ME341: Lab Report

Experiment Number: 2-b

Experiment Name: Heat Transfer through extended surface

Group Name: A4

Date of Experiment: Thursday, 24th January 2023

Date of Report Submission: 31-01-23

Name of the students:

1. Anuraj Singh (200172)

2. Aparna Kachari (200175)

3. Arin Kanchan (200182)

4. Arnav Pandey (200188)

5. Aryan Raj (200202)

6. Ashutosh Dwivedi (200150)

7. Ashutosh Muduly (200214)

8. Deepesh Chandra (190265)

Contents:

SI. No. Topic Page no.

1. Objective

2. Theory

3. Figures

4. Procedure

5. Observation Table

6. Calculation & Result

Experiment No. 2(b)

Heat Transfer through extended surface

Objectives:

1. Measure temperature distribution along an extended surface and

compare results with that obtained using theoretical analysis

2. Calculate heat transfer from an extended surface resulting from

combined modes of free convection and radiation heat transfer and
compare results with that obtained using theoretical analysis.

3. Determine thermal conductivity of the rod material

Theory:
Part 1:
The term extended surfaces is commonly used to depict an important special
case involving heat transfer by conduction within a solid and heat transfer by
convection (and/or radiation) from the boundaries of the solid. The direction
of heat transfer in extended surfaces from the boundaries is perpendicular to
the principal direction of heat transfer in the solid. A temperature gradient
exists along each fin (or pin) due to a combination of the conductivity of the
material and heat loss to the surroundings (greater at the root and less at the
tip). Temperature distribution along the fin (or, pin) must be known to
determine heat transfer from the surface to its surroundings. Since radiation
and natural convection occur simultaneously from the surface, both these
effects must also be included in the analysis. By considering the steady-state
energy balance for an extended surface of uniform material and
cross-sectional area, the following equation can be derived:

Since ℎ, P, k , and A are constant for a given rod with fixed power input, m
2 must also be a constant. Assuming that the diameter of the pin is small
in comparison with its length, heat loss at the tip can be assumed to be
negligible at the tip, x=L .
Note that the magnitude of the temperature gradient decreases with increasing . This trend is
a consequence of the reduction in conduction heat transfer with increasing due to continuous
convection and radiation losses from the fin surface.

Part 2:
Total heat loss from the rod can be calculated as follows:

where, the heat transfer coefficient (HTC), ℎ, is the combined coefficient due to natural
convection and radiation, i.e.,
where, = Length of the rod (distance from T1 to T8) = 35

Note that distance between each thermocouple is 5 starting from 0.0

at T1. Ts = Average surface temperature of the rod (averaged from
temperature T1to T8) Ta = Ambient air temperature (T9)
Experimental Setup:
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that equipment has been prepared as follows:

1. Locate the 15 Extended Surface Heat Transfer Accessory alongside the 10 Heat Transfer
Service Unit on a suitable bench. Note that since heat transfer from extended surfaces
relies on natural convection and radiation to the surroundings, both accessories must be
located away from draughts or source of radiation

2. Connect all nine thermocouples on 15 to the appropriate sockets at the front of the
service unit.

3. Ensure that labels on the thermocouples leads (T1 – T9) match the labels on the sockets. Set
the voltage control potentiometer to a minimum (anti-clockwise) and selector switch to
manual and connect the power lead from the 15 to the socket marked / 3 at the rear of the
service unit.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the main switch.

2. Set heater voltage to 20with the help of voltage control potentiometer.

3. Monitor temperature T1 regularly and when T1 reaches 80° , reduce the heater voltage to 9
(the initial higher setting will reduce the time taken for the temperature on the rod to
stabilize).

4. Allow temperature to stabilize till a steady-state is reached.

5. Record voltage and current supplied to the heater.

6. Record temperature at each position along the rod (T1 to T8) and ambient air temperature
(T9).
 7. Set the heater voltage to 12 and 16 and repeat the above steps.

Observation Table :
Case 1:

S. No Voltmeter Reading(V) Ammeter Reading(A) Power(W)

1 7V 0.18 A 1.26W

S.N. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Time
T1( C) T2( C) T3( C) T4( C) T5( C) T6( C) T7( C) T8( C) Tamb( C)
(min.)
1 25.9 23.4 22.3 20.7 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.2 0
2 31.5 28.1 25.7 23.4 22.3 21.5 21.6 21.3 20.3 10
3 33.2 29.4 26.3 24.5 23.2 22.3 22.0 22.0 20.4 20
4 33.3 30.1 27.4 24.8 23.6 22.6 22.4 22.4 20.6 30
5 33.4 30.2 27.4 24.9 23.7 22.7 22.5 22.4 20.7 40

