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European Scientific Journal February 2013 edition vol.9, No.6 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431

BOND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH THE

REINFORCEMENT BARS POLLUTED WITH OIL

Ismaeel H.Musa Albarwary

Duhok Polytechnic University, Iraq
James H.Haido
School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
University of Duhok, Iraq

Abstract:
Practically, the concrete is usually cast in forms made from wood or steel. These forms are
oiled to avoid their adhesion with the hardened concrete material. The reinforced steel bars
may be polluted with the oil when they placed over or inside the forms. This pollution may
affect the bond between the steel bars used and concrete and consequently the strength of
reinforced concrete members will decrease. In present investigation, the bond strength of the
oil polluted steel bars with concrete was studied. Tests were conducted on 72 cylindrical
concrete specimens with compressive strength of 24 MPa at age of 28 days. Two embedded
lengths of steel bars were considered in present tests namely 30 cm and 15 cm with four bar
diameters. Based on the current experimental results, it is concluded that the pollution of steel
bars with oil does not affect their bond strength if the embedded length of the bars is
increased and their diameters are decreased. For these bars the bond strength is greater than
the tensile strength. It is observed that the embedded length of the bar inversely affects the
deterioration of the bond strength due to the bar pollution. For the polluted and non polluted
bars it can be stated that small bar sizes has greater bond strength than large bar sizes if the
embedded length is small. The predominant type mode of failure is splitting mode for all the
tested specimens and no slip failure occurred in testing all the polluted and non-polluted bars
throughout the experiments.

Keywords: Bond strength, polluted reinforcement, reinforced concrete

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Introduction
The transfer of axial force from reinforcing steel bar to the surrounding concrete
produced from the development of tangential stress components along the contact surface.
The stress acting parallel to the bar along the interface is called bond stress (Pillai & Kirk
1938, Hadi 2008). For the reinforced concrete material, it is necessary to create suitable bond
between steel bars and surrounding concrete. Bond ensures that there is little or no slip of the
steel bars relative to the concrete and the means by which stress is transferred across the
steel-concrete (Hadi 2008, Warner et al 1998). Bond resistance is made up of chemical
adhesion, friction and mechanical interlock between the bar and surrounding concrete. To
avoid the adhesion of the hardened concrete and the constructional forms, the oil is widely
used nowadays in the site constructions. This practical method may influence on the bond
between the concrete and steel bars due to the pollution of steel bars by the oil before
concrete casting.
The bond strength of the reinforcement steel with concrete was studied by many
authors. Moetaz and EL-Hawary (1999) were studied bond strength properties of expoxy-
coated steel reinforcement embedded in concrete with considering many pull-out tests. Bond
strength degradation of steel bars and concrete under the effect of cyclic loading was
measured by Cao and Chung (2001). The effect of different degree of corrosion for steel bars
on the bond strength of concrete has been investigated by Fang et al (2004) and Fang et al
(2006). Abdelbaky (2004) has been investigated the effect of rust removal agent on the bond
strength of reinforcing steel bars. He had studied the effect of a new chemical agent
developed by chemical companies called rust-stop or rust removal in removing the rust and
its influence on the bond between reinforcing steel bars and concrete. His conclusions
showed that the bond strength was reduced by a percentage of 7.6% when the bars coated
with rust agent. Hadi (2008) had investigated the bond strength of high strength concrete with
high strength reinforcement steel. He was used a concrete with compressive strength of about
70 MPa and a steel grade of 500 MPa. The conclusions were stated that the pull out
specimens with smaller bar size has greater bond strength than that of the specimens with the
large bar diameter. The test results also indicated that the initial stiffness increased as the
amount of concrete surrounding the reinforcing bar increased. Foroughi et al. (2008)
investigated the bond strength of the reinforcement steel bars in self-compacting concrete.
They concluded that the self-compacting concrete specimens generated higher bond to
reinforcing bars than the normal concrete specimens and the correlation between bond
strength and compressive strength of normal concrete is more consistent. The bond strength

