EJERCICIOS DE RESPUESTAS A SISTEMAS DE PRIMER ORDEN. CAP 4. Capitulo 4 41,42, 44,46, 49, 410, 4.13Athormometer having a time constant of 0.2 min is placed in a temporature bath, and after tho thermometer comes to equilbxium with the bath, the temperature of the bath Is Increased linearly with time at a rate of 1°/min. What is the difference between the indicated temperature and the bath temperature (2) 0.1 min, (b) 1.0 min after the change in temperature begins? (c) What is the maximum deviation between whan does it occur? icated temperature and bath temperature, and (d) Plot the forcing function and response on the same graph. After a long enough time, by how many minutes does the response lag the input? if we let the actual fluid temperature be x, and the indicated thermometer temperature be y. Y(s)__ 1 X(s) r+ X(H=1, Xs) yy - 2 1 SABC (s)= sooo + rs+1 s*(0.2s+1) s%(s+5) 5 Ss? s+5 Cross-multiply and equate coefficients of the like powers of s on both sides of the equation As(s+5)+ B(s +5)+Cs* =5 F:A4C=0 s:SA+B=0 s':SB=5 »B=1, 4=-0.2, C-0.2 y= 0241, 02 s s+5 Inverting: yo 0.2(1-e-5t) The difference between ir cated temperature and the bath temperature is: difference =-0.2(1-e~*)| a) For t=0.1 min, difference =-0.2(1-e° |-0.079° F|For =1.0 min difference = -0.2(1- e*) =|-0.199° F| ‘Comment Step 3of4 A As te, difference -0.2°F (maximum value) ‘Maximum value of the temperature deviation = -0.2°F as t > = 2% As {+ = the input and response are parallel ines. Y¥()orX(t Yo, and since, xD =t The response lags the input by 0.2 minutes 02 ‘Solving Problem 4.1 using MATLAB. \We know the transfer function for such a first order system with a time constant of 0.2 min is given by:GH1(0.2"041)G=1/(0.2"941) where the temperatures are expressed as deviations from the inital bath temperature. If the temperature is ramped at 1 deg/min: X=laplace/t'Heaviside(t))X =1is"2 and ¥(5) is given by ‘Y=symmul(X,G) (symbolic muitipicaton of two functions) Y =115°2/(2°s#1) Taking the inverse Laplace Y=invieplece(Y) Y=invlaplace(Y)¥ =t-2000000000000000+.2000000000000000"exp(-5."t) We can now evaluate the difference between the thermometer temperature and the bath temperature by evaluating Y() difference=symsub(V.X)Tdiff =-.2000000000000000+.2000000000000000"exp(-5.")t=0.1; eval aaa] an an g a1 2.192 0104] at at o 1 2 3 4 5 1 ‘The temperature difference increases as lime Increases and asymptotically approaches 0.2 degrees as time approaches infinity.‘The temperature difference increases as time Increases and asymptotically approaches 0.2 degrees as time approaches infinity. ezplot{Y,[0 5]); title(‘Problem 4.1’); ylabel('Y(t)'); yi) hold onxX=invleplace(X)X =tezplot(X, [0 5); ttle(Problem 4.1); ylabel(Y(t) or X(t) hold onX=inviaplace(X)X =tezplot(X, [0 5): tte Problem 4.1'; ylabel(Y(t) or X(t) Y(t) or X(t) q o 1 2 3 4 5 hold off By comparing Yand x: Y, XY =t-2000000000000000+.2000000000000000"exp(-5.*t)X =t We can see that for large t, Viags Xby 0.2 minutes, or, Y(t+0.2)=X(0)Amercuty thermometer bulb is in. long by in. diameter. The glass envelope is very thin. Calculate the time constant in water flowing at 10 flsec at a temperature of 100° F. In your solution, give a summary that includes (2) Assumplons used () Source of data (6) Resuts s Al esistance toheatfow is n te outside fim ‘= All heat capacity is in mercury b) the following data are from Kem "Process Heat Transfer” Mater Btu ¢, 2 OF Bru £=036—— fehr OF lb 0.72cp = 0.72(2.42)P— # ‘Pp (2-42) er Mercury: Btu Ibo F specific gravity = 136 From Bennett and Myers third edtion page 391 equation 249 we obt. hD_, Dup,, 3 Ae = Py Pr k “ C, =0.33 whereic Pr Lott = OXO.T2N2A2) «4 gy >A 2 ~0.174013451)"*"(.10.69)= 115.2 _115.20.36) _ Bru ee. k h=11.52— 7 — D Ory FYE) 812 1 341 Gide eC Key = ( are 4 vg? 0.208in* = 0.00145 ft? = 1) ; Hea = (8) {4} =c00s9i0 He,_, = 2.005962:41139) _ 