diffusion of A through stagnant non-diffusing B
pA 1 pA 2
PpA1 pA 2  pBM 
NA  DAB (P p ) 
RT z2 - z1 pBM ln 
 A 2 
(P pA1)

 Diffusion of A in a gas through a stagnant, non-diffusing mixture of B,
C, D … at constant pressure NB = 0, NC = 0, ND = 0 ,…..

DAmP (pA1 pA 2 ) DAm  1

NA  x B x C
 
x D
 ...
RT (z2 - z1 ) piM DAB DAC DAD

DAm = diffusivity of A in the mixture

pi 2  pi1
piM = log mean of pi1 = P – pA1 and pi2 = P – pA2 piM  p 
x’B = mol B/ mol inerts = xB/(1-xA) ln  p 
i 2
 i 1
' xC ' xB
x =
C x =
B
(1- x A ) (1- x A )
 What if system with different area? Sphere?
 Diffusion of A through stagnant non-diffusing B
pA1
 p  D dp
NA N A 1  A    AB A r1
Surface area for P  RT dz
 r2
sphere
NA DAB dpA
2 = -
4 pr RT (1- pA / P)dr

Rearrange
NA r2 dr DAB p A2 dpA pA2
2 = -
4p r1 r RT p A1 (1 - pA / P)
N A æ1 1 ÷ DAB P P - p A2
- = ln
4p r1 r2 ø RT P - pA1

if r2 >> r1 NA DAB P ( p A1  p A2 )
 N  Mass flux on
1
4r12
A
@0 RTr1 pBM the surface
r2
 Varying area of sphere…simplified

Try your own integration

 Example 6.2-4

A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0

mm is suspended in a large volume of still air at

318 K and 1.101325 x 105 Pa (1 atm). The

diffusivity of the naphthalene at 318 K is 6.92 x

10-6 m2/s. Calculate the rate of evaporation of

naphthalene from the surface.

 Solution
• DAB = 6.92 x 10-6 m2/s, pA1 = (0.555/760)(1.01325 x 105) = 74.0 Pa,
pA2 = 0, r1 = 2/1000 m, R = 8314 m3.Pa/kg mol.K, pB1 = P-pA1 =
1.01325 x 105 – 74.0 = 1.01251 x 105 Pa, pB2 = 1.01325 x 105 – 0.
since the values of pB1 and pB2 are close to each other,

• Substituting into NA for sphere,

R is 8314.3 m3.Pa/kg-mol.K
 Let’s talk about Diffusivity

 DAB varied with component, P, T,

phase – liquid, solid, gas .

 DAB, DAC, DAD…

 Can be measured thru experiments.
 Good news…we can predict DAB

 Prediction of diffusivity of gases

1
 1 1 
-7 3 2
1.8583 x 10 T 2
Chapman and Enskog DAB    
equation P AB
2
 D , AB  MA MB 
1
 1 
2

 M  1M 
-7 1.75
1.00 x 10 T
D AB   B

 
A
Fuller et al. equation 2
P  v A    v B 
1 1
3 3

MA, MB - molecular weight of species A and B 1.75

T
vA, vB - Atomic diffusion volumes DAB a
sAB - Average collision diameter P
W D, AB - collision integral 1.75
  
T - Temperature in K   T  P1 
P - absolute pressure in atm DAB2  D  2
AB1 




 
 1
T 

P 
2
Atomic diffusion volume, v (Fuller et al.)
 Example 6.2-5
Normal butanol (A) is diffusing through air (B)
at 1 atm abs. Using the Fuller et al. method,
estimate the diffusivity DAB for the following
temperatures with the experimental data:

(a) For 0 °C and 1.0 atm abs

(b) For 25.9 °C and 1.0 atm abs
(c) For 0 °C and 2.0 atm abs
(d) For 100 °C and 2.0 atm abs
 Answer

• For part (b), P = 1.00 atm, T = 273 + 25.9 = 298.9 K, MA (butanol) =

74.1, MB (air) = 29. From Table 6.2-2,

• Substituting into Eq. (6.2-45),

1
 1 
2

 M  1M 
-7 1.75
1.00 x 10 T
D AB   B

 
A
2
P  v A    v B 
1 1
3 3

• DAB= 9.05 x 10-6 m2/s

 DAB for liquid-phase solutions

Binary diffusion coefficients of dilute liquid solutions at 1 atm

 Prediction of DAB in liquid

 Stokes-Einstein Temperature in K

9.96x10-16T Solute molar volume of A in m3/kg

DAB =
µV 1/A 3  Polson (spherical molecule)

DAB  9.4 x 10 T
- 15
Viscosity in Pa.s or kg/m.s 1
μ BM A 3

Association parameter Molecular weight of B

 Wilke-Chang correlation
(T~278-313 K)
T 1
DAB 2  D

 T2  μ B1 
DAB = 1.173x10 (jM B )
-16 2 
AB1




µBVA0.6 

T μ 
1 

B2 

j - Association parameter (B): 2.6 (water), 1.9 (methanol), 1.0 (benzene

and other organic solvents)
VA - atomic molar volume of A (Table 6-3.2)
Atomic and Molar Volume, V
 Mass Transfer in Liquid Phase

 Mass transfer slower in liquid compared to that in gas.