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of self compacting concrete and steel bars was studied also by Valcuende and Parra (2009)
with depending on different parameters. Selvarag and Bhuvaneshwari (2009) studied the
effect of applying different barrier coatings to the steel bars to protect them from corrosion.
They had used four different coatings namely epoxy silicon-polymide used with two different
pigments, polyester poly-aromatic isocyanate, and acrylic polyol-aromatic isocyanate. It has
been concluded that the epoxy silicon polyamide resin based coating formulation shows good
mechanical properties in addition to the barrier protection to the steel bars from corrosive
environments. This conclusion agrees with the work results for Verma and Balasubramaniam
(2011) in relation to the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. They concluded that the
structures exposed to deicing salts might benefit from the use of epoxy - coated steel bars. In
another paper for Alengaram et al. (2010), a comparison has been made between the
mechanical properties and bond properties of oil palm kernel shell lightweight concrete
(OPKSC) and normal weight concrete (NWC). They concluded that the bond strength of
(OPKSC) was found about 86% of the corresponding normal weight concrete and that there
was no slip failure between (OPKSC) and reinforcement. Further, they showed that the
experimental bond stress of (OPKSC) was 2.5 times higher than the stress calculated based
on British standards. In 2010, bond tests for standard concrete beams have been conducted by
Johnson (2010). He considered six types of reinforcement corrosion. The mechanical bond
slope and initial bond stress were measured. It was demonstrated that the increasing in
relative area of the steel bar ribs led to improve the initial bond strength. Assaad and Issa
(2012) have been studied the bond strength of steel bars coated with epoxy and embedded in
underwater concrete. Experimental works have been conducted and it was concluded that the
ultimate bond stress is influenced by the washout loss level. The effect of accelerated
corrosion on the bond strength of steel bars and concrete was investigated by Yalciner et al.
(2012). The outcomes showed that due to the cracking of concrete during the test, the
concrete specimens with high strength and corroded reinforcements gave higher degradation
of bond strength.
According to the previous studies, it is demonstrated that the influence of oil pollution
for steel bars on concrete strength has not been studied concisely so far. Thus, further
investigations in this direction are considered essential. Present work includes the studying of
the effect of polluted steel bars with the oil on the bonding stress between these bars and
concrete material with taking into account many variables such as embedded length of steel
bar, bar size and degree of pollution.

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Material and Method

Main materials
The basic materials which used in preparation of concrete specimens for present
experiments are as hereunder:
a- Ordinary Portland cement with the specific gravity of 3.10 and initial setting time
of 105 minutes.
b- Local Iraqi sand from Al-Khazer area with the fineness modulus of 2.8.
c- Local Iraqi rounded gravel from Al-Khazer area with a maximum size of 25 mm.
d- Oil used for pollution of steel bars. The used oil is a mixture of kerosene with a
percent of 33% and 66% of lubricant oil. The specific gravity for present oil is 0.87.
e- Deformed steel bars, where the tensile strengths for these bars were measured (as
given in Table 1) before using them in the bond tests.
More specific properties for the main material which used in current specimens are
given in Table 2.
According to the properties of materials used, concrete mix is designed to cast all the
specimens. Present designed mix proportions are listed in Table 3.
Preparation of specimens
A total of 72 pull out cylindrical specimens were made in two main groups. Each
group consists of 36 specimens (Fig. 1). The first group (Group1) includes of specimens with
embedded bars of 30 cm length and the second group (Group2) comprises samples with
embedded bars of 15 cm length. For each group, the variables tested were bar diameter and
the degree of the pollution of the steel bar. Four bar diameters were adopted namely 10, 12,
16, and 20 mm. While, the surface area of the embedded bars was polluted by coating them
with the oil by a brush in three degrees which are as follows:-
1-No pollution- denoted as (0% poll.)
2-Half of the embedded surface area is polluted longitudinally - denoted as (50%
poll.)
3- Entire embedded surface area is polluted longitudinally - denoted as (100% poll.)
These three cases of pollution of steel bar are depicted in Fig. 2.
For each variable studied in present research, three identical specimens were tested
with using the same mixing, curing and testing conditions. The details of the considered
parameters or variables which depended in current experimental investigation are listed in
Table 4.
Before pouring the concrete in the moulds of pull out test, the internal surfaces of
these moulds were oiled and the bottom of the concrete was isolated from the moulds by a