9 g9p04p 1728in' / fi me _ (0.0029)(0.033)3600) TA (3989)(0.00145) 0.059sec|‘A thermometer having first-order dynarrics with a time constant of 1 min is placed in 2 temperature bath at 100°F. After the thermometer reaches steady state, itis suddenly placedin a bath at 110°F at f= 0 and left there for 1 min, alter which itis immediately returned to the bath at 100°F (@) Draw a sketch showing the variation of the thermometer reading with time. (0) Calculate the thermometer reading at {= 0.5 min and at = 2.0 min, The mercury thermometer is a first order trensfer function with unsteady state behavior of an ordinary mercury-in-glass thermometer ‘y= thermometer reading, x =fluid temperature Gtass wall ‘Mercury Cross sectional view of the mercury thermometer The standard transfer function for the fist order system is, Y(s)__K, X(s) e+ Here, ris the time constant and K, is the steady state gain Forfirst order system, K, ‘Then, Ys) Fora step change of A, the transfer function of V(r) is‘Then, the first order function for a step change of 4 will be, ¥(s)_ 1 Y(s)=X(s)x ai 1 steal Apply transfer function for the above function, r-4 Solve for the constants in the above expression and get the values as G-A ¥(s)=4| t Now apply the inverse Laplace transforms to the above expression riy=at-e } 120and1<1 ay meee rode) 2") 2)@ The maximum values that the first order system can reach will at f= ¢ At, =r. the responds reach 63.2 % of the step value. The step change for the given system is, Step change = (110- 100)" F =10F Then, maximum value will be, Masi eng ~ il empeatre + ~100'F + (o'r 32) 100 = 106.32°F The, the plot for the temperature reading with change in time will be,© Forthe given system the time constant is given a8. r= Imin ‘And step change forthe system is, Step change = (110~ 100)" F OF Now calculate the temperature change values atime, 1 = 10see=0.l68min by substituting the ‘step change and tome constant values in equation in (1) as shown below: rine a{i-e*) ( 2) 10°F) 1-6 im =3.94°F . "Now calculate the temperature after the thermometer immersed in bath at time 0.5min(1)25 shown balow: ¥()=9(0)-»(s) 3.98°F = y(t) -100°F »(0.Smin)=3.94°F + 100°F y(0.5min)= 103.94°F Step 7 of? Now calculate the temperature change values at tina, and tome constant values in equation (2) as shown below. rode ( r= I-e \ 2min by substituting the step change =2325'F Now calculate the temperature after the thermometer immersed in bath at time. 2min(¢)as shown below: ¥(1)=9()-(5) 2.325°F = y(1)-100°F y(2min)=2.325°F + 100°F y(2min)= 102.325°F Therefore, the temperature readings at time 0.Smin and 2min are [[03.94°F] and 102.325°F] respectively.Chapter 4, Problem 6 5 Bockmarks Show alll steps: (JET Amercury thermometer, which has been on a table for some time, is registering the room temperature, 75°F. Suddenly itis placedin a 400°F oilbath The following data are obtained for the response of the thermometer Give two independent estimates of the thermometer time constant. Timo, s | Thermometer reading, °F o 5 1 107 25 140 5 205 8 244 10 282 5 328 30 385Plotting given time and thermometer reading values using Matlab Exmpim x= [012558 10 15 30}. y=I5 107 140 205 244 262 328 385} lot(ey): Graph is shown belowis exponentially verying overtime Screenshot of x-y graph 400 350 Ea 250 2 18 10 a 0 5 10 5 2 25 i Therefore itis exponentially increasing system of order one General solution for exponential rst order system is T=¢,-c,e"" Where cand c, are constants, Tis thermometer reading and tis time Given that when 1» 00, Temperature is 400°F Therefore limT =400 lim(e, ~e,e"") =400 ¢, =400 Given that whan ¢—> 0, Temperature is 75°FTherefore, lim(q, ~exe°"") = 75 6-4 =75 =325 Substituting values of and c, in 7 T =400-325¢""" Simpifying as, 325e"" =400-T 400-7 325 en 8 400-7 TTeking logarithm on both sides, 325 [rok u "(soosr) —t