 Liquid diffusivity ~10-5 lower than gases.
 CASE 1: EQUIMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION IN
LIQUID

NA = - NB DAB  DBA
=0
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB ) General equation
dz c

Assuming constant cross section area Average concentration kg-mol A/m3

DAB (c A1 - cA2 ) DABc av(x A1 - x A2 ) Mole fraction of A

NA = =
z2 - z1 z2 - z1
Average Concentration:

 r   r1 r2 
cav       2
 M  av  M 1 M 2 
 CASE 2: STAGNANT OR NON-DIFFUSING B ,
CONSTANT CROSS SECTION AREA

NB = 0 DAB  DBA
=0
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + (N A + NB )
dz c
Rearrange and integrate, yields

DAB cav DAB P

NA = (x A1 - x A2 ) NA = ( pA1 - pA 2 )
(z2 - z1 )x BM RT(z2 - z1 ) pBM

x B2 - x B1 p B 2  p B1 p A1  p A 2
p BM  
x BM = ln (p B 2 p B1 ) ln (P p A 2 P  p A1 )
ln (xB2 xB1 )

Correct?
Example 6.3-1
Example 6.3-2
 Example… (Similar to Example 6.3-1)

The solute HCl (A) is diffusing through a thin film of water (B) 2.0 mm

thick at 283 K. The concentration of HCl at point 1 at one boundary of the

film is 12 wt% HCl (density r1 = 1060.7 kg/m3) and at the other boundary

at point 2 it is 6.0 wt% HCl (r2 = 1030.3 kg/m3). The diffusion coefficient

of HCl in water is 2.5 x 10-6 m2/s. Assuming steady state and one

boundary impermeable to water, calculate the flux of HCl in kg-mol/s.m2.

Analyze Example 6.3-1…

Try also Example 6.3-2…
 Mass Transfer in Solid
General equation again…
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + ( N A + NB )
dz c
For solid, cA/c [NA + NB] is usually small, hence can be neglected
the general equation becomes,

dx A
N A = -cDAB
dz
dcA c A1  c A2
N A = -DAB N A  DAB
dz z 2  z1
Solubility SpA
m3(STP)/atm.m3 solid cA =
22.414
(Conversion)
Why?
 Next…

Sp A1 Sp A 2
c A1  c A2 
22.414 22.414 Permeability
Partial pressure

hence, DAB S(pA1 - pA2 ) PM ( pA1 - pA2 )

NA = =
22.414(z2 - z1 ) 22.414(z2 - z1 )

Permeability
PM = DAB S
(diffusivity × solubility)

Diffusion follows Fick’s law & independent of

actual structure of solid slab
Molecular diffusion in several slab in series

Use the same analogy in heat

transfer to Fick’s law :

PM ( p A1  p A 2 )
NA 
22.414( z 2  z1 )
(L)
L1 L2 L3
R diff .   
L1 L2 L3 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3

(p A1  p A 4 ) 1
NA 
22.414 L1 L2 L3
 
PM1 PM 2 PM 3

L1 = width of solid 1
pM1 = permeability of solid 1 = DABS
 Molecular diffusion through a solid cylinder

L = length of cylinder
r1 = inner radius
r2 = outer radius

N Ar dc A
N Ar    DAB cA1 cA2
2rL dr
NA
r1  r  r2 Integrate, yields,
2LDAB c A1  c A2  2LDAB S  p A1  p A2 
N Ar  
 r2   r2 
ln  22.414 ln 
 r1   r1 
 Fickian Porous Solid

 Diffusion in porous solids where actual structure and void channels

are important

 Pores or interconnected voids in

the solid affect diffusion

eDAB (cA1 - cA2 ) eDAB (p A1 - p A2 )

NA = =
t (z1 - z 2 ) tRT(z1 - z 2 )
 = open void fraction
 = tortousity = correction factor for path longer than (z2 – z1)
 DAB in solids