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cylindrical sheet made from cork with a hole at center of concrete specimen base to fix the
reinforcing bars vertically. The length of reinforcing steel bars is about 600 mm. Fresh
concrete was poured into the mould in five layers for the specimens of 300 mm height and in
two layers for the specimens of 150 mm height. Each layer was compacted by 25 blows using
the standard compacting rod and later the concrete surface was smoothed. After 24 hours, the
moulds were removed and the concrete specimens were cured in a water tank for 28 days.
Eight concrete cubes (two cubes per each bars diameter) with size of 15 cm were cast
to measure the reference compressive strength of the hardened concrete employed in present
specimen fabrication. The average compressive strength for these cubes is around 24 MPa.
Pull-out testing
A hollow hydraulic machine (Fig. 3) with maximum loading capacity of 30 ton was
used to perform current bond tests. The load was applied with a rate of 2 kN/sec and
distributed on the specimen surface by a square steel plate with size of 20 cm and a hole at
the center. All the specimens were tested at age of 28 days. The schematic diagram for the
test layout is shown in Fig. 4.
Bond stress calculation
Bond stress is calculated as average stress between the reinforcing bar and the
surrounding concrete along the embedded length of the bar. In general, the bond stress
corresponding to the maximum pull out load can be regarded as the bond strength or the
ultimate bond. The criterion of ultimate bond strength is characterized by its clear definition
and simplicity in bond strength interpretation (Hadi 2008, Soylev & Francois 2006, ACI
Committee 2002). For uniform bond, the bond stress S can be expressed as:
S = Pmax / (π×L×d) (1)
Where
Pmax= maximum pull out load
d=diameter of the bar
L =Embedded bar length
Equation 1 was employed in present calculation of bonding stress between the
embedded steel bar and the surrounding concrete for the specimen.
Experimental outcomes
Bond strength was calculated as the average stress with depending aforementioned
equation 1. The ultimate load at the failure of each concrete sample was obtained too. It has
been seen that the pull out test specimens failed in two modes of failure namely splitting
failure of the specimen CSF and steel rupture failure SRF. Based on data given in Tables 5
and 6, it is demonstrated that there is no pullout (slip) mode occurred throughout the

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experiments and the splitting failure mode was predominant type of failure for the tested
specimens. This means that the reinforcement steel pollution does not decrease the chemical
adhesion and friction between the hardened concrete and the bars significantly. In addition to
that the mechanical interlock between the bars and surrounding concrete is the most effective
component in the bond strength for the deformed bars.
The effect of each parameter or variable considered in present study on the bond
strength of concrete with the polluted steel bars used is given as hereunder:
a- Effect of the steel bar embedded length
Figs. 5 and 6 show the variation of bond strength of concrete with the steel bars of 15
cm embedded length and bars of 30 cm embedded length respectively. It was observed that
the embedded length of the bar greatly affects the bond strength especially for bars of small
diameter (i.e. 10 and 12mm in present tests) in specimens of 30 cm embedded length. In
addition to that it was appeared that the failure mode was SRF in these specimens; which
refer to that the bond strength is greater than the tensile strength of the steel bars. In general,
it has been seen also that the bond strength decreases when the embedded length increases.
For the full-polluted 16 mm bar diameter specimens with 30 cm embedded length, the
decrease in the bond strength with respect to no polluted case was 6.88% while decreasing of
29% was observed for the same specimens of 15 cm embedded length as depicted in Figs. 7
and 8. In addition to that, the test results show that the maximum loss of 29% in bond
strength for the 15 cm embedded bar length specimens occurred in the case of specimen G3;
while the maximum loss in the bond strength of 30 cm embedded bar length specimens
happened in the concrete sample D3 with the percentage of 16%. This indicates that the
embedded length of the steel bar inversely influences the deterioration of the bond strength
due to the bar pollution. From these test results of the non-polluted specimens, it can be said
that the pull out specimens with small bar size and embedded length has greater bond
strength than that of the specimens with the large bar size and embedded length.
b- Steel bar diameter influence
Fig. 5 shows the variation of the bond strength of 30cm specimens for all bar sizes. It
is clearly shown that specimens of small bar diameters (i.e. 10 mm and 12mm) fail in SRF
mode of failure; while the others were failed in CSF mode of failure. This due to that the
bond strength between the concrete and the bars is greater than the tensile strength of the steel
bars of 10 mm and 12 mm diameter for all pollution degrees of steel bars.
For the specimens of 30 cm bar embedded length with 16 mm and 20 mm diameters
there is a decrease in the bond strength for all polluted bars whether they are half-polluted or