w( 325 ) 400-7 Substituting all values of ime t and Temperature T given in table, Fort=0 and T=75, 0 “tn 325) ) 400-75Fort=1 and T=107, ——__~ ( 325 ) In| 400-107 9.647 Fort =25 and T=140, 25 ( 325 ) In { 400-140. =11.203 Fort =5 andT =205, 5 wf 325, ) 400-205, r = 9.788 Step 6 of7 ~ -__0__ ( 325 ) In 400-282 =9.870 For t= 15 and T=328, _ ts “ol 325 ) 400-328. =9.95Step Tof 7 A For #230 and T=385, 30 ww 35 } 400-385 =9.75 Taking average of values of r values 9.647, 11.203, 9.788, 10.899, 6.870, 9.95 and 9.75 we get time constantChapter 4, Problem 9 8Bostmava —Showall steps: END A thermometer having a time constant of 1 mins inially at 50°C. Itis immersed in a bath maintained at 100°C at 1= 0. Determine the temperature reading at t= 1.2 min. Step-by-step solution Stop 1 0f3 A The mercury thermometer is ¢ fist order transfer function with unsteady state behavior of an ordinary mercury-in-glass thermometer. ional view of the mercury thermometerStep 20f3 ~ ‘The standard transfer function for the first order system is, Y(s)__K, X(s)_es+l Here, +r is the time constant and K, is the steady state gain Forfirst order systom, K, Then, ¥(s)__1 X(s) el The time constant is given as, r=1min Then, Me) X(s) r+ ¥(s)_ 1 XG) (ssi ¥(s) 1 X(s) sal Step 3013 ~ ‘The temperature change from normal thermometer to bath temperature is, Step change = (100-50)"C = 50°C The step change for the system is, 4-50 Then, 50 X(s)== (== Now substitute this value in transfer function, Ys) X(s) s+ ¥(s)=X(s)x— saiNow calculate the temperature after the thermometer immersed in bath at time |.2min(t) as shown below ¥(e)=50(1-e") ¥(1.2)=50(1-e") ¥(1.2)=34.94C The, the temperature reading willbe, Y(t)=¥(1)-9(9) 34.94°C= y(1)-50°C y(1.2min)=34.94°C +50°C y(1.2min)= 84.94°C Therefore, the thermometer reading after 1.2minis [g4.94°C]Problem inProb 49, alt= 1 Sine hememetersomoved tome bah andputinabathat75C, > Guerin te masinun tenpeatee nde te enter he be he eed temperature at ¢= 20 mn? Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 ~ In problem 49, i'2t¢= 1 5 min, the thermometers ramoved from the bath and put in 2 bath at 1*C, determine the maximum tempereture indicated by the thermometer. What willbe the indicated temperature at (= 20 in? X(Q-SOu(t)-25u(t-1.5) ryt] sels sels sol X(s)_X()_50 1 256% Y(t) =50(1—e* u(t) - 25 —e! u(t -1.5) Y(t-y(t-y=y()-50 ‘Maximum temperature reading occurs just before the thermometer is removed from the 100° C bath, at t=1.5 min: ¥ (18) =50(1-2+1.5)= 388°C y(15)=¥(15)+ 388° C 50 +38.8'C =88.8°C| maximum temperature vl Now, att=20min Y¥(20) = 50(1 - e-20) - 26(1- €-(20-1.6)) yi20) eC (20) = ¥(20) + 50 = 25 +50 =75°C| 0-2! indicated temperature at =20 minutesCchapter 4, Problem 19 [] samtmate Show allstops: END i The temperature of an experimental heated enclosure is being ramped up from 80°F to 450°1F at tho rato of 20°IF minute. thermocouple, embedded in a thormowell fr protection, is boing > used to monitor tha oven temperature, The thermocouple has a time constant of 6 saconds. a)Alt=10minutes, what is the diference between the actual temperature and the temperature indcated by the thermocouple? What iit at 60 minutes? 'b) When the thermocouple indicates 450°FF, the heater will begin to modulate and maintain the temperature at the desired 450°/F . What isthe actual oven tempacature when the thermocauple frst incleates 450°/F7 Let T_, = Tg ~80 (deviation variable) 1 abe brine } 20¢— 20(0.1) Let] (standard 1st order response to a T_ (10) =198 T. =198+80=278°F Tanai = 200+ 80 = 280°F 80, at 10 minutes, [the difference is 2"F] ‘A160min, 7" (60) =1198"F. This wil not happen. When the indicated temperature reaches 450°F, the oven tums off. So, the indicated temperature will be 450° F, while the true temperature willbe 452° F Using Simulink to model this system for P4.13: LY oven Temp (GoFmnin}a a a