Binary diffusion coefficients of solid solutions at 1 atm

DAB & PM in solids…different source
Example 6.5-1
 Let’s try this one…

A flat plug 30 mm thick having an area of 4.0 x 10-4 m2

made of vulcanised rubber is used to closing an
opening in a container. The gas CO2 at 25 °C and 2
atm pressure is inside the container. Calculate the
total leakage of CO2 through the plug to the outside in
kg-mol CO2/s at steady state. Assume that the
solubility of CO2 gas is 0.9 m3 gas (at STP of 0 °C and
1 atm) per m3 rubber per atm pressure of CO2. The
diffusivity is 0.11 x 10-9 m2/s.
 DAB S(pA1 - pA2 ) PM ( pA1 - pA2 )
NA = =
22.414(z2 - z1 ) 22.414(z2 - z1 )
 Final Exam Question
The ammonia gas (mw = 17 kg/kgmol) at 40 oC and 3 atm was transported at flowrate of
5 kg/h by an insulated pipeline having the total thickness of 2.0×10-3 m. The pressure
and temperature of the ammonia gas suddenly drop to ambient temperature and
pressure of 25 oC and 1 atm. A thorough investigation showed that the ammonia gas
leaked to surrounding atmosphere through a pipeline wall cracking hole having an
equivalent diameter of 3 mm.
a) State all the assumptions. Determine the mass rate of ammonia gas lost to
surrounding atmosphere as well as the mass contamination rate of ammonia gas in
the insulated pipeline by air (mw = 28.97 kg/kgmol).
b) Determine the mole fraction air in the pipeline. If repairing the pipeline required 5
hours, how much ammonia gas was lost from the incident.

Given: Ammonia-air diffusivity, DAB at 298.0 K is 2.8×10-5 m2/s. The ammonia gas and
air at those conditions could be assumed obeyed an ideal gas law. The universal gas
constant, R is 8.205×10-2 m3atm/kmol.K.
 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

Ir. Dr. Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

PhD PTech PEng CEng MIChemE
Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering
UTM Johor Bahru
 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

 Mass is transferred due to flowing of fluid on the solid surface.

 General equation (normal flow)

Diffusion term Convection term
dx A c A
N A = -cDAB + ( N A + NB )
dz c

Equation, presence of turbulent flow (convective, forced convection)

dx A
N A = -c(DAB + eM ) + x A (N A + N B )
dz

Mass eddy diffusivity, m2/s (Forced convection term)

Case 1: Equimolar counter diffusion in gas phase

dx A c A
NA = -NB N A = -cDAB + ( N A + NB )
dz c Mole fraction in gas phase

dy A
N A = -c(DAB + eM ) + y A (N A + N B )
dz
dy A
N A = -c(DAB + eM )
dz
dc A
N A = -(DAB + eM )
dz
z2 cA 2
NA dz = -(DAB + eM ) dc A
z1 c A1
(DAB + eM )
NA = (c A1 - c A 2 )
z2 - z1
 Case 1: Cont’d…

(DAB + eM )
NA = (c A1 - c A 2 ) '
z2 - z1 N A = k (pA1 - pA 2 )
G
'
N A = k (c A1 - c A 2 )
c N A = ky' (y A1 - y A 2 )
Equimolar mass transfer coefficient

' (DAB + e M )
k =
c
(z2 - z1 )

N A  kc' (c A1  c A2 )  kG' ( p A1  p A2 )  k y' ( y A1  y A2 )

Conversion between mass
' P '
transfer coefficient in Gas k c=k
c = kG' P = ky'
c
phase
RT
 Case 2: Diffusing A thru stagnant, non-diffusing B

NB = 0

dy A
N A = -c(DAB + eM ) + y A (N A + N B )
dz
Rearrange and NB = 0
integrate, yields,

(DAB + eM )
NA = c av (y A1 - y A 2 )
(z2 - z1 )y BM

(DAB + eM ) æ c A1 c A 2
NA = c av - ÷
(z2 - z1 )y BM c av c av ø
(DAB + eM )
NA = (c A1 - c A 2 )
(z2 - z1 )y BM
 Case 2: Cont’d…

N A  kc (c A1  c A2 )
(DAB + e M )
Mass transfer coefficient for kc =
stagnant B (z2 - z1 )x BM
'
Relationship between mass k c
transfer coefficient for kc =
equimolar and stagnant B x BM

N A  kc (c A1  c A2 )  kG ( p A1  p A2 )  k y ( y A1  y A2 )
Conversion between mass
transfer coefficient in Liquid k c  k c  k L xBM c  k  k x xBM
'
c
'
L
'
x
phase
 Mass transfer coefficient, k’c, kc, k’x, ky, etc.

