MACHINE DESIGN – DAY 5

I. ROLLER CHAIN AND SPROCKET

Link plate p
roller

pin
bushing

Roller chain and sprockets are used in transmitting power from one shaft to another shaft that are parallel. It could be
single or multiple strand.

A. Roller Chain Designation: RCXY

RC means Roller Chain.
X means one or two-digit no. that shows the number 1/8” in the chain pitch.
Y means (Y = 0 for chains of usual proportion, Y = 1 for lightweight chain, Y = 5 for rollerless bushing chains.

Example: RC40 has X = 4, therefore the pitch p = 4/8 = ½ inch.

2/3
æ 900 ö
B. Estimation Formula for the Chain Pitch. p £ çç ÷ , inch
÷
è N1 ø
where: p = pitch, N = speed

C. Sprocket Teeth in terms of Sprocket Bore:

1. For RC with pitches up to 1 inch: 4d

Tmin = +5
p

4d
2. For RC with pitches 1 ¼” to 2 ½” Tmin = +4
p

3. For a silent chain 4d

Tmin = +6
p

where: d = bore, inches

p = pitch
FORMULAS:

1. θ = angle between two adjacent teeth of sprocket θ = 360o / T

2. Pitch diameter , D P
D =
æ 180 ö
sin ç ÷
è T ø

3. Pitch line velocity, v v = π D N = p (t)(N)

Where: p = pitch
N = speed
d = pitch diameter of smaller sprocket
D = pitch diameter of larger sprocket
T = number of teeth of larger sprocket
t = number of teeth of smaller sprocket
θ = angle between two adjacent teeth of sprocket

4. Power transmitted, P P = Fv P = 2πTN

Where: F = force
v = velocity
T = torque
N = speed

5. Length of Chain, L in pitches

T + t (T - t ) 2
L = 2C + +
2 40 C

Where: C = center distance, in pitches

pé
6. Center Distance, C C= 2 L - T - t + (2 L - T - t )2 - 0.81(T - t )2 ù
8 êë úû

7. Average good center distance (Standard) C =D+

d
, inches =
(D + d / 2) , pitches
2 p

8. Horsepower Capacity of Roller Chain:

A. Based on link plate fatigue strength. hp / strand = 0.004 (T1)1.08(N1)0.9 (p)(3-0.07p)

pV é V ù
B. Silent Chain hp / inch of width = ê1 - ú
53 ë 425(T1 - 8) û

Design hp
Width of chain, b =
hp / inch of width
II. BELTS
FLAT BELT

1. For Open Belt Connection:

A. Pulley diameter and speed relation: D1 N1 = D2 N2

2
B. Belt length: L = 1.57(D2 + D1) + 2C + (D2 - D1)
4C

C. Angle of contact:
q = p ± 2sin-1 æç R2 - R1 ö÷ , radians
è C ø

q = p ± D2 - D1 , radians
C

Note: Use + sign for larger pulley

Use - sign for smaller pulley

2. For Crossed Belt Connection

A. Pulley diameter and speed relation: D1 N1 = D2 N2

B. Belt Length: L = 1.57 (D2 + D1) + 2C + (D2 + D1)2

4C

where: L = length of belt

D1 = diameter of smaller pulley
D2 = diameter of larger pulley
R = radius of larger pulley
r = radius of smaller pulley
q = arc of contact, radians
C = center distance

C. Angle of contact:

q = p + 2sin-1 æç R2 + R1 ö÷ , radians q = p + D2 + D1 , radians

è C ø C

3. Belt Tension
F1
A. If Centrifugal Tension is NEGLECTED, = ef q
F2

where: F1 = tension in tight side

F2 = tension in slack side
f = coefficient of friction
q = arc of contact, rad

The maximum tension on belt is: F1 = Fmax = Sd (b t)

where: Sd = belt’s design stress = 400 e, psi

e = joint efficiency (1.0 for cemented joint, 0.88 for wirelace ends, 0.35 ends joined by metal
hooked)
 F1 - Fc
B. If Centrifugal Tension is CONSIDERED, = ef q
F2 - Fc

Where: Fc = centrifugal tension = 12wbtv2/g

w = belt weight, lb/in3
b = belt width, in
t = belt thickness, in
v = belt velocity, ft/sec

C. Net belt pull (tangential force on pulley), F F = F1 - F2

F1
D. Stress in Belt: Sw =
bt

where: Sw = working stress = 300 psi for leather belts

E. Power Transmitted and Torque Relation by Belt:

T = (F1 - F2) r = F x r P = 2pTN, Kw

where: P = power, KW
T = torque, KN-m
N = speed, rps

F. Horsepower transmitted and stress relation

(F1 - F2 )v é 550 (P) ù é ef q ù

P = , hp bt = ê ú ê fq ú
2
550 êë v(S w - 12wv / g) úû ëê e - 1ûú

where: F1 and F2 --- lbs

V ------------- fps
Sw ------------ psi
b ------------- inches
t -------------- inches
w-------------- lb per in3
g -------------- 32.2 ft / s2
P -------------- power, HP
III. V-BELT
2
A. Belt Length L = 1.57(D + d) + 2C + (D - d)
4C

b + b2 - 32(D - d)2
B. Center Distance C =
16

C. Arc of contact on small sheave q = 180° - (D - d)60°

C

where: L = pitch length of belt

C = center distance
D = pitch diameter
d = pitch diameter of large sheave
b = 4L - 6.28(D + d)

IV. BEARINGS

F Bearing

Oil

Journal
d D

FORMULAS:
1 reyn = 1 lb - sec
A. Units of Viscosity: 1 poise = 1
dyne - sec
in2 cm 2