Case 2:
S. No Voltmeter Reading(V) Ammeter Reading(A) Power(W)
1 9 0.24 2.16

S.N. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Time
T1( C) T2( C) T3( C) T4( C) T5( C) T6( C) T7( C) T8( C) Tamb( C)
(min.)
1 40.8 34.8 30.2 26.8 25.0 23.5 23.2 23.0 20.8 0
2 42 35.7 31.0 27.5 25.5 24.0 23.5 23.5 20.9 10
3 42.5 35.9 31.3 27.6 25.7 24.2 23.6 23.5 20.8 20
4 42.5 36.0 31.3 27.7 25.6 24.0 23.4 23.4 20.7 30
3

Calculations and graphs

Part 1:

Calculating the value of "m" for each thermocouple measurements, using the formula
For set: 1
(Voltage = 7V) at x = 5cm
T(x) = T_{2} = 30.2 deg * C
L = 35cm
T_{1} = 33.4 deg * C_{1}
T_{a} = 20.7 deg * C

(30.2-20.7/33.4-20.7) = (cosh m1(0.35 - 0.05)/cosh(m1*0.35))

m1 = 7.0599 (using newton Raphson method)

{solving using MATLAB command}

Now, calculating the theoretical T(x) at each point along the rod using the average value of ‘m’.

For set 1 (Voltage = 7V): at x=5cm, with L=35cm,

T1 = 35.5 deg C,
Ta = 22.5 deg C and
m_avg = 7.5381

Cosh(m_avg(L-x))/cosh(m_avg.L) = (T2-Ta)/(T1-Ta)

T2 = 32.27deg C

Part II : Calculating for set 1(Input Voltage 7V):

T_s = (33.4+30.2+27.4+24.9+23.7+22.7+22.5+22.4)/8
T_s = 25.9 deg C (300.73K)

Now various physical properties of air at (25.9+20.7)/2 = 23.3 deg C (296.3K)

Using:

Beta = 3.3945 * 10^-3 K^-1

g= 9.81 m/s^2
T_a = 22.5 deg
C D = 1 cm

Kinematic viscosity = 1.54 * 10^-5 m^2/s

Alpha(thermal diffusivity) = 2.24 * 10^-5 m^2/s
k = 0.026 W/mK
Hece Ra_D = 510.1
C = 0.85 and n = 0.188

Nu_c = h_cD/k = CRa_D^n = 2.744

h_c = 7.180 W/m^2-K

Now h_r = 5.201 W/m^2-K

H = h_c + h_r = 12.381 (W/m^2K)

Hence, by Q_tot = h.A.(T_s – Ta)=12.381*(3.14*0.35*0.01)*(25.9-20.7)

Q_tot = 0.710 W

For Input Voltage 7V (Set – 1):

So, error percentage in theoretical and experimental values of heat transfer is

(Q_theoretical - Q_experimental)/(Q_theoretical) = (1.26-0.710)/1.26 = 43.65 %

For set: 2
(Voltage = 7V) at x = 5cm
T(x) = T_{2} = 36.0 deg * C
L = 35cm
T_{1} = 42.5 deg * C_{1}
T_{a} = 20.7 deg * C

(36.0-20.7/42.5-20.7) = (cosh m1(0.35 - 0.05)/cosh(m1*0.35))

m1 = 7.6279 (using newton Raphson method)

{solving using MATLAB command}

Now, calculating the theoretical T(x) at each point along the rod using the average value of ‘m’.

For set 2 (Voltage = 9V): at x=5cm, with L=35cm,

T1 = 45.4 deg C,
Ta = 23.6 deg C and
m_avg = 7.6279
Cosh(m_avg(L-x))/cosh(m_avg.L) = (T2-Ta)/(T1-Ta)

T2 = 43.69 deg C

Part II : Calculating for set 2(Input Voltage 9V):

T_s = (42.5+36.0+31.3+27.7+25.6+24.0+23.4+23.4)/8
T_s = 29.2 deg C (302.24K)

Now various physical properties of air at (29.2+20.7)/2 = 24.95 deg C (297.95K)

Using:

Beta = 3.3945 * 10^-3 K^-1

g= 9.81 m/s^2
T_a = 22.5 deg
C D = 1 cm

Kinematic viscosity = 1.54 * 10^-5 m^2/s

Alpha(thermal diffusivity) = 2.24 * 10^-5 m^2/s
k = 0.026 W/mK

Hece Ra_D = 529.67

C = 0.85 and n = 0.188

Nu_c = h_cD/k = CRa_D^n = 3.535

h_c = 8.970 W/m^2-K

Now h_r = 6.201 W/m^2-K

H = h_c + h_r = 15.171 (W/m^2K)

Hence, by Q_tot = h.A.(T_s – Ta)=12.381*(3.14*0.35*0.01)*(29.2-20.7)

Q_tot = 1.417 W
For Input Voltage 9v (Set-2):

Error:

(Q_theoretical - Q_experimental)/(Q_theoretical) =(2.16-1.417)/2.16= 34.39 %

Part III:

Set 1:

K_brass = h.P/(m^2 . A) = 87.73W/m.K

Set 2:

K_brass = h.P(m^2.A) = 99.89 W/m.K

Graphs