Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Cyber Physical Systems: Theory and its Applications

Shreya Jain Lovish Thakur
20/FCA/BCA/048 20/FCA/BCA/081

Abstract:- Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are a new section 5 is a discussion of the state of the art in the primary
research subject that has piqued the interest of many CPSs research areas: generic architecture, design principles,
scientists. It is transmuting the way people interact with modelling, dependability, and some implemented examples
established systems. Beginning with a definition of CPS, and finally section 6 marks the conclusion for the research
the paper goes on to examine the necessity for these made in this paper.
systems to be implemented in many application areas, as
well as the research hurdles of establishing an acceptable II. LITERATURE REVIEW
formalism that represents more than networking and
information technology. Cyber-physical systems comprises of sensors, actuators
and systems which are connected through a high-fidelity
Keywords:- Cyber-Physical Systems, Architecture, network, adding to the functionalities of the system, such as
Modeling, Design, Dependability. real-time data transfer, which allows the interaction
between various systems. The interaction of the physical and
I. INTRODUCTION computational components leads to futuristic
implementations of Internet of Things (IoT). Real time
We can engage with people and obtain relevant applications which can manage many environmental
information from all over the world in a very short amount datasets are supported by CPS and IoT. In recent times ,
of time by using the Internet. As a result, the Internet has more developments in CPS have improved the association
changed the way we conduct research, conduct studies, run between humans and CPS in the loop. Distinctive ideas
our businesses and services, and even have fun. There is, related to CPS have been explored such as proposing an
however, a disconnect between the cyber world, where intelligent CPS, reducing bandwidth and increasing the
information is exchanged and updated, and the physical energy efficiency of integrating mechanisms which supports
world, where humans live. In addition, the sector has been autonomy and adaptation. We have several benefits of this
changed by a digital revolution during the previous two CPS. For instance, self adaptation, fault-prediction and
decades. This shift isn't a decision; it's a result of long-term autonomy.
economic and technical developments that have produced an
environment that allows for and necessitates a wide range of III. CPS CONCEPT
new capabilities. Some early examples of a new system
generation (e.g., quality, safety, and efficiency critical The newly coined CPS term will be required to enable
infrastructure; integrated, self-optimizing transportation the construction of a modern vision for social services that
systems and vehicles; environmentally friendly and energy transcends time and location to hitherto unseen dimensions
efficient air planes and automobiles; advanced health care (CPS-Steering-Group (2008)). CPS is the junction of
via increased automation, integrating smart devices, etc.) computation and physical processes, rather than the merger
have resulted from technological advances in recent of the physical and the cyber (Lee and Seshia, 2011).
decades. These early instances highlight the need for a new Shankar Sastry of the University of California, Berkeley,
generation of systems known as Cyber-Physical Systems gave a complex CPS definition in 2008: "A cyber-physical
(CPSs) that encompasses more than networking and system (CPS) integrates computing, communication, and
information technologies, as well as the integration of storage capabilities with monitoring and/or control of
information and knowledge into physical things. A new entities in the physical world, and must do so reliably,
generation of intelligent and autonomous systems could be securely, efficiently, and in real-time."
produced by integrating perception, communication,
learning, behavior generation, and reasoning into such CPSs are not typical embedded systems or real-time
systems (CPS-Steering-Group (2008)). systems, today's sensor networks, or merely desktop
applications, but they do have several distinguishing
The following is a breakdown of the paper's structure. properties, as Huang (2008) points out and as shown below:
Section 2 examines the notion of CPS, which was just (1) Cyber capabilities in every physical component; (2)
introduced, from a variety of perspectives, including Networked at multiple and extreme scale; (3) Dynamically
definitions, characteristics, and attributes. Section 3 reconfiguring/reorganizing; (4) High degrees of automation,
highlights the need for the CPSs implementation in various control loops must close; (5) In some cases, operation must
application areas and their characteristics for several of these be dependable and certified; (6) Cyber and physical
domains. The research issues in defining an acceptable components are integrated for learning and adaptation,
formalism for these classes of systems are presented in higher performance, self-organization, and autoassembly.
Section 4. (CPSs). The core of the paper and the subject of