B. Sliding Bearings:
Cd = diametral clearance = D - d Cr = radial clearance = D - d
2

C. Diametral Clearance Ratio = Cd = D - d

D D

where: p = unit loading or bearing pressure = F/LD e = eccentricity

e = radial distance between center of bearing and the displaced center of the journal
D = diameter (bore) of the bearing d = diameter of the journal
L = axial length of the journal inside the bearing F = radial load

Bearing Modulus =
un where: u = viscosity in reyns n = speed in rps p = unit loading, psi
p
D. Frictional torque in bearings (Vallance p 231) Tb = F fb D/2

4up 2r 3Ln s
Petroff’s equation for frictional torque (Faires p 302) Tf =
Cr
where: Tf = frictional torque, in-lb u = viscosity, reyns (Fig. AF 16, p 595)
r = journal radius, in L = axial length of bearing, in
ns = journal speed, rps Cr = radial clearance, in

Heat dissipation in journal bearings (Valiance p 240) H ChLD

778
where: H = heat dissipated in Btu/min
Ch = heat dissipation coefficient, of projected area, ft-lbs/min-in2
L = length of bearing, in D = diameter of bearing, in

E. Ball and Roller Bearings

1. Bearing Sizes and Designation

Example of bearing designation: SAE or IS 314 is 300 series, No.14

2. Tabulated data on ball and roller bearings: Vallance: Table 9-2 p 206

3. Bearing Capacity based on stresses (Vallance p 205)

2
Fr = k1nD ( forballbearings) Fr = k 2nLD (for roller bearings)
5 5

where: Fr = total radial load, lbs

n = number of balls or rollers
D = ball diameter or roller diameter, in
L = length of rollers, in

k1 = 550 for unhardened steel

= 700 for hardened carbon steel
= 1000 for hardened alloy steel on flat races
= 1500 for hardened carbon steel
= 2000 for hardened alloy steel on grooved races

k2 = 7000 for hardened carbon steel

= 10,000 for hardened alloy steel

4. Radial Load Catalog Capacities of Ball and Roller Bearings (Vallance: pp 207-213)

5. Tabulated catalog capacities of ball and roller bearings: Table 9-7, p 212 and Table 9-8, p 213
Fc = (ka k1)ko kp ks kt Fr

where: Fc = Catalog rating of bearing, lb (tables 9-7 and 9-8)

Fr = actual radial load on the bearing, lb
Ha = desired life of bearing, hrs of use
Hc = catalog rated life of bearing, hr
ka = application factor taking into account the amount of shock (Table 9-4)
Ha
k1 = 3 , the life factor
HcKrel
ko = oscillation factor = 1.0 for constant rotational speed of the races
= 0.67 for sinusoidal oscillations of the races
kp = preloading factor = 1.0 for non-preloaded ball bearings and straight roller bearings
kr = rotational factor = 1.0 for bearings with fixed outer races and rotating inner races
K r Na
krel = reliability factor, Table 9-3 ks = 3 , the speed factor
Nc
kt = thrust factor = 1.0 if there is no thrust-load component
PROBLEMS:
ROLLER CHAIN AND SPROCKETS

1. A chain and sprocket has 18 teeth with chain pitch of 1/2 in. Find the pitch diameter of sprocket.
A. 0.879 in B. 1.879 in C. 2.879 in D. 3.879 in

2. A 4 inches diameter shaft is driven at 3600 rpm by a 400 HP motor. The shaft drives a 48 inches diameter chain
sprocket and having an output efficiency of 85%. The output force of the driving sprocket and the output of the
driven sprocket are:
A. 200 lb and 250 HP B. 261.8 lb and 300 HP
C. 291.66 lb and 340 HP D. none of the above

3. An 18 teeth sprocket driving with 98 teeth sprocket at a center distance of 34 pitches. Find the chain length in
pitches.
A. 131 B. 136 C. 140 D. 142

BELTS

1. A pulley has an effective belt pull of 3 KN and an angle of belt contact of 160 degrees. The working stress of belt
is 2 Mpa. Determine the thickness of belt to be used if width is 350 mm and coefficient of friction is 0.32.
A. 6.42 mm B. 7.24 mm C. 8.68 mm D. 9.47 mm

2. A 3/8 inch flat belt is 12 inches wide and is used on 24 inches diameter pulley rotating at 600 rpm. The specific
weight of belt is 0.035 lb/in3. The angle of contact is 150 degrees. If coefficient of friction is 0.3 and stress is 300
psi, how much power can it deliver?
A. 65.4 Hp B. 69.5 Hp C. 60.5 Hp D. 63.5 Hp

3. Determine the angle of contact of smaller pulley and belt length of an open belt to connect the 6 cm and 12 cm
diameter pulley at a center distance of 72 cm.

BEARING

1. The main bearings of an engine are 152 mm diameter and 280 mm long and supports a load of 4400 kg midway
between the bearings. Find the bearing pressure in Kpa.
A. 101 B. 705 C. 507 D. 1014

2. A bearing whose shaft rotates at 500 rpm, has a friction loss of 15 KW. The bearing load is 30 KN and friction of
0.14. Find the bearing diameter.
A. 136.42 mm B. 146.42 mm C. 156.42 mm D. 166.42 mm

3. A bearing has a per unit load of 550 Kpa. The load on bearing is 20 KN and it has a diametral ratio of 0.0012. If
diametral clearance is 0.120 mm, find the length of journal.
A. 163.63 mm B. 263.63 mm C. 363.63 mm D. 463.63 mm