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full polluted, but there is no general trend for this decrease. The maximum bond loss of
16.04% occurs in the specimens of full-polluted bars with 20 mm diameter.
Fig. 6 illustrates that the maximum bond loss for the specimens of 15 cm embedded
bar length is about 29% which occurs in specimens of full-polluted bars with 16 mm diameter
and the minimum bond loss of 0.8% happens in concrete specimens of full- polluted bar with
diameter of 10 mm.
For the half-polluted bars, the maximum bond loss of 19.73% occurs in the specimens
with 12 mm diameter steel bar and the minimum bond loss of 6.36% takes place in concrete
sampls of 20mm diameter bar as shown in Fig. 7.
It can be stated that the diameter of the bar greatly affects the variation of bond
strength of the polluted bars with concrete when the embedded length of the bar is increased.
c- Effect of the pollution degree
Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate the variation of residual bond strength (i.e. subtraction of the
bond strength loss from 100) with the bar pollution for specimens of 30 cm length and 15 cm
length respectively.
According to these Figs., it can be seen that for specimens of 30 cm length the degree
of pollution of small bars with diameters of 10 mm and12 mm does not change the bond
strength. While for other diameters, there is an increase in the bond strength deterioration due
to the increasing in the degree of pollution. For the tested specimens, the deterioration of the
bond strength increases with increasing the degree of the bar pollution except for specimens
that have bars of 10 mm diameter and 15 cm embedded length. The reason of this fact, is the
incompatibility between the load and the small bearing area of 50% in which the load is
immediately transferred to the unpolluted side of the bar which causing the bond failure. For
specimens with length of 15 cm, the degree of pollution of bars also affects the strength loss
for all bar diameters used except for 10 mm diameter. The maximum percentage of the
residual bond strength of 100% occurs in specimens of 30 cm length reinforced with 10 mm
and 12 mm bars for all the degrees of pollution. While the maximum percentage of the
residual bond strength of 99.20% occurs in specimens of 15 cm length reinforced with 10 mm
bar with pollution degree of 100%. From the test results, it is appeared also that the
increasing in the degree of pollution for the steel bar increases the bond strength loss.
Conclusions
Based on the tests results of present experimental research, these conclusions have
been drawn:

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1- The pollution of steel bar with oil does not affect the bond strength if the embedded
length of the steel bar is increased and the bar diameter is decreased.
2- The embedded length of the bar inversely affects the deterioration of the bond
strength due to the bar pollution.
3- The predominant mode of failure is splitting mode of failure for all tested
specimens.
4- For concrete samples of small embedded bar length, the mode of failure is SRF for
small bar diameters; while the mode is CSF for large bar diameters.
5- For specimens of large embedded bar length, no general trend is observed for the
relation between the deterioration of bond strength and the bar diameter of the polluted bars.
6- For concrete specimens of large embedded length, the bond strength of the small
bars is larger than the tensile strength of the bars.
7- In general, the loss in bond strength increases when the degree of the bar pollution
increases.
8- No slip failure occurs in testing all the polluted and non-polluted steel bars
throughout current bond tests.
9- For the polluted and non polluted steel bars, it can be stated that small bar sizes has
greater bond strength than the large bar sizes if the embedded length is small.

Acknowledgments:
The authors are very grateful to the Duhok Constructional Laboratory and the
technician Mr. Heja who is working at Duhok Technical Inistitute Laboratory for their
assistance.

References:
Abedelbaky, S 2004, 'The effect of rust removal agent on bond strength of reinforcing bars',
Mansoura Engineering Journal, vol. 29, no. 2.
ACI Committee 318, 2002, 'Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete', American
Concrete Institute (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (318R-02), USA.
Alengaram, UJ, Mahmud, H & Jumaat, MZ 2010, 'Comparison of mechanical and bond
properties of oil palm kernel shell concrete with normal weight concrete', International
Journal of the Physical Sciences, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1231-1239.
Assaad, JJ & Issa, CA 2012, 'Bond strength of epoxy-coated bars in underwater concrete',
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 30, pp. 667–674.

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Cao, J & Chung, DDL, 2001, 'Degradation of the bond between concrete and steel under
cyclic shear loading monitored by contact electrical resistance measurement', Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 669-671.
Fang, C, Lundgren, K, Chen, L & Zhu, Ch 2004, 'Corrosion influence on bond in reinforced
concrete', Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2159–2167.
Fang, C, Lundgren, K, Plos, M & Gylltoft, K 2006, 'Bond behaviour of corroded reinforcing
steel bars in concrete', Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1931–1938.
Foroughi, A, Dilmaghani, S & Famili, H 2008, 'Bond reinforcement steel in self compacting
concrete', International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 24-33.
Hadi, MNS 2008, 'Bond of high strength concrete with high strength reinforcing steel', The
Open Civil Journal, vol. 2, pp. 143-147.
Johnson, JB 2010, 'Bond Strength of Corrosion Resistant Steel Reinforcement in Concrete',
MSc Thesis, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Moetaz, M & El-Hawary 1999, 'Evaluation of bond strength of epoxy-coated bars in concrete
exposed to marine environment', Construction and Building Materials, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 357-
362.
Pillai, SU & Kirk, DW 1983, 'Reinforced concrete design in Canada', McGraw-hill.
Selvaraj, R & Bhuvaneshwari, B 2009, 'Characterization and development of organic coating
for steel rebars in concrete', Electrochimica Acta, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 657-670.
Soylev, TA & Francois, R 2006, 'Effects of bar-placement conditions on steel concrete',
Materials and Structures, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 187-195.
Valcuende, M & Parra, C 2009, 'Bond behaviour of reinforcement in self-compacting
concretes', Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 162–170.
Verma, N & Balasubramaniam, R 2011, 'Corrosion of Steel Reinforcements in Concrete',
MME 480 TERM PAPER, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.
Warner, RF, Rangan, BV, Hall, AS & Faulkes, KA 1998, 'Structures'. Longman Australia.
Yalciner, H, Eren, O & Sensoy, S 2012, 'An experimental study on the bond strength between
reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete cover, strength and corrosion level',
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 643–655.