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Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
The following core properties define CPSs, as they do V. RESEARCH CHALLENGES
all information and communication systems: (1)
functionality; (2) performance; (3) dependability and Communications and networking, systems theory,
security; and (4) cost. Usability, administration, and mathematics, software engineering, computer science, and
adaptability are three more aspects that influence system sensors are examples of isolated sub-disciplines. As a result,
dependability and security. The following are the main several modelling tools and formalisms are used to build and
characteristics of CPSs: (1) Input and feedback from/to the evaluate digital systems. In order to make adaptable
physical environment-protected communication channels analysis, each representation emphasises some
exist; (2) Management and distributed control - federated characteristics while ignoring others. Formalism often
method (3) Requirements for real-time performance; (4) A depicts either cybernetic or physical processes as essential to
wide geographic distribution with no physical security create CPSs, but not both.
components in diverse locations; (5) Control systems with a
very high size (SystemOfSystems - SoS). The following paragraphs outline the primary research
directions required in the CPSs sector, which is currently in
IV. APPLICATION DOMAINS its early stages:

Cyber-physical systems have a number of benefits:  Abstraction and Architecture:

they are efficient and safe, and they allow individuals to Innovative methods to abstractions (formalisms) and
collaborate to create complex systems with new capabilities. architectures are needed to enable control, communication,
Critical infrastructure control, safe and efficient and computation integration for the rapid design and
transportation, alternative energy, environmental control, implementation of CPS.
telepresence, medical devices and integrated systems,
telemedicine, assisted living, social networking and gaming, They should enable the flexible, efficient, and robust
manufacturing, and agriculture (Huang (2008), Lee integration and interoperability of diverse systems that make
(2008)).are just a few of the domains where cyber-physical up CPSs. (Baheti and Gill (2011)).
technology can be used. Water supply (storage, treatment,
transport and distribution, waste water); electricity  Distributed Computations and Networked Control:
generation, transmission and distribution; gas production, It refers to new frameworks, algorithms, methods, and
transport and distribution; oil and oil product production, tools for time-and event-driven computing, software,
transport and distribution; and communications are variable time delays, failures, reconfiguration, and
examples of critical infrastructure. distributed decision support systems that are designed to
meet the high reliability and security requirements for
The paper Wan et al. (2010) present some requirements heterogeneous cooperating components that interact through
that CPSs should meet based on the business sectors in a physical environment (Baheti and Gill (2011)).
which they will be used: automotive, environmental
monitoring/protection, aviation and defence, critical  Verification and Validation:
infrastructure, and healthcare (Table 1). The physical Hardware and software components, as well as the
platforms, which support CPSs, offer the five capabilities systems they create, must progress beyond their current state
listed below: computing, communication, precise control, and achieve a high level of reliability, re-configurability, and
remote cooperation, and autonomy. certification when applicable. The research directions
include new models, algorithms, methodologies, and tools
Unlike traditional embedded systems, CPSs interact for verifying and validating software components as well as
directly with the physical world, making environmental the overall system from the early design stage (Baheti and
change detection and system behaviour adaption major Gill (2011)).
difficulties in their design.
The following scientific problems in the realm of CPSs
were also noted in the CPS Steering Group Report from
March 2008 (CPS-Steering-Group (2008)): (1) In design
flows, realign the abstraction layers - abstractions must
encompass physical concepts like time and energy. These
improvements to the levels of abstraction will enable the
creation of calculations with physical properties and
physical system dynamics that are resistant to
implementation errors. (2) The creation of semantic
foundations for the composition of heterogeneous models
and modelling languages that explain various physics and
their associated logics; (3) The development of a new
concept of compositionality in heterogeneous systems that
enables the design of huge, networked systems that satisfy
Fig 1: Domains critical physical features and reliably offer desired
functionality; 4) The creation of a technology for partially