Gas phase:
P p
kc' = kc BM = kG' P = kG pBM = ky y BM = ky' = kc y BM c = kG y BM P
RT RT

Liquid phase:

kc' c = kL' c = kL r / M = kx x BM = kx' = kL x BM c

HOW TO ESTIMATE?
Click Me!
Example 7.2-1
 Introducing the Dimensionless Numbers

Sherwood number k'c L (kc y BM )L k' x L

N sh = = =
DAB DAB c DAB
µ
Schmidt number N Sc =
rDAB
k'c k'G P k'y
Stanton number N St = = =
v GM GM
(Superficial molar velocity) GM = vr / Mav = vc
Mass transfer J-factor
k'c 2 k'G P 2 1
JD =
v
N
( Sc ) 3
=
GM
N
( Sc ) 3
= N Sh / N(Re .N Sc
3
)
 Mass transfer coefficient for Flow in Pipes

water
cAo cAi cA

Solubility of benzoic acid in water,

Benzoic acid
2.948x10-2 kg-mol/m3 rD
N Re 

1. Laminar flow, NRe < 2100 (Use Fig. 7.3-2)

2. Rod like flow (gas), parabolic flow (liquid, small DAB)

-23
W c A - c Ao æW
> 400 = 5.5 ÷
DAB rL c Ai - c Ao DAB rL ø
3. Turbulent flow, 0.6 < NSc < 3000
W is mass flow in kg/s
k'c D (kc pBM )D 0.83 1
N Sh = = = 0.023N Re N Sc 3
DAB DAB
 Fig. 7.3-2

(Liquids with (Gases)

small DAB)

What to find?
 Mass transfer coefficient for Flow Parallel to
Flat Plate
NRe < 15000, for gas phase 15000 < N Re < 300000
0.5
J D  0.664 N RE J D  0.336 N 0.2
RE
Dimensionless factor
J D  N sh /( N RE .N sc3 )
1
(Definition of JD)
Rearrange;….?
Rearrange;
NSh = …

kc' .L
N sh   0.664 N RE N sc3
0.5 1
Liquid phase 600 <NRe< 50 000
DAB
0.5
J D  0.99 N RE
rL
N Re 
 Do it yourself…

NSh = …
What to find?
 Mass transfer coefficient for Flow Past Single
Sphere
NSc between 0.6 - 2.7, gas phase
NRe between 1 - 48 000 Analogous to NNu Analogous to NPr

N sh  2  0.552 N 0.53 1

RE N sc3
Liquid phase, NRe between 2 - 2000

N Sh 
k 'c D p N sh  2  0.95 N 0.50
RE N sc 3

DAB
NRe between 2 000 - 17 000

1
rD p N sh  0.347 N 0.62
RE N sc3
N Re 

What to find?
 Mass transfer coefficient for Flow Past Single
Cylinder

0.487
J D  0.6 N RE
J D  N sh /( N RE .N sc3 )
1

Examples 7.3-1, 7.3-2 & 7.3-3

 Understand and interpret the scenarios.
 Example 7.3-2

Table 6.3-1
Correction needed

600 <NRe< 50 000

0.5
J D  0.99 N RE
 k'c 2 k'G P 2 1
JD =
v
( N Sc ) =3

GM
(
( N Sc ) = N Sh / N Re .N Sc 3
3
)
 Example 7.3-3…What you should know

Looks similar to Example 6.2-4. In what way they are different??

 What system do we have here?

 Find kc (stagnant) – why?
 But for dilute system, k’c = kc
 Also, find NA
 To find NA, you can use any coefficient, but make sure to use right expression
 Next…

Note: DP, NRE

Note: Gas system, why?

Note: Substitute known values to get k’c

Note: Why conversion?

 Then…

Note: k’G = kG?

Note: Looks familiar

 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER IN PACKED BED

Gas phase, 10 < NRe < 10,000 Dimensionless factor

0.4548  0.4069
JD  N RE

Reynold Number, Superficial mass velocity (empty)

Particle diameter
DP ' r CA2
N RE 

Liquid, 0.0016 < NRe < 55, 165 < NSc < 706000

1.09 -2
JD = N RE
3
e C A1
Voidage of bed
 still in packed bed….

For liquid and 55 < NRE < 1500, 165< Nsc<10690

0.250  0.31
JD  N

RE

For liquid in fluidized bed, 1 < NRE < 10

-0.72
e J D =1.1068N RE
 Mass transfer rate in packed bed, how?