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Table 1: Properties of the used reinforcing bars

Nominal bar diameter (Ø) Actual bar diameter (Ø) Tensile strength
mm mm
MPa

10 9.8 765.6

12 11.8 732.4

16 15.8 663.5

20 19.7 662.3

Table 2: Characteristics of the materials used in present

specimens
Properties Amount Unit

Gravel Absorption 0.7 %

Sand Absorption 2.0 %

Fineness Modulus 2.8 ---

Maximum aggregate size 25 mm

Cement Specific Gravity 3.1 ---

Gravel Specific Gravity 2.65 ---

Sand Specific Gravity 2.7 ---

Oil Specific Gravity o.87

Gravel bulk Density 1765 Kg/m³

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Table 3: Materials proportion of present designed concrete

mix
Water/Cement
Cement Sand Gravel
ratio

1 1.78 3.31 0.55

Table 4: Parameters and variables studied in this research

No. Parameters Variables Amount

Embedded length
1 150 and 300 mm 2
(Embedded length)

10,12,16 and 20
2 Bar diameter (Ø) 4
mm

Degree of pollution% 0%,50% and

3 3
(%poll.) 100%

Total number of the specimens = 2(groups) × 4(Ø) × 3(% of pull.) × 3

(Specimens)= 72 Specimens

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Table 5: Pullout test results for 30 cm with length around 30 cm

poll. Ø Bar embedded length load

Item Failure mode
% mm mm KN

A1 0 9.8 300 56.70 SRF

A2 50 9.8 301 56.60 SRF
A3 100 9.8 302 60.40 SRF
B1 0 11.8 302 80.38 SRF
B2 50 11.8 300 83.14 SRF
B3 100 11.8 300 81.26 SRF
C1 0 15.8 303 110.54 CSF
C2 50 15.8 303 109.46 CSF
C3 100 15.8 302 102.60 CSF
D1 0 19.7 302 131.73 CSF
D2 50 19.7 300 120.12 CSF
D3 100 19.7 300 109.86 CSF

Table 6: Pullout test results for specimens with length around 15 cm

Bar embedded
poll. Ø Failure
Item length load KN
% mm mode
mm
E1 0 9.8 148 50.50 CSF
E2 50 9.8 151 43.18 CSF
E3 100 9.8 150 50.77 CSF
F1 0 11.8 150 80.49 SRF
F2 50 11.8 152 65.47 CSF
F3 100 11.8 150 61.87 CSF
G1 0 15.8 153 74.47 CSF
G2 50 15.8 148 60.37 CSF
G3 100 15.8 151 51.78 CSF
H1 0 19.7 147 60.72 CSF
H2 50 19.7 150 58.02 CSF
H3 100 19.7 151 53.37 CSF

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Fig. 1a: Concrete samples for a group

Fig. 1b: Curing of the specimens

Fig. 1: Preparation of present concrete specimens used in pullout tests

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a
Steel bar

Black oil

Concrete
a cylinder
A- Non-polluted bar B- 100%-polluted bar C- 50%-polluted bar
(Top view)

(Section a-

Fig. 2: Cases of steel bar oil pollution

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Fig. 3: Poll-out test specimen and loading machine

Pullout loading

Steel bar

Bearing steel plate

Pullout
apparatus frame
Steel bar pullout
loading recorder
Concrete
sample

Fig. 4: Schematic layout of present bond stress test

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Fig. 5: Average bond strength of concrete with bars of 30 cm length

Fig. 6: Average bond strength of concrete with steel bars of 15 cm length

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Fig. 7: Average loss of bond strength due to 50% steel pollution

Fig. 8: Average loss of bond strength due to 100% steel pollution

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Fig. 9: Variation of residual bond strength with bar pollution for

specimens of 30 cm length

Fig.10: Variation of residual bond strength with bar pollution for

specimens of 15 cm length

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