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Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
compositional property prediction; (5) The development of a The paper "A Software Architecture for Next-
model-based, exact, and predictable technology foundation Generation Cyber-Physical Systems" (West and Parmar
for system integration. (6) The creation of a new (2006) proposes to build a CPS based on a software
infrastructure for CPS design automation that is nimble; (7) architecture composed of a collection of application-specific
The development of new open architectures for CPSs that services that organises itself using the most appropriate
will allow the development of national-scale and global- communication and isolation methods between services. In
scale capabilities; (8) The development of architectures and the development and verification of a software system for a
tools for reliable CPSs made up of unreliable components given application, the software architecture must take into
and resilient CPSs that will withstand malicious attacks from account the automatic composition of services in order to
the cyber or physical domains. To shorten design timelines satisfy the application restrictions, given underlying
and boost CPS confidence, these designs should make use of hardware restrictions, as well as the hardware heterogeneity.
open systems technologies. Table 21 in CPS-Steering-Group
(2008) emphasises the importance of some of the
aforementioned difficulties for several of the CPSs' target
industries: aviation, defence, automotive, energy, and
healthcare.

VI. RESEARCH AREAS

CPS research is focused on the following areas at the

international level: the definition of a generic architecture,
the definition of CPS design principles in their application
domains, CPS modelling, CPS dependability assurance, and
CPS implementation (for critical infrastructure control and
beyond).

A. Generic Architectures for CPSs

The architecture of a CPS should ensure that cyber and Fig 2 : Basic Architecture of CPS
physical elements are treated equally. The software
architecture is a nice place to start, but the concept should be B. CPSs Design Principles
expanded to CPS by creating new vocabulary for physical Because CPSs are still in their infancy, there are a few
and cyber-physical aspects that are needed to understand scientific studies in the specialist literature (Sha et al.
system behaviour. (2008), Huang (2008), Lee (2008), Baheti and Gill (2011))
that seek to establish specific design principles of these
The paper Prototype Architecture for Cyber-Physical systems in their domains of application.
Systems" (Tan et al. (2008)) present a representative
prototype architecture of the CPS concept, which highlights The study "Cyber-physical Systems in Industrial
the cyber world represented by events/information as an Process Control" (Wang et al. (2008)) delves into the design
abstraction of the real physical world governed by semantic concepts of large-scale systems with heterogeneous
laws, evolving the typical architecture of embedded systems components that can be solved using a new unifying
and aligning it to current technological requirements. The network and control theory. The study looks at real-time
following is revealed by this architecture: (1) Global operation in a heterogeneous system, which necessitates a
Reference Time - supplied by the next-generation network unified theory of real-time operation that incorporates both
and acknowledged by all CPS components; (2) existing and unique conclusions.
Event/Information Driven - events are "raw facts" provided
by sensor units/humans or "actions" performed by actuator Control, systems, and software engineering are three
units/humans, and information is an abstraction of the main disciplines that are increasingly needed in the design
physical world created by system control units or humans of complex systems and CPSs. Due to the heterogeneity of
through event processing. (3) Quantified Confidence - a CPSs, the study "Composition of Cyber-Physical Systems"
mechanism for calculating the certainty of (Sztipanovits (2007)) states that the design decomposition
events/information at any given time; (4) Publish/Subscribe by orthogonal parts of the problem cannot be implemented
Scheme: Each CPS control unit subscribes to important in the case of CPSs. Compositionality in the design process
events/information depending on its system purpose, and is also limited by the substantial interdependencies between
also publishes events/information as needed. (5) Semantic the CPS components. The system interdependencies must be
Govern Laws - These laws, which have the event-condition- abstracted, which can be accomplished through the creation
action form, accurately control system behaviours in the of new modelling tools.
context of the environment based on user-defined situations
or scenarios; (6) New Networking Techniques - establish a C. CPS Modeling
global reference time, as well as new event/information The modelling of CPSs is crucial to the
routing and data management schemes. implementation of these systems. In recent years, modelling
has progressed, resulting in the emergence of "meta-
modeling" techniques and a suite of "meta-programmable"