(C Ai  C A1 )  (C Ai  C A 2 )
N A  N A A  Akc Stagnant non-diffusing
(C Ai  C A1 )
ln
(C Ai  C A 2 )

1. Calculate JD N A  V c A 2  c A1 
2. Estimate kc Volumetric flow rate, m3/s

3. To calculate surface area, A, using following equation,

6(1 - e )
A = aV b a=
Dp
External surface area of
sphere solids for mass transfer m2/m3 of bed with sphere solids
Example 7.3-4…What you should know

Note: what system, v’?

Note: find JD as a function of k’c

What next?

Note: Recall A, V, CA1, CAi

 Where it all begins?
• 1: Equimolar counter
diffusion; stangant B

• 2: Gas, liquid, solid

• 3: Integration
• 4: Consider other geometries
and change in A

• 5: (Forced) Convective mass

Eg. transfer (ε)  k’c
 Final Exam Question 2020
Air flows over a square solid slab of frozen carbon dioxide formed in dry ice with an
exposed cross-sectional area of 1.0 m2. The carbon dioxide sublimes into the 2.0 m/s
flowing stream at a total of mass flux rate is 2.29×10-4 mol/s and partial pressure is
4.74×103 Pa. The air is at ambient conditions of 293K and 1.013×105 Pa pressure. At
this ambient condition, the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in air is 1.5×10-6 m2/s. At ambient
conditions (293K and 1.013×105 Pa), the density and viscosity of air is 1.123 kg/m3 and
1.8×10-5 kg/m.s, respectively. The gas constant, R is 8.314 Pa.m3/mol.K.
a) What is the significant of Sherwood number for calculation of convective mass transfer
coefficient?
b) Determine the value of convective mass transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide
subliming into the flowing air at the ambient condition of the experiment. State any
assumptions used.
c) If the flowing stream and temperature are increased to 4.0 m/s and 313K, respectively,
calculate the new convective mass transfer coefficient for that experiment.
 k 'c D p
N Sh 
DAB
SELF-TUTORIAL
 Q1

A solid pole, 0.05 m in diameter and 5 m tall, is spray painted with a

very thin coat of paint. The paint contains a volatile solvent. The vapor

pressure of the solvent at 298 K is 1.27 x 104 Pa and diffusivity of the

solvent vapor in air at 278 K is 9.62 x 10-6 m2/s. The estimated loading

of solvent in the wet paint on the pole is 0.12 g of solvent per cm2 of

cylinder surface. Determine the minimum time to dry the painted pole

if air at 298 K and 1.013 x 105 Pa pressure flows normal to the pole at

a velocity of 1 m/s.
 Q2

Pure liquid benzene (C6H6) at 290 K flows as a thin film down the

outside of a vertical, 0.08 m diameter cylinder at a flow rate 4 kg/hr.

Dry air at 290 K and 1 atm flows perpendicular to the cylinder at a

velocity of 4 m/s. The liquid benzene exerts a vapor pressure of 8100

Pa. Determine the length of the cylinder if the entire outer surface of

the cylinder is used for the evaporating process, and all of the benzene

flowing down the cylinder evaporate. Assume that surrounding air

serves as an infinite sink for mass transfer.

 Q3

To maintain pressure close to 1 atm, an industrial pipeline

containing ammonia gas is vented to ambient air. Venting is

achieved by tapping the pipe and inserting a 3 mm diameter tube,

which extends for 20 m into the atmosphere. With entire system

operating at 25 C, determine the mass rate of ammonia lost to

the atmosphere and the mass rate of contamination of the pipe

with air. What are the mole and mass fractions of air in the pipe

when the ammonia flow rate is 5 kg/h?

 Q4

Dry air at a temperature of 300 K, total pressure of 1 atm, and velocity of

0.5 m/s blows parallel to the length of a pool of liquid water maintained at

278 K. The length of the pool is 10 m and the width is 4 m. At 278 K, the

vapor pressure of water is 1620 Pa. What is the evaporation rate of

water from the pool?

 Q5

Naphthalene is commonly used as a repellent against moths to protect

clothing during storage. Consider a 1 cm diameter spherical
naphthalene ball hanging in a closet at 25 oC. The density and vapour
pressure of naphthalene at 25 oC are 1100 kg/m3 and 11 Pa,
respectively and mass diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 25 oC is 0.61 x
10-5 m2/s.

a. consider the variation of diameter with time, determine how long it

will take for the naphthalene to sublimate completely.

b. If instead of being stored in a closet, the naphthalene is exposed to

dry air flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s. Both the naphthalene and the air
were kept at 25 oC. It is observed that 12 g of naphthalene has
sublimated in 15 min. Determine the mass transfer coefficient and the
flux for mass transfer from naphthalene.

Data: molecular weight of naphthalene is 128.2 kg