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Volume 8, Issue 4, April – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
tools that enable the introduction of domain-specific A CPS for real-time hybrid testing of civil structures is
modelling languages, providing system designers with shown in the publication "Cyber-Physical Systems for Real-
modelling concepts and notation tailored to the application Time Hybrid Structural Testing: A Case Study" (Huang et
domain. Sztipanovits (2007) shows how to use these al. (2010)).
modelling tools in CPSs modelling.
Hybrid testing combines the structure's physical
There is a semantic representation of the CPS components with computation models of other known
interdependencies utilising semantic models implemented structural components, greatly outperforming simply
using multi-agent approaches (Talcott et al. (2008)). It numerical or empirical methods. The CPS is unique in that it
propose event-based semantics as the cornerstone for CPSs has a reusable design and is written in the C++
semantics in their study "Cyber-Physical Systems and programming language, allowing both cyber and physical
Events." (Talcott et al. (2008) For the following reasons, components to be integrated flexibly using XML-based
event-based semantics were chosen: (1) Rather than an configuration requirements. (West, R. and Parmar, G.
internal state, the events address interactions between (2006)).
components and observations. This allows for higher-level
specification and reasoning while also allowing for easy VII. CONCLUSIONS
integration with more detailed data. (2) The events represent
the concept of causal partial order, which reflects the The article provides a brief overview of the current
physical reality that deciding a linear order for occurrences state of the art in the creation of CPSs, or future engineering
separated in space is impossible (and should not depend on systems, to which several governments (e.g., the United
it). Talcott et al. (2008) provide two compositional models, States and the European Union) are paying more attention
one for autonomous agents and one for interactive agents, in by providing a variety of financing options. The authors will
their work. The interactive agent paradigm appears to strive to establish a framework to ensure the dependability
provide the kind of interaction required in CPSs. Modeling attribute of these systems by evaluating their behaviour,
of CPSs must take into account the interaction of physical starting with this paper, which highlights the necessity to
and cyber components, as well as communications, construct CPSs in many application areas, the research
necessitating the creation of a formal framework for hurdles, and early achievements in this field. The evaluation
analysing these systems. entails the creation of a CPSs event-driven multi-agent
model capable of combining physical and cyber components
Bujorianu and Barringer (2009) present a formal and allowing for the accurate assessment of their
methodology termed "Hilbertean formal methods" to give a interdependencies. There is a robust need for unifying
denotational semantics for these systems in their paper "An terminologies and system framework. Methodology of
Integrated Specification Logic for Cyber-Physical Systems." abstraction and robust theory both are needed in
The technique blends denotational semantics with an conceptualization, implementation and testing of CPS.
algebraic model for physical processes to demonstrate the
CPSs paradigm's holistic perspective, and it has the FUTURE SCOPE
following major features: (1) It ensures consistency when
dealing with deterministic and stochastic models; (2) It is Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is an booming
built on a domain theoretic semantics; and (3) Environment terminology and it will transform how humans will interact
features are specified as type classes. with physical world CPS can be a further contribution to the
challenges of our society and are exceedingly relevant in
D. CPSs Examples fields of applications. Economic sectors where CPS will
Even if the CPS foundations have not yet been defined, bring dynamic changes majorly are manufacturing,
there are research centres that have built previous examples healthcare, transportation etc.CPS can be referred to as the
of CPSs or have posed CPS development problems in next general purpose technology that can bring industrial
specific application areas. In this part, we'll look at two revolution.
cases.
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